Review
head
cranial - 8 facial - 14 ear x2 - 6 hyoid - 1
arm
upper arm x2 - 2 forearm x2 - 4
leg
upper leg x2 - 2 lower leg x2 - 4 knee cap x2 - 2
hand
wrist x2 - 16 palm x2 - 10 fingers x2 - 28
Appendicular Skeleton
pectorial girdle - attachment of arms pelvic girdle - attachment of legs upper limbs - arms lower limbs - legs
pelvis
pelvis - 4
below head
shoulder x2 - 4 thorax - 25 vertebral - 24
Axial Skeleton
skull - protect the brain vertebral column - protects spinal cord ribs and stermun - protects heart, lungs, liver
Activation
1. Pre-osteoclasts are attracted to the remodeling sites. 2. Pre-osteoclasts fuse to form multinucleated osteoclasts.
Quiescence
11. Site, with resting lining cells, remain dormant until next cycle.
Resportion
3. Osteoclasts dig out a cavity, called resorption pit, in spongy bone or burrow a tunnel in compact. 4. Calcium can be released into the blood for use in various body functions. 5. Osteoclasts disappear.
Reversal
6. Mesenchymal stem cells, pre-cursors to osteoblasts, appear along the burrow or pit where they... 7.proliferate (increase in numbers) and differentiate (change) into pre-osteoblasts, then...
Formation
8. mature into osteoblasts at the surface of the borrow or pit and... 9. release osteoid at the site, forming a new soft nonmineralized matrix. 10. The new matrix is mineralized with calcium and phophorus.
osteoathritis
A chronic disease of weight bearing joint characterized by destruction of the articular cartilage, bone spur formation, and impaired function.
spina bifida
A congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal caused by the lack of union between the laminae of the vertebrae.
rickets
A deficiency condition in children that results in inadequate deposition of lime salts in developing cartilage and newly formed bone causing abnormalities in shape and structure of bone.
osteoporosis
A general term describing any disease process that results in a reduction of bone mass.
(Support)
Attachment (muscles) and organs are supported by the skeletal system.
Hematoma formation
Blood vessels rupture when a bone breaks causing a blood-filled swelling called a HEMATOMA to form. Bone cells deprived of nutrition die.
Bony callus formation
Bone callus is formed. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts migrate to the area.
ligaments
Fibrous tissue that attaches BONE to BONE.
tendons
Fibrous tissue that attaches MUSCLE to BONE.
(Hematopoiesis)
Hemo - blood poiesis - (formation of) Red bone marrow is inside bones. It makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and (platelets).
(Movement)
Muscles attach and pull on skeletal system in order to (produce movement). Movement is necessary for (strength) of the skeletal system.
(Mineral Storage)
Skeletal tissue stores (calcium), which is one of the most important (minerals) of the body.
scoliosis
The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Bone remodeling
The bony callus is remodeled because of mechanical stresses and forms a permanent "patch" at the fracture site.
Fibrocartilage callus formation
The break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus. New capillaries grow at the damage site. Repair tissue will form. Gap begins to close.
fracture
The breaking of a bone.
lordosis
The exaggerated anterior curvature of the spine usually referring to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. Also referred to as swayback.
kyphosis
The exaggerated convex or posterior curvature of the spine usually referring to the thoracic region of the vertebral column. Also referred to as hunchback or humpback.
herniated disc
The rupture or herniation of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. Usually, occurs between the lumbar vertebrae and usually causes pain on the affected side.
(Protection)
The skull, vertebral column, and (thoracic cage) protect our most vital organs.
strain
Trauma to a muscle or the musculo-tendinous units from violent contraction or excessive forcible stretch.
sprain
Trauma to the joint that causes pain and disability depending upon the degree of the injury to ligaments.
foot
ankle x2 -14 foot x2 - 10 toes x2 - 28
