RIAP177: Exam 1 Study Guide

What are the five duties that the CIA has under the National Security Act of 1947?

1. Advise the NSC on intelligence related to national security 2. Make recommendations to NSC about coordinating national security intelligence activities 3. Correlate, evaluate, and disseminate national security intelligence to government - Ensure consumers are getting the information they need 4. Perform other intelligence services that NSC determines would best be accomplished centrally 5. Perform "such other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security as the National Security Council may from time to time direct." - Covert operations, clandestine operations, etc. - Things that they do not want codified

List and describe the three mission types of National Security Intelligence.

1. Collection and Analysis - activity of gathering, exploiting, evaluating, and weighing data/information for reducing uncertainty for decision-makers 2. Covert Action - Activities designed to influence foreign governments, organizations, events, or persons in support of US foreign policy objectives in such a way that obscures US involvement i. Clandestine = concealment of the operation ii. Covert = concealment of the sponsor's identity (operation's result will likely be public) 3. Counterintelligence - Concerned with understanding, and possibly neutralizing, all aspects of intelligence operations (human and technical, including cyber) of foreign countries and groups

List and explain 4 kinds of intelligence failures by the 9/11 commission.

1. Imagination: IC didn't consider all possible methods of attacks by terrorists despite recent reports of plots with explosives-laden planes. 2. Policy: the US gov didn't have a focused CT strategy; no strategy for terrorist groups 3. Capabilities: US gov attempted to deal with CT via Cold War institutions/capabilities; relied on CTC, CIA/DO (limited paramilitary resources), FAA; FBI (no way to link knowledge to national priorities), all of which failed 4. Management: US Gov unable to manage government agencies' adaptability for the 21st century; ineffective transnational operations, staff officers did not draw intelligence from all available sources in government; management should have ensured information was shared by everyone; the leadership at the top did not effectively set priorities or allocate resources

What are the three types of intelligence? Give a short description of each.

1. National Security: intentions of our adversaries; avoid strategic surprise; provide long-term expertise; inform decision makers 2. Law Enforcement: assess crimes, why they are happening, how to curb them, the association of criminals, and the efficiency of the agency 3. Competitive: assess how to keep one's business ahead of others by assessing the capabilities and tactics of other businesses

What are the three ways to think about intelligence? Give a short description of each.

1. PROCESS: Means by which certain types of information are requested, collected, analyzed, and disseminated to a decision maker 2. PRODUCT (result of process): The analysis and intelligence operations 3. ORGANIZATION (does the process): The types of intelligence agencies that perform the process and make the product

Diagram the intelligence cycle and briefly describe each step.

1. Requirements a. Establishes the needs of the consumer 2. Collection a. Gathering of raw data 3. Processing and Exploitation a. Processing converts large amounts of data to a suitable form (translating, decrypting) b. Exploitation includes collation (review, index, and filing) and evaluation of the information (does it have value, and is it enough?). 4. Analysis a. Analysis is the integration, evaluation, and synthesis of all the pertinent data 5. Production a. Production is the preparation of intelligence products 6. Dissemination a. Dissemination is the distribution of the product to the consumer 7. Consumption a. Consumption is the utilization of the product 8. Feedback a. assessment from the consumer on how the product addressed the issues as directed by them

What does COINTELPRO stand for? What was it?

COINTELPRO stands for Counterintelligence Program. It was created to infiltrate and track communists in the United States, but it grew to the point where the FBI was spying on the KKK, Black Panther Party, Civil Rights Groups, and more. They used propaganda too. There were serious First Amendment breaches.

Why is information different from intelligence?

Information is scattered bits of data that is raw, unfinished, and unrefined. It is not a secret, and it is not oriented to meet the needs of policymakers and decision makers. Intelligence is evaluated, filtered, distilled, analyzed information that is the end product of a complex process. This product is often secret, and it meets the needs of decision makers by being a basis for action.

How would you define intelligence?

Intelligence is a process, product, or organization that is focused externally and uses processed (direction, collection, analysis, dissemination) information from all available sources to reduce the level of uncertainty for a decision maker.

How does the FBI define intelligence?

Intelligence is information that has been analyzed and refined so that it is useful to policymakers in making decisions--specifically, decisions about potential threats to our national security; focus is on "homeland security"

How does the CIA define intelligence?

Intelligence is knowledge and foreknowledge of the world around us—the prelude to decision and action by US policymakers; emphasizes "actionable intelligence" and focuses on informational aspects

When was the National Security Act enacted?

July 26, 1947

Which two organizations did the CIA replace?

Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Central Intelligence Group (CIG)

Is secrecy key to the definition of intelligence? Why?

Secrecy is key to intelligence because it is central to what distinguishes intelligence from other activities. Without maintaining secrecy around intelligence, it is no longer intelligence. Secrecy gives one an advantage because they have intelligence that they do not want their adversary to know that they have (counterintelligence).

What are the criticisms of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) about the Intelligence Community's (IC) 2002 National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)?

The IC's 2002 NIE on Iraq's Continuing Programs for WMD assessed that Iraq was reconstituting its nuclear program and had a biological weapons program that was active and more advanced than before the Gulf war. When no major active WMD programs were found, the SSCI discovered that most of the IC's key judgments either overstated or were unsupported by underlying intelligence reporting. Many uncertainties were also not explained to policymakers regarding the reliability of the source information. Overall, the main conditions that contributed to faulty analysis were "group think", HUMINT deficiency, a poor information sharing culture, and a source (over) protection policy. The IC suffered from its collective presumption that Iraq had a growing and active WMD program, which contributed to the layering of the NIE. Furthermore, the US had a poor HUMINT system in Iraq that contributed to uncertainty. There was also a poor information sharing culture where the CIA was not providing known information with other IC members. Perhaps worst of all, analysts were unable to evaluate some of the sources, such as CURVE BALL, to ensure that they were valid.

When was the Truman Doctrine and what is its significance?

The Truman Doctrine was in 1947 and stated that the US will assist states under external or internal threats from communism. It reoriented US foreign policy and formalized a global interventionist policy. Essentially, if a government denounced communism, the US would seek to preserve it.

How does the Joint Chiefs of Staff define intelligence?

The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations; focus is on external threats

List and describe the three agencies purposes created by the National Security Act.

a. Department of Defense (DOD) a. Combined the War and Navy Departments for a unified department b. National Security Council (NSC) a. President's Advisors c. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) a. For information and intelligence