Rock and American Popular Music Chapters 8- 11 Key terms

Sampling

- Reusing music. - Two turn Tables and one grove.

Weezer

- A band that did not form organically, but was more or less assembled by a record label. - Rivers Cuomo was the band's lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter, and the Harvard-educated frontman brought a wry sense of humor to the punk scene.

Riff

- A short, often rhythmically catchy piece of melody.

Alternative

- A genre that had once been the realm of punk- and rock-inspired bands had quickly become a much more generic form of music no longer representative of the ethos embodied by its original sources. - A catch all term for what rock was in the 1990's. (Red Hot Chili Peppers, Nirvana, etc.) not under the category of pop or hip hop. -a band that had a rough-around-the-edges look (Converse All-Star shoes, ripped jeans, and flannel shirts), a distorted guitar of two, and in-your-face vocals and subject matter.

Playlist

- A list of songs that can be played on a particular radio station.

Hip Hop

- A noun and a verb (its a thing and and a thing that can be done). - The culture and commodity (dress, be-boying, graffiti, and publicity through tagging). - Started in the South Bronx in the 1970's. - Has a problem with language ( white privilege and language as a power in the south, taking it back, and "Bitches" as "Ho's").

Sugar Hill Records

- A rap music label based in New Jersey. - One of the first record labels that catered specifically to Hip Hop. - First record was Rappers Delight. - Sugar Hill gang was the one major group associated with Sugar Hill Records.

Define/ Explain the term "Alternative Rock"

- Alternative Rock represents the singers of the 1990's who were not in the hop or hip hop category. Some of these bands include Greenday, Rage against the machine, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Foo Fighters, Smashing Pumpkins, etc. Alternative Rock is controversial because they are not the same style of band while they are all under the same genre because it is different than any of the other genres of music.

Adult Contemporarty (AC)

- Among the fastest growing radio formats in the decade - Began just after the Payola scandal, and it always targeted adults instead of kids. - Evolved over time, to include the music that current adults listened to when they were younger. - In the 1970s, it played softer hits from the 1960s mixed with similar sounding music of the 1970s. - Artist : James Taylor, Barbara Streisand, Neil Diamond, Roberta Fleck, Elton John

Break

- An aspect of a popular song's form that varies from the alternation of verse and chorus. - A bridge/break can consist of an instrumental solo, a new melody with new lyrics, a catchy instrumental interlude, etc. -The words can be synonymous, although a bridge suggests a connection between sections of music whereas a break suggests something that is new and different.

Bridge

- An aspect of a popular song's form that varies from the alternation of verse and chorus. - A bridge/break can consist of an instrumental solo, a new melody with new lyrics, a catchy instrumental interlude, etc. -The words can be synonymous, although a bridge suggests a connection between sections of music whereas a break suggests something that is new and different.

Verse

- Apart of a song's form; typically a verse's melody, harmony, and basic rhythm remains the same in a popular song, although its instrumentation might change. -Songs often have multiple verses, each of which carries a different set of lyrics. -Verses help tell the story in songs that have narrative lyrics.

Bubble Gum Pop

- Associated with pre teens, ('tweens) and young teenagers. - Kids this age are most likely to listen to music in the hours just after the school day ends. - A radio station might play bubble Gum Pop music in heavier rotation in the afternoon, even if it plays other formats during other times of the day. - Lively and up-beat in lyrics and in sound. - Fast tempos and danceable grooves are normal. - Singers, in many cases, are teenagers or young themselves, and their voices tend to be smooth and pitched higher. - The song's are often about everyday occurrences in a teenager's life, but they seldom delve too deeply in the complexity of love and relationships.

Album Oriented Rock

- Before the bigger record labels began to pay attention to most rock acts, when there were relatively few FM radio stations, a handful of FM DJs began to focus on rock bands that made LPs, or albums. -Bands had begun to pay more attention to how their songs worked together on an album, trying to insure that they flowed nicely from song to song. - The stations began to act more like other radio stations, interspersing commercials regularly between songs and focusing on demographics. - By the 1980s, the AOR format became the Classic Rock format.

Top 40

- Began after the congressional payola scandals in 1959 and 1960, when it appeared that radio stations could be bribed in order to play particular songs. - Stations began to play songs that were already hits as a means of demonstrating that they did not receive money to play new songs. - Artists on a Top 40 station often had already hit the Top 40 in the past. - Other times, a group might sell out a nation-wide tour, or the record company might have spent a lot of money promoting a group, so a radio station might try the song out in the Top 40 line up.

Carole King

- Began as a songwriter in the early 1960s during the Brill Building era. - One of the many young hopeful musicians who spent their days writing songs, pitching them to artists, and helping produce the recordings. - Some of the most well known songs of that decade, including "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" and "Locomotion" were co-written by King and her husband, Gerry Goffin. - Her second album Tapestry (1971), though, eventually sold 25 million copies, and for several decades established her as the best selling female artist.

Disco

- Began as an underground musical phenomenon, a style of music that gained popularity first in small dance clubs. - Between 1976 and 1979, the music became so popular that radio stations regularly offered "disco" programming. - The exposure of the previously underground songs on radio drove them into the Top 40. - A steady, moderate to fast tempo characterizes all of the songs. - Sometimes disco of the 1970s is divided into Eurodisco and R&B disco, as a means of categorizing such diverse sounding songs. - The popularity of disco exploded after the movie Saturday Night Fever in 1977. - Travolta made dressing up to go dancing on the weekend seem masculine and ordinary, helping to popularize disco for heterosexuals and Caucasians. - Ushered in the importance of Disc Jockeys, or DJs, which have been central to popular music since the 1970s in hip hop, techno and other dance based styles. - Was so popular that many artist were pressured to release a disco influenced single, regardless of whatever style they normally played. -A "disco sucks" campaign, often tinged with racist and homophobic language, became commonplace, and t-shirts with that slogan were habitually worn at rock concerts. -Worst notable protest against the style happened in the Summer of 1979 during a White Sox baseball game. DJ asked fans to bring disco albums to the stadium, When the albums were blown up in center field, a riot broke out that forced the second game to be cancelled.

Carly Simon

- Began her musical career as a part of a folk duo with her sister, performing in the Greenwich Village coffee houses where Bob Dylan and Peter, Paul and Mary established themselves. - Simon's success as a solo artist began in the 1970s, when she became one of the more successful singer-songwriters of the decade. - In addition to a string of hit singles and gold and platinum albums, one of her songs, "Anticipation," became a popular jingle for Heinz ketchup. - Marriage to another of the decade's singer-songwriters, James Taylor, generated a lot of media attention. - Simon's song "You're So Vain" (1972) represents the decade's adult contemporary pop sound and draws attention to the autobiographical nature of singer songwriter's songs. - You're so Vain" follows a simple alternation of verse and choruses, with a slight break for a guitar solo. The instrumentation is typical of a rock or pop song, with a rhythm section of bass, guitar, piano and drums, and violins added at the end of the song as it fades to a close. - The lyrics have created one of popular music's unsolved mysteries and reflect Simon's personal connection to the song.

Michael Jackson

- Began releasing solo albums while still a member of the Jackson 5, but the late 1970s saw his career begin to bloom when he began working with Producer and arranger Quincy Jones in 1978. - Over the next five years, his audience broadened and his music became a fixture on Top 40 stations. - "Billie Jean" had been getting radio play for two months and had reached number one for six weeks in 1983. The video was offered to Mtv by CBS (Michael Jackson's label) after the single had been played regularly on the air. - When the video was finally aired, it set a new standard for video production and the possibilities of the new medium and became an instant MTV hit. - On stage personality was electric and his dancing was inspirational. Mtv viewers became hooked on his videos. CBS began to spend more money on his videos, and for viewers, they became mini events. -The video to his song "Thriller" was thirteen minutes long and cost over a $500,000 to make at a time when many bands were making their videos for $30,000. - Mtv's color barrier was broken by Michael Jackson, and artist like Prince and Whitney Houston became staples on the channel. Still, some predominantly African American genres like Hip Hop and R'n B were slow to gain regular air time on the channel.

Marvin Gaye

- Began singing in his father's church as a child, experience that made him an ideal back-up vocalist by the 1960s. - By the time he began recording at Motown records in the 1960s, he had already made R & B and Doo Wop recordings at Chess Records. - Began to take part in the larger process of record producing at Motown. - Emerged as one of the company's most popular male singers. - His most successful singing partner, Tammi Terrell, collapsed onstage one evening, having developed a brain tumor. - the death of his singing partner sent Gaye into a self-imposed seclusion for most of a year.

James Brown

- Began to perform for money in order to buy food and clothing when he was still just a child. He grew up in extreme poverty near Augusta, Georgia. - His mother had left, and brown's father for a long time was barely able to earn enough to keep him in clothes and food, so brown often lived for short periods with aunts or cousins, and moved frequently. - As a child, brown could dance with such enthusiasm that he could earn change from people passing by on the side walk. - As a teenager, brown was arrested for joy-riding in a stolen car, but he was released early into the care of a gospel singer, so that he could perform with the group as they toured the rural South. -First national hit was a song entitled "Please, Please, Please," from 1956. It followed the rhythm 'n' blues conventions of the day, with a piano playing triplet chords, akin to the music of Fats Domino, and a band focused upon a blues inflected harmony more so than a gospel one. - He would begin the song in the middle of the stage, and then walk forward to the edge, falling on his knees. - He would even spin around, knocking off the robe and walk forward again to the edge of the stage, fall down on his knees, and sing some more. - Dramatic presentations of his songs, and an elaborate focus upon the dancing, costumes, and acting that brown did during his live shows earned him the nickname of "the hardest working man in show business." - He could sing, dance, and act in a live show as good as anyone, but he was not able to perform any instrument all that well (although he had played drums early in his career). - When he wrote songs, he would either ask for the leader of his band to arrange the melodies and lyrics that he composed, or he would sing the melodies one at a time to each band member and ask them to play them together. - He took control over his business as he grew in popularity, and he became one of the first African American performers who owned a diverse portfolio of businesses. - He hired many black employees and promoted them into management positions, helping to realize the promise of the Civil Rights movement.

Elton John

- Between 1972 and 1975, he released seven albums. - Each album reached the number one spot on the albums chart, a feat requiring sales of millions of records. - Elton John, The stage name for Reginald Dwight, is created from the first names of two other musicians he knew. - By eleven, he earned a scholarship to take regular lessons at the Royal Academy of Music in London. - By the mid 1970s, Elton John had become one of the biggest and most flamboyant stars in the pop world. - Known for his dynamic concert performances where he would wear outrageous costumes and unique glasses. - The songwriting team of Elton John and Bernie Taupin is one of the most successful in the history of popular music.

Urban

- By the 1970s, Civil Rights movement had been a success, more African Americans began to move into the middle class, experience higher graduation rates in high schools and colleges. - Popular music after Motown and the 1960 soul singers made an African American pop star seem as natural as a Caucasian star. - The largest record companies had relatively few black stars. - The radio format that targeted an African American audience in the 1970s was most commonly "urban." - Most black owned radio stations were found in urban areas. - Play music by black artists, or by select white artists that performed in what was arguably a "black" style. - The urban format was the place where African American musicians were the most likely to be played, regardless of whether they were pop, soul, funk or disco.

Led Zeppelin

- Consisted of Jimmy Page (b. 1944) on guitar, Robert Plant (b. 1948) on vocals, John Bonham (b. 1948 - d. 1980) on drums, and John Paul Jones (b. 1946) on bass/keyboards. - During the 1970s, they became one of the most popular rock groups in the world. - The band never earned a number one spot on Top 40 radio, but they consistently made multiplatinum albums, which placed their first four albums towards the top of the album charts. - Like most bands that make a lot of albums, their music is varied. Some of their songs are clearly hard rock and some might be labeled as soft rock. - Led zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love" from their second album is a hard rock song that might have played on an AOR station, but whose length and odd instrumental interlude made it unfriendly for most radio stations.

NWA

- Credited with popularizing gangster rap. -California based, west cost group. - Sold over 10 million records despite being banned on most radios.

Philadelphia International Records

- Dominated the urban soul format in the 1970s because the founders of the company focused much of their energy on insuring that their artists found air-time on urban stations. - They continued to help CBS records promote their black stars. - Followed in the footsteps of 60's soul, but it attempted to set itself a part from the Motown pop sound in its production. - Made a string orchestra (violins, viola, cellos and basses) the most prominent accompaniment. - Harold Melvin and Blue Notes recorded"If You Don't Know Me By Now"which represented the Philadelphia International orchestral sound, a sound that other pop producers often used for slow songs during the decade.

Gospel

- Flourished in the 1940s through the 1960s. Hundreds of groups were formed, toured churches across the United States, and made recordings. - Among the most popular of the performers and band-leaders during these years was a woman named Clara Ward. - She grew up in a musical family, and she began performing in churches with older family members when she was only 10 years old. - By her twenties, she was touring regularly across the country. - She had a direct influence upon the performance and singing of Aretha Franklin, but indirectly influenced many others. - Charles secular recordings are often called the first soul hits. - Clara Ward's style can provide an introduction to the black gospel roots of soul music. - Recordings of gospel music were seldom released by the largest record companies. -Numerous smaller labels appeared, and insured that the fans of black gospel music could experience it throughout the week, and not just on Sundays at a church. - Many of the first generation of soul singers began their musical careers singing in touring gospel groups.

Atlantic Records

- Formed in 1947 with the intention of focusing upon Rhythm 'n' Blues and Jazz recordings. -By the end of the 1950's, it became one of the most prominent and successful labels for black artists (although it never restricted itself to black artists, or soul music; Atlantic was the label of Led Zeppelin, Crosby, Stills Nash and Young, and other mostly white groups). - It was involved with soul music largely because of the recordings of Ray Charles, the producing of Jerry Wexler, and the label's distribution deals with Stax and Fame records. - Ray Charles importance to Atlantic Records cannot be underestimated. A typical joke about the company is that it's the "house that Ray built," a play on a song lyric. - Ray Charles's success in the late 1950s earned the company enough money to allow it to grow and expand during its first decade. - Jerry Wexler was a music journalist who joined Atlantic in 1953. Soon he became a joint-owner of the company, and one of the label's best producers of soul records. - He was not a demanding and micromanaging producer. Wexler helped to set up distribution deals with Stax Records and Fame Records, which in turn, gave Atlantic records access to Stax and Fame's session players. - Wexler's ability to produce was directly linked to his esteem for the "sound" that Stax Records and later Fame Records produced on their typical albums.

Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

- Founders of Philadelphia International Records. - Two African American entrepreneurs and song-writers. - Founded the company after having worked in many different aspects of the music business.

Scopitone Video

- French manufactured large jukeboxes that played video, and could be seen in diners and truck stops across the U.S. - They often had racy content and were more sexually charged than American television's presentations of popular music.

Soft Rock

- Generally, soft rock is more melodic, more likely to use acoustic instruments, and in many cases contains lyrics about love. - Soft rock group might make a riff based distorted guitar song. - The word "soft", it could include Carole King or Elton John.

Hard Rock

- Hard rock is more likely to use electric instruments with distortion. - There is often a tendency towards short melodic riffs in hard rock. - A hard rock group could have songs that sound like they would fit on a soft rock radio format.

Sam Cooke

- He was the first gospel star to leave gospel and become a pop star. - He was the biggest star in gospel music in the 1950s. - In 1957 Cooke followed the advice of "Bumps" Blackwell, a record producer and began to record love songs. - The much larger pop audience thought cooke's voice and gospel phrasing was the best thing they had ever heard. - Between 1957 and his death in 1964, cooke had 29 top 40 hits, easily crossing over between the pop and rhythm 'n' blues charts. - Began to perform in churches as a child. His father was a Baptist minister, and with his three siblings he regularly performed as a quartet in their dad's church. - By the time he was a teenager, cooke had become a full time gospel singer, and by his twenties, he was the lead singer of the Soul Stirrers, one of the most successful gospel groups. - He was among the first generation of African American singers who attempted to control the business side of his career. - In 1958 he formed the Kags publishing company, in order to collect on the use fees for the music he composed. - He also formed several independent record companies, although his popularity required him to record on a major label. - In 1963, his infant son drowned in a swimming pool, a tragedy that he blamed upon his wife, which led to a lasting depression. - Cooke's death has remained one of American popular music's more controversial and unresolved stories. - Either was violently angry that his pants had been stolen by the manager of a small motel, so he attacked her. - Or he was robbed by a prostitute who worked with the manager of a small motel, and they stole several thousand dollars that cooke was known to have been carrying on the night he died. - Regardless, he was shot to death in the office of a motel wearing a coat, but no shirt and pants, at the age of 33.

Aretha Franklin

- Her mother died when she was only 10 years old. Afterwards, her father, a famous Baptist minister, and her grandmother raised her. - Reverend franklin's sermons were sold on record, and famous gospel singers, like Clara Ward and Sam Cooke spent time at his home, and performed regularly in his church. - From an early age, Aretha heard the best gospel singers and knew the most famous performers. - By the age of 14, Aretha joined the musicians who toured with her father as he led services in different places. Aretha franklin had become, in effect, a professional gospel musician when she was still just barely a teenager. - She experienced the raw segregation of the times, where African Americans were not allowed to eat at most restaurants, or to stay in most hotels. - She had her first child when she was 15, and her second when she was 17. - By the time franklin was 18 years old, the year she signed her first record contract. - She sang songs from an adult's perspective, even though she was still a young woman, but they never sounded odd. - Her first secular recordings were for Columbia records, the largest record company at the time, and one focused almost exclusively on pop songs. -In 1967, Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records heard that Columbia was attempting to release Aretha franklin from her contract (if someone would take her debt). - Atlantic Records took over franklin's contract, they began to record her songs with musicians from Muscle Shoals Alabama, and in the next decade, franklin recorded 17 number one hit singles, and most of her releases landed in the top 40. - One of the phrases that franklin adds, just after she spells "R-E-S-P-E-C-T" (1'50" into the song) is "Take Care, TCB." This stands for "take care of your business,"

Why are turntables important in the history of rap music, and how did they influence the sound of hip-hop music?

- Hip Hop artists were able to create custom backgrounds to their own music. Turn tables became the show case of individual talent of the mixer.It allowed for the complete customization of a background or beat for someone to perform over.

Stevie Wonder

- His real name was Stevland Judkins. - He Became blind shortly after birth. - His enormous proclivity for performing music (singing, drums, piano, harmonica, organ) landed him a contract at Motown when he was just eleven years old. - By his thirteenth birthday, his live album version of "Fingertips pt. 2" went to the top of the Pop charts. - Throughout the 1960s, he contributed to other artists' recordings, songs and concerts for Motown, while continuing to release solo albums. - Wrote or co-wrote most of the songs he sang. - On his 21st birthday, wonder allowed his contract with Motown to expire. - He has become one of the best-selling artists in the music industry, with lifetime certified sales of over 100,000,000. - He often incorporated jazz and synthesized sounds into his recordings which helped to establish these sounds in pop and soul records during the decade.

Napster

- In 1999, the 19-year-old Shawn Fanning launched the internet service Napster. -This product is what is known as a "file-sharing" service, which means that it connects internet users from across the globe to each other so they can search each others' hard drives for files they wish to share. -By 2002, Napster had filed for bankruptcy, by 2003 it was re-launched as legitimate online music service users paid to use, and in 2014 it was incorporated into the extant online streaming service Rhapsody.

Chorus

- In a song's form, the chorus has the same lyrics, melody, harmony, and basic rhythm. Sometimes the word "hook" is used to describe the chorus.

Soul

- Is a genre of American popular music that emerges in the 1950s, becomes prominent in the 1960s and 1970s, and remains a viable sound that surfaces in recordings to the present day. - Originally sounded like black gospel music, and most of the earliest Soul singers first performed in churches. -Many Soul singers in the 1960s recorded gospel records in the 1950s and had a significant audience in the black church. - Is linked to its ability to move someone emotionally in the same way that musicians in a church want to move someone spiritually. - Late 1960s it began to be used to express African American identity, particularly in regards to Civil Rights. - Soul man was a black man who was involved and aware of black political realities, and who was often involved in advancing the welfare of specific communities. -Became so associated with black identity that for a time. - Although Soul music was a black genre, almost immediately it began to be performed by white musicians. - Many of the most famous Soul recordings were recorded with an integrated band. - A word that suggests a performer has been so expressive in how they delivered the lyrics that they moved the listeners emotionally.

Frame Records

- Is an acronym for Florence Alabama Music Enterprises, and was known as much as a place to make records as it was for being a music label. - Often the label is described in terms of the location where recordings were made, in a small town called Muscle Shoals. - Became known for its sound, which is to say, the sound that a specific set of studio musicians created on albums recorded in the Muscle Shoals studio. - Jerry Wexler of Atlantic records identified that sound, and began to send Atlantic's artist to Muscle Shoals. - Aretha Franklin recorded her first big hit in Muscle Shoals, and many of her later hits had Fame's session players.

Jackson 5

- Jackson 5 was the epitome of bubble Gum pop in the early 1970s. - The group was comprised of five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael Jackson. - Became a popular act for Motown records at the end of the 1960s, where they had a string of number one hits. - Begun to perform together in 1962 with their father, a blues guitarist. - By the 1970s, the brothers developed a style that featured the different registers of the each individual voice blending together in harmony akin to other Motown groups like the Temptations. - Jackson 5's "ABC" became the group's second number one hit landing on the top of the charts in the Spring of 1970.

Loop

- Looping, a common element of popular music in the twenty-first century, sounded novel to listeners in the early 1980s. -It took the recorded sounds and played them repetitively. - Its value is found in the constant high energy it gives dance tunes. -Small bands or individuals could add dense layers of music by adding loops.

Why didn't Michael Jackson's Video "Billie Jean" air initially on MTV?

- Michael Jackson's video "Billie Jean" did not initially air on MTV for a few reasons. One reason why for this initial ban was due to the racial views they had at the time. MTV's racial views were that African American music was not "Rock" enough.

AM Radio

- Most popular format in 1950s and 1960s - Played predominantly nationwide broadcasts - Oldies (which now began to include Rock 'n Roll) - Pop

Punk

- Never gained the mainstream success of disco, nor was the roots play regularly on the radio. - The influence of punk music became central to the popular music of the 1990s and beyond. - The word came from a New York fanzine that began to examine the musical underground of that city in 1975. - While the soundhad important roots in bands that hailed from Detroit (e.g., Stooges and MC5), and the long-term influence of the style was rooted in the English band the Sex Pistols, the style emerges from the scene focused around the New York club CBGBs.

Eagles

- One of the best selling bands in the history of popular music. - Linda Ronstadt enjoyed the sounds of country music as well as Southern California rock. - Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner began to play together on that tour and eventually formed a group named eagles. - The band's music was often labeled "country rock," - Critics often dismissed their accessible soft rock music, although the expertise and craftsmanship that they brought their songs was widely acknowledged. - The original quartet of eagles expanded to a quintet, and then changed participants several times.

Madonna

- One of the more important figures in music from the 80s played within the stereotypes of the new video medium and subverted them at the same time. - Exerted artistic control over her videos, and using her sexuality, forged her identity. - Girls across America emulated her dance, punkish fashion sense, and even her expressions. - Began her career as a dancer and model, appearing as a back up dancer in other singer's shows. - Her first recordings were underground disco songs that became popular in clubs, but never played on the radio. - Signed with Sire Records in 1982, a subsidiary of Warner Brothers. - The song "Burning Up" was her second single released by Sire, and it became a successful dance track in 1983. - Her raw sexuality and sense of style are clearly evident, and there is much that would suggest she's fulfilling the female stereotypes that were already well established by Mtv. - Her ability to fulfill opposite expectations within the same video became a hallmark of her style.

Bernie Taupin

- One of the most successful in the history of popular music. -Seldom spends more than an hour writing a song's lyrics. - 1973 release Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, which was their "concept album without a concept."

Garth Brooks

- One of the two artists to make inroads into typically non-country-music listeners' ears. - Released his second album No Fences in 1990. The record featured a smart fusion of traditional country and rock-oriented sounds and would ultimately sell thirteen million copies. - He would become the 90s highest-selling male artist of any genre. - He toured nearly constantly throughout the majority of the decade. - His innovation was not just in the addition of rock sound elements into his music, but also into his concert experience. - He was selling out entire stadiums for concerts and incorporating stage theatrics drawn right from rock that had never been present at a country music concert. -His style and fresh sound earned him millions of younger fans as well.

DJ

- Played the music they enjoyed, instead of playing what program managers told them to play. - Sometimes would play an entire album side without stopping for commercials. - Would be handed a list of songs that could be played on air.

Bee Gees

- Saturday Night Fever's soundtrack was dominated by this Australian pop group. - "Stayin' Alive" was impossible to avoid in the first half of 1978, as it played on pop, disco, urban, top 40 and other radio formats.

Hook

- Something that pulls the ear in (a strong and repetitive beat or vocal line) or the package that an artist presents of themselves. - A repeated melody that is easily recognizable by a listener or something that a listener can sing back very quickly.

Scratching

- Sometimes referred to as scrubbing, is a DJ and turtablist technique used to produce distinctive sounds by moving a vinyl record back and forth on a turntable while optionally manipulating the cross fader of a DJ mixer.

Sequencer

- Sounds could be recorded onto a sequencer, and then a musical loop established that took the recorded sounds and played them repetitively. - sequencers became inexpensive and common as either stand-alone machines or as a feature added to the synthesizers and drum machines.

Otis Redding

- Spent years performing on this circuit before he found the opportunity to play larger venues, and to become for a brief time in the mid-1960s, one of America's most well-known soul singers. - He had always been musically precocious, and like so many of his peers, first sang at church gatherings as a child. -Dropped out of high school to help earn money for his family, but in addition to menial jobs, he was able to earn money as a rhythm 'n' blues singer, first in the clubs in Macon, and eventually on the fraternity circuit across the South. - A session drummer at Stax records mentioned that redding was someone whom all the musicians wanted to work with, because "he brought out the best in you" (Guralnick 149). - Redding had not recorded a song that went to the top of the pop charts, which was a goal of his. - In December of 1967, a plane carrying redding and other musicians crashed into a lake, killing most on board, including redding. His last song "Sitting on the Dock of the Bay," was released posthumously, and it quickly climbed the charts to become redding's first and only number one pop single.

Funk

- Stacking interlocking riffs together to create a groove that urged people to dance. - Most funk songs are built around a syncopated bass line. Syncopation occurs when an emphasis occurs on the upbeat instead of a downbeat. - In funk music, the spaces in between the downbeat and upbeat are often emphasized. - The places in between the downbeat and the upbeat, or when you are saying "ee" and "ah" are emphasized in funk music. - It builds up thick interlocking textures of riffs, but as the layers combine, instruments emphasize these smaller places within the beat, neither fully on the beat, nor off the beat. - A good funk groove inspires dancers to float across the beat instead of dwell on the most obvious places within the beat. - Each riff in a funk groove often stays within a single chord, or within two chords. - Many funk songs use at least two grooves, to create variety, or to keep the song moving forward. - In funk, the breaks represented shorter contrasting grooves that created variety within a song's form.

Is the Counterculture of the 1960s still influencing popular music today? How so, and in what ways?

- The Counterculture of the 196o's is still influencing popular music today in many ways. Take Michael Jackson for example, from the mid 1990's up till his death in 2011 he continued to sing about ways in which people could make the world a better place....

Ramones

- The first well known punk rock groups. - The first of the CBGB acts to emerge on the national and international stage, and the one that had the most influence in the new style's sound. - Each band member adopted a stage name ending with "Ramone,"as if the group members were all related (e.g., Johnny Ramone, Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Tommy Ramone). - Dressed in jeans, t-shirts and wore leather jackets, harkening back to the 1950s. -Their songs might be heard as retro too, although they were more intense than rock 'n roll. - The songs were fast, short and loud. - "I Wanna Be Sedated," one of the group's most famous songs. - "Blitzkrieg Bop" is barely over two minutes long, filled with a repetitive, heavily distorted guitar chord progression. - They could play songs like these in quick succession, filling an intense live performance with a dozen songs in barely a half hour. - They sparked the English punk scene, when the band toured there in 1976.

Drum Machine

- The machine offered a keyboardist the ability to sound like a band while playing solo. - Family Stone began to integrate the drum machine sound into high-energy dance songs with a relentless beat. - They allowed disco producers the ability to build a rhythm section without ever hiring musicians, something that often earned them criticism from disco's detractors. - Drum machines like the TR808 (1980) began to sample live drum sounds, so that they provided the sound of a real drum played by a machine.

The Sex Pistols

- The most infamous punk band of the 1970s. - They were formed and managed by Malcolm McClaren, who had become familiar with the underground trend of punk when he visited New York in 1974. - Malcolm McClaren ran a boutique clothing and accessory store entitled "Sex," which gave the group its name. - Consisted of the nihilistic vocalist/lyricist Johnny Rotten, the alleged murderer Syd Vicious on bass, Steve Jones on guitar and Paul Cook on drums. - In three short years, they managed to get signed and released from several record labels, appeared on the media for a half dozen shocking and negative incidents, and finally broke up for good onstage. - Their music was similar in sound to the Ramones, although the Sex Pistols were not as accomplished musically, and so there recordings and performances did not hold together as tightly. - Their single "God Save the Queen" from 1977 was officially banned in England, receiving no radio play nor print advertisements. - What they lacked in musical ability, they made up for in anarchistic impulses.

Smashing Pumpkins

- The most successful of the non-Seattle alternative rock bands, and were a group that represented more of the original spirit of the genre. - Made up of lead singer and songwriter Billy Corgan, guitarist James Iha, bassist D'Arcy Wretzky, and drummer Jimmy Chamberlain. -They continued their rise in popularity, although dealt with drug and social problems from Wretzky and Chamberlain. - The double-CD set Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness cemented Corgan as a genius songwriter, as well as establishing the band a unique and autonomous entity, no longer in the shadow of Nirvana or Pearl Jam.

Singer Songwriters

- The singer-Songwriters of the 1970s fit into the Adult Contemporary and the Top 40 radio formats. - Most songwriters at some point sing their own songs. - Singer-songwriters began as a term to describe people in the folk revival that wrote their own songs in addition to performing folk songs. - In the 1960s, a singer-songwriter tended to write socially conscious songs and to advocate social changes that aligned with the Counterculture. - Bob Dylan is a classic example of a 1960s singer-songwriter. - Most people who merited the term singer-songwriter in the 1960s played acoustic guitar. - The term singer-songwriter has often been given to a person that plays acoustic guitar and sings their own songs, particularly when some of their songs are about social issues. - Among the singer-songwriters to emerge in the 1970s were: James Taylor, Carole King, Van Morrison, Carly Simon, and John Denver.

Grunge

- Their fans were fiercely loyal and vehemently opposed to the mainstream, but the music was not widely accepted. -Bands that found the magical balance of music that bridged the gap between the highly-produced arena rock of bands and the underground punk and grunge scenes. - Nirvana is a great example of a grunge band.

Madonna has often been praised for empowering women even when she engages in behaviors that seemingly reinforce gender stereotypes, but Miley Cyrus is often criticized for her actions that seem to bolster stereotypes about female pop stars. Why do you think that happens?

- There are several reasons why Madonna is being praised for empowering women even when she engages in strange behavior while Miley is being criticized for her actions. While madonna is engaging in these strange behaviors she is responding to her actions in a political way. Madonna uses her sexuality and gender in a way that was not done prior to her arrival in popular music. Her music was a commentary of the restrictions and hypocrisy towards women during this period of time. When Miley Cyrus does similar strange behavior she is criticized for it because she does these type of things to act like an idiot. Madonna set the stage for the strong, emboldened female performer, and every female artist after her has felt the need to be outrageous as part of their career.

Nirvana

- They started in the small western Washington town of Aberdeen when guitarist and singer/songwriter Kurt Cobain teamed up with bassist Kurt Novocelic. - They found music to be the venue best suited to express their feelings and opinions. - At just that moment in history, the pump was primed for something completely new that emerged from what was already present, and Nirvana found that logical and innovative extension in Nevermind.

Green Day

- They were the band that saw the most success (success that continued well into the 21st century). - they were led by guitarist and singer Billie Joe Armstrong, along with bassist Mike Dirnt and (for most of the band's existence) drummer Tré Cool. - The band achieved national recognition with their major-label 1994 release Dookie on Reprise Records. -The album was their opportunity to reach a much larger audience. - The album went on to sell over twenty million copies (as of 2013) and to receive extensive airplay on both commercial radio and MTV. - The single "Longview" showcases Green day at their best with Armstrong's distinctive vocals and irreverent lyrics as well as Dirnt's and Cool's unshakable foundation.

Synthesizer

- This electric organ added an amplified keyboard, which could be heard even in large groups. - MOOG synthesizers offered an extension to the Hammond B3 by offering a selection of voices that could be played to create new sounds.

Middle-of-the-Road (MOR) formats

- Was a catch-all format that focused on music that was broadly popular and uncontroversial. - Encompassed many styles and artists, but the phrase often would take on a negative connotation for music critics. - When a critic labeled an artist as MOR, they were dismissing the music as too generic, but when a record label used the term, they were touting the potential for widespread popularity of the music.

Ray Charles

- Was a pioneer of soul music, or perhaps it's better stated that he was the pioneer of soul music. - Was the first rhythm 'n' blues artist that brought the frenzied energy of gospel music, and blended it with pop and blues, leaving the music now thought of as soul. - He was born into poverty in rural Florida, a black child in an intensely segregated region. - At age 4 he witnessed his brother drown in a laundry tub. - By age 7, severe glaucoma rendered him permanently blind. - He entered a school for the blind where he discovered that he excelled at music. He could play a half dozen instruments, but he particularly loved the piano. - At age 10 his father died, and his mother passed away five years later. -By the age of 17, Ray Robinson had dropped his last name so as not to be confused with the boxer Sugar Ray Robinson, and began to make his first recordings. - Charles later admitted that this was when he began experimenting with the drugs that he was addicted to throughout the 1960s and 1970s, when he eventually sobered up. - During the course of his career, he dabbled in jazz, pop, and even country styles. - Everyone who worked with him appreciated his ability to arrange music by ear, or by notation (using Braille to read and write music). -Among Charles most successful albums was Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music (1962). - Charles was drawn to several Hank Williams recordings, each of which he gave a particular interpretation. - His success as not only a rhythm 'n' blues artist, but also as a pop, soul, jazz, and country and western audience provided him with a multi-ethnic fan base during the height of the Civil Rights Movement.

George Clinton

- Was at the center of the funk universe during its rise in the late 1960s and early 1970s, where he has remained. - His career as a performer, a band manager, a record producer, and as a spokesperson for the music of funk earned him, among his many aliases, the nickname Dr. Funkenstein. - In 1955, while a teenager, he formed a doo wop group called "The Parliaments." - Clinton, the group's leader and manager, helped them obtain a record contract. - The Parliaments sound was essentially a close vocal harmony group, but their sound evolved into a blend of soul and Motown inspired pop over the course of the 1960s. - In 1969, George clinton lost the rights to use the name "The Parliaments," because of a contractual agreement with his record label, so he started a new group on a different label called Funkadelic, which utilized most of the same roster of musicians as the Parliaments. - Throughout the 1970s, clinton toured with both Parliament and Funkadelic, issuing albums for either. - His place in the center of the emerging funk style and his contacts with a constantly evolving range of excellent funk musicians made him an obvious choice as a record producer. - In the early 1980s, clinton produced funk-fueled albums for the Red Hot Chilli Peppers, and other alternative rock groups. -In the 1990s, he increasingly worked with hip hop producers like Dr. Dre.

CBGBs

- Was short for a longer name: Country, Bluegrass, Blues and Other Music for the Urban Gourmandizer. - By the middle of the 1970s, it featured music on a small stage regularly. - The bands that played there were somewhat varied in style, including acts as diverse Patti Smith, Television, Talking Heads, Blondie and the Ramones.

Compact Discs (CD's)

- Were created jointly by the Phillips and Sony record companies in 1983. - CDs began to outpace the sales of cassettes until they became the dominant media for recorded popular music in the 1990s. - They were portable like cassettes, but they sounded better and were more durable. - They ushered in digital recording, where sound was converted into digital information instead of electric currents. - Inexpensive digital recording devices (e.g., the DAT recorder) allowed homemade recordings by amateur musicians to incorporate many of the effects a professional studio might use.

How does the video "Walk This Way" by Run DMC and Aerosmith demonstrate the tensions that emerge as Rap/Hip Hop goes from being an underground music of a particular culture to being a mainstream genre?

- broke the barrier between rock and an hip hop. - Hip Hop is a African American music art form. - DMC is trying to create the bridge of hip hop being part of African American culture and mainstream culture. -Demonstration of the tensions going on at the time about African American's not wanting mainstream to affect their lives. - Hip Hop becomes mainstream after this song.

Radiohead

-Developed a distinctive sound that emerged out of metal, punk, and grunge. - Fronted by lead singer Thom Yorke, the band's 1993 debut album Pablo Honey featured the very Nirvana-sounding single "Creep." - Radiohead was known as a band with a personal and one-of-a-kind voice. - The arrangements and studio mixing involved have become a hallmark of Radiohead's recording ethos, with close attention paid to the most minute of details. - released a series of albums encouraging fans to download the album from the band's website and to pay what they individually thought the album was worth. - Thom Yorke became an outspoken critic of the corporate model of music recording and distribution, going so far as to remove his entire catalogue from the music streaming service Spotify.

Stax Records

-Had a group of studio musicians, songwriters, and a producer/owner that helped to establish the sound of soul. - The label was integrated, although most of the musicians were black, and the owners and some of the producers were white. - Brother and sister, Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton (ST-ewart + AX -ton = STAX) purchased an old theater in 1960 to house their recording studio. - Stax boasted a host of talent, including Sam and Dave, the Mar-Keys, Rufus Thomas, and his daughter Carla Thomas, and perhaps most importantly, Booker T. and the MGs. - Booker T. and the MGs was an instrumental group that formed the backbone of most of the Stax recording's sound. - In 1976, Stax records ceased to exist as an independent record company.

Sony Walkman

-Launched on July 1st in 1979 and featured large, chunky buttons and dual headphone jacks for multiple listeners. - It gave buyers a way to listen to music privately and a way to have their music on hand no matter where they are. - Powered by just two AA batteries, it was a revolutionary development in personal equipment. - It became a symbol of the beginning of a new musical technology that led to iPods, iPhones and the digital music movement.

Rotational Shedule

-The plan that a radio station uses to rank the songs on its playlist by how often particular songs can be played; some songs on a playlist are played more often than others.

Generation X

-This population born between the 1960s and the very early 1980s. - The children of people that were born during the time of WWII (early Baby boomers 1935-1950). - The music that emerged in Seattle around this time became known as "grunge." - An extension of the heavy metal of the 1970s (including bands like Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath), grunge quickly became the musical outlet for Generation X in Seattle.

Hair Band

-Though an odd name for a genre, this style is as much about the fashion of the band as it is about the music. - Ripped jeans, leather, big hair and a bad boy look defines this genre as much as the sound of the band. The music is perhaps better labeled hard rock, but a hair band identifies a group whose musical style is heavy on distorted guitar and driving drums, and whose image requires lots of hairspray.

MTV

o Warner Communications and American Express in 1981 o Cable television o Have VJ (video jockeys) play videos of performers singing music o By 1986, it was one of the three largest most watched cable programs (CNN and USA Network) o Rotation • Heavy, medium, light o Responsible for one of the most basic changes in current music vocab. "heard that song" -> "saw that song" o 2nd British Invasion • Fewer Brit. Radio stations = more use of television to promote bands • Stock of TV friendly videos of Brit. Bands • Depache Mode, Adam Ant, Billy Idol, Flock of Seagulls.

FM Radio

• 1960s place for Rock music • DJ's choice • Began to be more controlled in the 1970s • Playlists and rotation schedules • DJs no longer free from, and in control over content • Targeted to audiences through formats