review (quiz 1 - quiz 8)

According to Aristotle, what is it that allows a thing to have accidents?

It's matter

Heraclitus favorite metaphor to describe the cosmos was?

A fire

Which of the following is a Milesian?

Anaximander

The Pythagoreans believed in reincarnation. [True or False]

True

According to Plato, knowledge is

True belief plus an account

Which of the following is characteristic of deduction?

If the premises are true, and the inference is valid, then the conclusion must be true

What is below the bottom of the divided line?

Non-being

According to Popper, the place of the problem of induction is usurped by

None of the above

According to Popper, which of the following transforms a guess into knowledge?

None of the above

Upon which principle is the branch of inquiry known to Hume as relations of ideas based?

None of the above

Which form is above the top of the divided line?

None of the above (nothing above line)

What was Socrates seeking in his conversations with the various so-called "wise" Athenians?

None of the above (wanted them to be aware of their ignorance)

Which of the following was a Milesian that believed everything was made out of the "boundless"?

None of the above (Anaximander)

Francis Bacon lived in what country?

None of the above (England)

Which philosopher introduced the idea that knowledge was true belief plus an account?

None of the above (plato)

Aristotle believes that we obtain the "primary premises" by which of the following methods?

Nous and induction

In your readings from Categories 5, Aristotle used two examples of what he calls a primary substance or a primary ousia. Which of the following are those 2 examples?

This man; This horse

In the Meno, one purpose of the "account" is to

Tie down the true belief to prevent it from changing

Hume's solution to the problem of induction was

To claim that it is an instinct given by nature, a custom

Bacon's goal in the New Organon was which of the following?

To develop a better way of acquiring new knowledge or information about how nature worked.

Francis Bacon claimed there were 4 idols. Which of the following is a list of them?

Tribe, Cave, Market-Place, Theater

In the myth of the cave, what are the statues carried in front of the fire supposed to represent?

Everyday objects like tables and chairs

According to Popper, we have a criterion for truth.

False

Thales believed everything was air. True or false?

False

According to Popper, instead of proving a statement one should [x1] it.

Falsify

Idols of the Marketplace are which of the following?

Our weaknesses that come from the ways language can mislead us

What is at the very top of Plato's divided line?

The Form of Good

For Aristotle, the form tells you which of the following?

What the thing is

What does Plato claim has to be added to true belief to make knowledge?

An account

Which of the following was one of the possible understandings of what philosophy is from the essay "what is philosophy"?

An attempt to understand "how things, in the broadest possible sense of the term, hang together, and the broadest possible sense of the term".

From the following pick the city in which Plato's school was located and pick its name.

Athens, The Academy

Which of the pre-Socratic's that we have studied most closely resembles the opinion held about the nature of matter in modern chemistry and physics?

Democritus

The first answer Hume gives to the question what is the principle of inquiry in matters of fact it is [x1] and [x2].

Cause; Effect

According to Popper, what should you do when confronted with a statement that you do not know if it is true or false?

Check the statement itself

According to Popper, instead of checking on the source of a proposed statement, we should do which of the following?

Check the statement itself to see if it is true

According to Hume, which of the following are among the principle of the association of ideas?

Contiguity

According to Popper, the transition from particulars to general statements, theories, or universals is accomplished by which of the following?

Creative guessing

Match the philosophers below with a word or phrase that describes their attitude to induction.

Descartes: Did not discuss Bacon: Was its first big advocate Newton: Gave rules for its proper methodology Aristotle: Would have thought that Nous solved Hume's problem had he known about it

Many ancient philosophers followed which philosopher in thinking that there were just four basic elements that made up the world?

Empedocles

Match the following items, all from Aristotle.

Epagoge: induction Nous: understanding or intuition Rational account: definition

Socrates was the wisest of the Greeks because

He knew he did not know

Socrates, in the early dialogues, is seeking a definition of a term like justice because (be sure to pick the best answer here, not just a possible one)

He thinks a definition will enable him correctly to identify instances of justice, and also identify those things that are not just.

Which of the following is true of Galileo?

He was influenced by Plato's respect for mathematics

Which of the following philosophers believed that everything changes?

Heraclitus

Which of the following philosophers were not Milesians?

Heraclitus, Democritus, Parmenides

Which of the following 2 pre-Socratic's can be thought of as basically opposites of each other?

Heraclitus, Parmenides

When Descartes has finished with the method of doubting he arrives at a proposition that he claims is indubitable. Which of the following is that proposition?

I think, therefore I am

Match the description of the Idol with the Idol.

Idols of the Marketplace: Our weaknesses that come from the ways language can mislead us. Idols of the Cave: Our weaknesses that come from our own personal biases and idiosyncrasies. Idols of the Theater: Our weaknesses caused by the illusions produced by various philosophical theories. Idols of the Tribe: Our weaknesses that we all share because we are human.

According to Plato, the advantage of knowledge over true belief is

Knowledge is more stable, it does not change

According to Hume, which of the following are the two kinds of inquiry? (There might be more than one correct answer.)

Relations of ideas; Matters of fact

One reason Plato modeled the Forms on mathematical objects like a triangle is (There might be more than one correct answer here, pick all correct ones.)

Mathematical objects are the same for all times; mathematical objects are the same in all cultures

According to Aristotle, a finite material beings are composed of two metaphysical principles. They are

Matter and form

Which of the following is a consequence that many philosophers feel follows from Hume showing that induction is not logically valid?

Rational, and irrational beliefs, are now on the same footing

Which of the following philosophers claimed that nothing really/actually changes?

Parmenides

[blank1] was a student of Socrates.

Plato

Which of the following is a best short description of Socrates' method of interacting with people?

Question and answer with Socrates asking the questions

What is the subject that the sophists were primarily meant to be teaching?

Rhetoric

Poppers methodology of looking for a counter example to a proposed answer is most like which of the ancient philosophers we studied?

Socrates

Which philosopher used the method of question and answer to try to get his audience to realize that they did not know?

Socrates

Popper resembles which of the following ancient philosophers?

Socrates; Xenophanes

Arrange the Milesians the order first to last

Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, None

The first of the Milesians was [blank1], and the last of the Milesians was [blank2].

Thales; Anaximenes

Which major scientific event really forced philosophers to take Hume's problem of induction seriously?

The Eisenstein Revolution

In the atomist theory of change, what is the process by which an egg and a sperm become a fertilized egg?

The atoms are shuffled into a new arrangement.

Idols of the Tribe are which of the following?

The basic weakness of the senses shared by all humans.

According to Anaximander, the universe is made up out of which of the following

The boundless

In the myth of the cave, what does the sun outside of the cave represent?

The form of good

According to Aristotle,

The higher genera and accidents cannot exist unless primary substances exist

In the Meno, Plato argues that one problem with true beliefs is that (More than one answer here is correct, pick all that apply.)

They can change and turn into a false belief; They can be about objects that can change and render the belief false

According to Aristotle, which of the following is true of a primary premise? [There might be more than one answer.]

They must be prior to and better known than the conclusion; They must be true

According to Aristotle, which of the following is true about accidents? [There might be more than one answer.]

They tell you when a thing is; They tell you how tall something is; They tell you what color something is.

Which of the following pre-Socratic's believed that we made the gods in our own image?

Xenophanes

Which of these is a statement of the problem of induction? There might be more than one correct answer.

a and c; a. Inferences from a select group of individuals to the total group of individuals are always logically invalid. c. An inference from some observed instances or individuals to some unobserved instances or individuals is always logically invalid.

Which of the following is a possible definition of induction?

c and d; c.An inference that takes you from a group of particulars to another new particular. d. An inference that takes you from some observed items to the next unobserved one of those items

Which of the following is a possible definition of induction?

c and d; c.An inference that takes you from a group of particulars to another new particular. d. An inference that takes you from some observed items to the next unobserved one of those items.