Robbins/ Judge Ch5

15) What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "S or N" stand for? A) sensing/intuitive B) social/thinking C) stable/informative D) sensitive/thinking E) stable/innovative

Answer: A

22) Jeremy has a strong extraversion personality with a moderate level of conscientiousness. In which position will Jeremy most likely be successful? A) personal trainer B) waiter C) bank teller D) police officer E) accountant

Answer: A

32) Which of the following Big Five traits is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels? A) emotional stability B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

Answer: A

33) With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following statements is true regarding highly agreeable people? A) They tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service. B) They are less compliant and less rule abiding than those who score low on agreeableness. C) They are more likely to engage in organizational deviance. D) They are excellent negotiators. E) They are especially susceptible to workplace accidents.

Answer: A

35) Jane Simpson rates low on conscientiousness. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about Jane? A) She will be easily distracted. B) She will be creative. C) She will be nervous, depressed, and insecure. D) She will perform better in jobs that require significant interpersonal interaction. E) She will be positive and optimistic.

Answer: A

61) Which of the following terms indicates the degree to which people like or dislike themselves? A) core self-evaluation B) authoritarianism C) self-monitoring D) Machiavellianism E) agreeableness

Answer: A

62) Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations? A) They set ambitious goals. B) They lack persistence. C) They tend to question their capabilities. D) They view themselves as powerless over their environment. E) They are less popular co-workers than those with negative core self-evaluation.

Answer: A

64) Individuals high in self-monitoring ________. A) show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors B) are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe ends can justify means C) have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and are arrogant D) are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable E) tend to dislike themselves and view themselves as powerless over their environment

Answer: A

66) Which of the following statements best describes the traits of people having a proactive personality? A) They identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs. B) They naturally seem to think about other people a lot, being concerned about their well-being and feelings. C) They make more rapid decisions and use less information than the low risk takers do. D) They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation and express behavioral inconsistency. E) They are more charismatic and thus are more likely to emerge as leaders and display better psychological health.

Answer: A

75) Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct?" A) values B) attitudes C) affects D) customs E) traditions

Answer: A

76) When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system. A) intensity B) content C) context D) social acceptance E) social needs

Answer: A

79) You have decided to use Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations to help your friends recognize which jobs they would be well-suited for. Monica is shy, stable, and persistent. Neil is ambitious and energetic and likes to dominate conversations. Jessica is idealistic, impractical, and very imaginative. Walter is efficient and practical, but he lacks imagination and tends to be inflexible. Chris is analytical, independent, and an original thinker. Which of your friends is best suited to being an accountant? A) Walter B) Neil C) Jessica D) Monica E) Chris

Answer: A

8) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "________" type are practical and prefer routine and order. A) sensing B) introverted C) feeling D) perceiving E) extraverted

Answer: A

87) You are seeking to fill the position of corporate accountant, and have administered Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire to all candidates. The best candidates for the position would have which of the following personality types? A) conventional B) realistic C) enterprising D) investigative E) social

Answer: A

You are assembling a team to work on a long-term project which requires creativity, persistence, and formal thinking. The only piece of information available to you is the Myers-Briggs Type of each of the applicants. These results are shown below: Candidate Alan Brenda Cameron Drusilla Ellen Myers-Briggs Type INTJ ESTJ ENTP ESFP INFP You need to choose a lead person for the team. This person must be a visionary; combining an original mind with great drive. Who would be the best candidate based on their Myers-Briggs Type? A) Alan B) Brenda C) Cameron D) Drusilla E) Ellen

Answer: A

7) Define personality

Answer: According to Gordon Allport, personality is "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment." Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. We most often describe it in terms of the measurable traits a person exhibits. Early work on the structure of personality tried to identify and label enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior, including shy, aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal, and timid traits. When someone exhibits these characteristics in a large number of situations, we call them personality traits of that person. The more consistent the characteristic over time, and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important that trait is in describing the individual.

12) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are visionaries. They usually have original minds and great drive for their own ideas and purposes. They are skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn. A) ESTJ B) INTJ C) ENTP D) ISTJ E) ESFP

Answer: B

20) What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality? A) It is very difficult to administer. B) It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. C) It does not include enough dimensions to differentiate all the variety of human personality. D) It tends to overemphasize intuitive personality traits over analytical personality traits. E) It does not clearly classify a person into any single type.

Answer: B

24) Which dimension of the Big Five Model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others? A) conscientiousness B) agreeableness C) extraversion D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

Answer: B

5) According to research, which of the following factors is most likely to influence personality? A) education B) heredity C) friends D) moods E) economic background

Answer: B

63) Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means? A) core self-evaluation B) Machiavellianism C) Type A personality D) self-monitoring E) narcissism

Answer: B

67) Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations. A) high self-monitoring B) proactive C) high Mach D) low other-orientation E) narcissist

Answer: B

74) Merry is normally a very quiet person who remains somewhat quiet during conversations and social settings. Merry is also the reigning national debate club champion. According to the Trait Activation Theory, what happens to Merry at competitions? A) She becomes highly narcissistic and is rude to the other competitors. B) Being at the competition causes Merry to draw on normally unused traits. C) Merry stops pretending to be shy. D) Being at the competition causes Merry to internalize. E) Merry wins by not saying much.

Answer: B

81) You have decided to use Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations to help your friends recognize which jobs they would be well-suited for. Monica is shy, stable, and persistent. Neil is ambitious and energetic and likes to dominate conversations. Jessica is idealistic, impractical, and very imaginative. Walter is efficient and practical, but he lacks imagination and tends to be inflexible. Chris is analytical, independent, and an original thinker. Who might be well-suited to being a lawyer? A) Walter B) Neil C) Jessica D) Monica E) Chris

Answer: B

92) Which of the following is not one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture? A) power distance B) flexibility versus rigidity C) individualism versus collectivism D) long-term versus short-term orientation E) uncertainty avoidance

Answer: B

96) People in cultures with long-term orientation ________. A) are less rule oriented, take more risks, and more readily accept change B) look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition C) treat women as the equals of men in all respects D) emphasize a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them E) tolerate large inequalities of power and wealth

Answer: B

You are assembling a team to work on a long-term project which requires creativity, persistence, and formal thinking. The only piece of information available to you is the Myers-Briggs Type of each of the applicants. These results are shown below: Candidate Alan Brenda Cameron Drusilla Ellen Myers-Briggs Type INTJ ESTJ ENTP ESFP INFP You are looking for an organizer, a person who is realistic, logical, and analytical. Who would be the best candidate based on their Myers-Briggs Type? A) Alan B) Brenda C) Cameron D) Drusilla E) Ellen

Answer: B

1) According to Gordon Allport, ________ is/are defined as "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment." A) values B) beliefs C) personality D) attitudes E) perceptions

Answer: C

10) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "judging" type ________. A) are quiet and shy B) rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture" C) want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured D) are outgoing, sociable, and assertive E) rely on their personal values and emotions

Answer: C

11) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "intuitive" type ________. A) are flexible and spontaneous B) are outgoing, sociable, and assertive C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture" D) want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured E) rely on their personal values and emotions

Answer: C

14) What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for? A) extraverted/intuitive B) emotional/introverted C) extraverted/introverted D) emotional/intuitive E) empathetic/innovative

Answer: C

17) You wish to hire a person who is innovative, individualistic, versatile, and entrepreneurial. Candidates for this position would ideally have ________ classification on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. A) INTJ B) ESTJ C) ENTP D) ISFP E) ESTP

Answer: C

18) According to research using the Myers-Type Indicator, you are most likely to have which personality type? A) thinking B) sensing C) introverted D) extroverted E) feeling

Answer: C

21) Marylyn is a very driven person who seeks to push ideas forward to keep people on their toes; however, she also has a problem with stepping on peoples toes and being overly critical of others. Marylyn probably has high ________ and low ________. A) emotional stability; agreeableness B) openness to experience; agreeableness C) conscientiousness; emotional stability D) conscientiousness; openness to experience E) agreeableness; emotional stability

Answer: C

23) Which of the following is not one of the five factors included in the Big Five Model? A) agreeableness B) conscientiousness C) intuitiveness D) emotional stability E) extraversion

Answer: C

26) According to the Big Five Model, people who score high on the ________ dimension are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. A) emotional stability B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

Answer: C

28) Which dimension of the Big Five Model is a measure of reliability? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

Answer: C

30) ________ is as important for managers as for front-line employees and among all big five traits, this trait is most consistently related to job performance. A) Extraversion B) Agreeableness C) Conscientiousness D) Emotional stability E) Openness to experience

Answer: C

31) The ________ dimension of the Big Five Model addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty. A) agreeableness B) conscientiousness C) openness to experience D) extraversion E) emotional stability

Answer: C

4) Marshall and Joe are brothers. Both are very interested in board games and both are very intellectual. Marshall is very kind and caring while Joe is a bit of a nerd. What is the role that genetics has likely played in the personalities of the two brothers? A) most likely nothing, it is all about life experience B) maybe some, after all, they probably grew up together C) even split, genetics and life experience have shaped them D) probably little, genetics are a big factor E) everything, you are who you are

Answer: C

56) Varghese is a high level administrator at an organization. Consistently, he calls employees into his office to point out their mistakes and to inform them of flaws within their performance; however, he never praises his employees nor informs them of positive feedback. Varghese most likely has which of the Dark Triad? A) Machiavellianism B) narcissism C) psychopathy D) Machiavellianism and narcissism E) psychopathy and narcissism

Answer: C

73) Lydia works as a 911 operator. Her job strength is dictated most likely by ________. A) clarity B) consistency C) constraints D) comprehension E) consequences

Answer: C

78) You have decided to use Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations to help your friends recognize which jobs they would be well-suited for. Monica is shy, stable, and persistent. Neil is ambitious and energetic and likes to dominate conversations. Jessica is idealistic, impractical, and very imaginative. Walter is efficient and practical, but he lacks imagination and tends to be inflexible. Chris is analytical, independent, and an original thinker. According to Holland's Typology, Monica's personality type is "________." A) investigative B) social C) realistic D) artistic E) enterprising

Answer: C

80) You have decided to use Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations to help your friends recognize which jobs they would be well-suited for. Monica is shy, stable, and persistent. Neil is ambitious and energetic and likes to dominate conversations. Jessica is idealistic, impractical, and very imaginative. Walter is efficient and practical, but he lacks imagination and tends to be inflexible. Chris is analytical, independent, and an original thinker. Which of your friends is most likely to find a successful career as a writer? A) Walter B) Neil C) Jessica D) Monica E) Chris

Answer: C

86) With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the "realistic" type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________. A) painter B) accountant C) mechanic D) lawyer E) biologist

Answer: C

93) With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________. A) high on individualism B) low on masculinity C) high on power distance D) low on uncertainty avoidance E) high on long-term orientation

Answer: C

97) Which of the following cultural dimensions identified by GLOBE does not have an equivalent in Hofstede? A) future orientation B) power distance C) performance orientation D) individualism/collectivism E) gender differentiation

Answer: C

You are assembling a team to work on a long-term project which requires creativity, persistence, and formal thinking. The only piece of information available to you is the Myers-Briggs Type of each of the applicants. These results are shown below: Candidate Alan Brenda Cameron Drusilla Ellen Myers-Briggs Type INTJ ESTJ ENTP ESFP INFP You need a person who is innovative, individualistic, and versatile and is attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. Who would be the best candidate based on their Myers-Briggs Type? A) Alan B) Brenda C) Cameron D) Drusilla E) Ellen

Answer: C

13) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people in all of the following categories except ________. A) extraverted/introverted B) sensing/intuitive C) perceiving/judging D) independent/dependent E) thinking/feeling

Answer: D

16) An individual who is described as an ESTJ (Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator can be best described as a(n) ________. A) visionary B) conceptualizer C) innovator D) organizer E) leader

Answer: D

27) According to the Big Five Model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________. A) gregarious, assertive, and sociable B) nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure C) creative, curious, and artistically sensitive D) responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent E) reserved, timid, and quiet

Answer: D

29) Marina loves to visit a new country every year. Her hobbies are visiting museums, painting, traveling, and learning new languages. Which dimension of the Big Five Model best describes Marina, according to her hobbies? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

Answer: D

34) You are the manager of a small boutique. You have decided to apply the Big Five Model in order to understand your employees and their work habits because it is generally supported by an impressive body of research. You want to use the five dimensions of personality to match individuals with jobs to which they are well-suited. You know that your customers are demanding and sometimes difficult. So the salesperson should be able to withstand high levels of stress. Which personality dimension taps a person's ability to withstand stress? A) extraversion B) openness to experience C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) agreeableness

Answer: D

36) You wish to predict job satisfaction for each of your employees. Which of the five facets of personality will probably be of the most interest in this case? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) openness to experience

Answer: D

38) Why are agreeable people usually less successful in their careers? A) They aren't happy in their lives. B) They aren't liked by superiors. C) They don't make many friends. D) They don't negotiate well. E) They are prone to impulsive behavior.

Answer: D

53) During an annual review, Michel made the following assertion: "When I look at myself and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and has, not surprisingly, won me the admiration and envy of most of my colleagues. I notice that everyone keeps talking about me; they are all just waiting to find out what triumph I will pull off next! In short, I don't just deserve a raise, but need one, since without me, let's face it, the place would simply fall apart." Which of the following personality traits best describes Michel's personality? A) Type A personality B) external locus of control C) high-self monitoring D) narcissistic E) high Machiavellianism

Answer: D

54) High Machs ________ than do low Machs. A) manipulate less B) perform better in situations that have several rules and regulations C) win less D) are persuaded less E) persuade others less

Answer: D

55) Individuals scoring ________ are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. A) low on Machiavellianism B) high on narcissism C) low on agreeableness D) high on self-monitoring E) high on conscientiousness

Answer: D

65) As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________. A) tend to be more mobile in their careers B) pay closer attention to the behavior of others C) receive better performance ratings D) are less likely to emerge as leaders E) show less commitment to their organizations

Answer: D

72) Which of the following is not indicative of situational strength? A) clarity B) consistency C) constraints D) comprehension E) consequences

Answer: D

85) John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types? A) analytic B) imaginative C) practical D) investigative E) intuitive

Answer: D

88) With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the "investigative" type tend to be ________. A) imaginative, disorderly, and idealistic B) shy, genuine, and persistent C) sociable, friendly, and cooperative D) analytical, curious, and independent E) conforming, efficient, and practical

Answer: D

89) With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers. A) realistic B) conventional C) artistic D) enterprising E) investigative

Answer: D

94) With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. A) uncertainty avoidance B) long-term orientation C) masculinity D) collectivism E) power distance

Answer: D

95) According to the Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured to unstructured situations. A) collectivism B) power distance C) long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) individualism

Answer: D

19) The ________ is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. A) Rokeach value survey B) Raymond Cattell 16 Personality Factors model C) Thematic Apperception test D) Big Five personality model E) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Answer: E

2) ________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. A) Talent B) Skill C) Knowledge D) Intelligence E) Personality

Answer: E

25) According to the Big Five Model, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. A) low on emotional stability B) high on openness to experience C) low on agreeableness D) high on extraversion E) low on conscientiousness

Answer: E

3) Which of the following statements is true about personality? A) Personality is independent of environmental factors. B) Personality is static. C) The most common means of measuring personality is through personal interviews. D) Personality is not affected by hereditary factors. E) Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

Answer: E

37) Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts? A) As compared to extraverts, introverts tend to be happier in their jobs and in their lives as a whole. B) Introverts are more socially dominant than extraverts. C) Introverts experience more positive emotions than extraverts. D) Introverts are generally more assertive than extraverts. E) Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

Answer: E

52) A high Mach would be most suited for which of the following positions? A) a manager who leads a team of geographically distant consultants B) a human resources manager who ensures staff firings do not place the company in legal jeopardy C) an ombudsman who investigates consumer complaints and mediates their outcome D) an auditor who checks that all company accounts are kept properly E) a real estate broker negotiating the lease of large amounts of office space

Answer: E

57) Harvey is a very exciting person, people want to be friends with him, and find his company very desirable. Harvey usually takes the lead within his circle of friends and seldom considers what others want. Most likely, Harvey has which of the Dark Triad? A) Machiavellianism B) narcissism C) psychopathy D) Machiavellianism and narcissism E) psychopathy and narcissism

Answer: E

77) Which of the following statements is not true regarding values? A) They are partly determined by our genetically transmitted traits. B) They tend to be relatively stable and enduring. C) They have both content and intensity attributes. D) They carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. E) There is no substantial variability in values across cultures.

Answer: E

9) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "________" type are flexible and spontaneous. A) thinking B) extraverted C) introverted D) feeling E) perceiving

Answer: E

90) With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the "enterprising" type prefer ________. A) activities that involve helping others B) activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding C) physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination D) ambiguous and imaginative activities that allow creative expression E) activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain power

Answer: E

51) Compare the characteristics of extraverts with those of introverts.

Answer: Extraverts tend to be happier in their jobs and in their lives as a whole. They experience more positive emotions than do introverts, and they more freely express these feelings. They also tend to perform better in jobs that require significant interpersonal interaction, perhaps because they have more social skills-they usually have more friends and spend more time in social situations than introverts. Finally, extraversion is a relatively strong predictor of leadership emergence in groups; extraverts are more socially dominant, "take charge" sorts of people, and they are generally more assertive than introverts. One downside of extraversion is that extraverts are more impulsive than introverts; they are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior such as unprotected sex, drinking, and other impulsive or sensation-seeking acts.

70) Explain the effect of core self-evaluation on job performance.

Answer: People who have positive core self-evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment. Those with negative core self-evaluations tend to dislike themselves, question their capabilities, and view themselves as powerless over their environment.

71) Describe the personality trait of self-monitoring.

Answer: Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. Individuals high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. High self-monitors are capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private self. Low self-monitors tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation; hence, there is high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do. Evidence indicates high self-monitors pay closer attention to the behavior of others and are more capable of conforming than are low self-monitors. They also receive better performance ratings, are more likely to emerge as leaders, and show less commitment to their organizations. In addition, high self-monitoring managers tend to be more mobile in their careers, receive more promotions (both internal and cross-organizational), and are more likely to occupy central positions in an organization.

49) Describe conscientiousness and explain how it can predict behavior at work.

Answer: The Big Five conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. Employees who score higher in conscientiousness develop higher levels of job knowledge, probably because highly conscientious people learn more. Higher levels of job knowledge contribute to higher levels of job performance. Conscientiousness is important for managers and for front-line employees. Conscientiousness, in the form of persistence, attention to detail, and setting of high standards, is considered more important than any other personality trait for job performance. Conscientiousness is important for organizational success. Conscientiousness is the Big Five trait most consistently related to job performance.

47) What are the various categories in which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classifies people?

Answer: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. On the basis of their answers, individuals are classified as extraverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving (J or P). These terms are defined as follows: a) Extraverted (E) versus Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. b) Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture." c) Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. d) Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

84) Discuss John Holland's personality-job fit theory.

Answer: The effort to match job requirements with personality characteristics is best articulated in John Holland's personality-job fit theory. Holland presents six personality types and proposes that satisfaction and the propensity to leave a position depend on how well individuals match their personalities to a job. Holland developed the Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire, which contains 160 occupational titles. Respondents indicate which they like or dislike, and their answers form personality profiles.

50) Describe the Big Five personality dimension of emotional stability and explain how it can predict behavior at work.

Answer: The emotional stability dimension, often labeled by its converse, neuroticism, taps a person's ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.

48) Briefly describe the five key traits in the Big Five personality model.

Answer: The five key traits in the Big Five personality model are: a) Extraversion: The extraversion dimension captures our comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet. b) Agreeableness: The agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. c) Conscientiousness: The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. d) Emotional stability: The emotional stability dimension-often labeled by its converse, neuroticism-taps a person's ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. e) Openness to experience: The openness to experience dimension addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.

99) Describe the five value dimensions of national culture as identified by the Hofstede's framework for assessing cultures.

Answer: The five value dimensions of national culture as identified by the Hofstede's framework for assessing cultures are: a) Power distance is the degree to which people accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. b) Individualism versus collectivism: Individualism is the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups and believe in individual rights above all else. Collectivism emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. c) Masculinity versus femininity: Hofstede's construct of masculinity is the degree to which the culture favors traditional masculine roles such as achievement, power, and control, as opposed to viewing men and women as equals. A high femininity rating means the culture sees little differentiation between male and female roles and treats women as the equals of men in all respects. d) Uncertainty avoidance: The degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations defines their uncertainty avoidance. e) Long-term versus short-term orientation: People in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition. In a short-term orientation, people value the here and now; they accept change more readily and don't see commitments as impediments to change.

100) What is the main difference between Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the GLOBE framework?

Answer: The main difference between Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the GLOBE framework is that the GLOBE framework added dimensions, such as humane orientation (the degree to which a society rewards individuals for being altruistic, generous, and kind to others) and performance orientation (the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence). Diff: 3

60) Describe the personality characteristic of Machiavellianism.

Answer: The personality characteristic of Machiavellianism (often abbreviated Mach) is named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the sixteenth century on how to gain and use power. An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes ends can justify means. "If it works, use it" is consistent with a high-Mach perspective. A considerable amount of research has related high- and low-Mach personalities to behavioral outcomes. High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low Machs. Yet high-Mach outcomes are moderated by situational factors. High Machs flourish (1) when they interact face to face with others rather than indirectly; (2) when the situation has a minimal number of rules and regulations, allowing latitude for improvisation; and (3) when emotional involvement with details irrelevant to winning distracts low Machs. Thus, whether high Machs make good employees depends on the type of job. In jobs that require bargaining skills (such as labor negotiation) or that offer substantial rewards for winning (such as commissioned sales), high Machs will be productive. But if ends can't justify the means, there are absolute standards of behavior, or the three situational factors we noted are not in evidence, our ability to predict a high Mach's performance will be severely curtailed.

83) What are values?

Answer: Values represent basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence." They contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. Values have both content and intensity attributes. The content attribute says a mode of conduct or end-state of existence is important. The intensity attribute specifies how important it is. When we rank an individual's values in terms of their intensity, we obtain that person's value system.

42) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "feeling" type are flexible and spontaneous. T/F?

False

44) According to the Big Five Model, a person who scores low on the openness to experience dimension tends to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. T/F

False

45) The openness to experience dimension of the Big Five Model captures our comfort level with relationships. T/F?

False

46) Generally, agreeableness is associated with higher levels of career success (especially earnings). T/F?

False

6) Personality appears to be a result of both hereditary and environmental factors but research has tended to support the importance of the environment over heredity. T/F?

False

68) High self-monitoring managers are less likely to occupy central positions in an organization than low self-monitoring managers. T/F?

False

69) High self-monitors tend to pay less attention to the behavior of other people than do low self-monitors. T/F?

False

91) According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the "realistic" type prefer rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities. T/F?

False

98) According to the Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. T/F?

False

43) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "judging" type want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. T/F?

True

58) Janet keeps emotional distance from her co-workers and believes that the ends can justify the means. Janet would rate high in Machiavellianism. T/F?

True

59) High Machs perform better when they interact face to face with others rather than indirectly. T/F?

True

82) Values tend to be stable and enduring. T/F?

True