Rock Exam 2

The Kingsmen

"Louie, Louie" From Washington written by Richard Berry

Kingston Trio

"Tom Dooley" 1958 Popularity of this song launched the folk revival Commercial, poppy folk

"white pop"

...

Wall of Sound

...Phil spector

Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters

...The Merry Pranksters were a group of people who formed around American author Ken Kesey in 1964. The group promoted the use of psychedelic drugs.

LSD-25

...in music

Rock Beat

...• Rock beat: dividing beat into two parts

Luther Dixon

American songwriter, record producer, and singer. Dixon's songs achieved their greatest success in the 1950s and 60s, and were recorded by Elvis Presley, the Beatles, the Jackson 5, B.B. King, Dusty Springfield, and others.[1] As a producer, Dixon helped create the signature sound of the girl group the Shirelles.

Folk

NYC Dylan; Peter, Paul & Mary; Kingston Trio; Byrds; Turtles 2nd folk revival; commercial vs. authentic; politically infused songs

Girl Groups

NYC Phil Spector, Luther Dixon; Carole King; Ronettes; Shirelles Blacks & whites working together; Brill building; Spector's wall of sound

Little Richard

Rhythm from Boogie Woogie His hits came between 1955-1958 "Long Tall Sally" "Good golly miss molly" "Lucille" "The girl cant help it" He gave rock volume, energy, flamboyance, sexuality Lyrics sometimes fit in hokum blues tradition Quit playing rock to become a minister

Concept Album

Sgt. Peppers

The Beatles

See reduced listening list for songs Albums: Meet the Beatles; Yesterday & Today; Beatles 65; Help; Rubber Soul; Revolver; Sgt. Pepper; White Album Liverpool 1960-61; played clubs in Hamburg; 7/9/64 Appeared on Ed Sullivan Show; changed the world George Martin British Invasion; elevated rock to level of art and rock musician as a self-conscious artist; 4 periods; close harmonies rivaled Beach Boys, Capitol Records revised their albums for release in U.S.; movies; sitar & Indian influences; LSD-25; theories of why they had success; influence of avante-garde art music; Sgt. Pepper album cover; concept album; album as standard format. The Quarrymen formed in 1957, Johnny and the Moondogs, The Silver Beetles Played in Hamburg in 1960/61 Became the Beatles in 1962 Disbanded april 10 1970 June 6th 1962, George Martin signed on as producer Beatles established Album as a format Prior to this it was the single They took the power of image to new heights When the Beatles used LSD it was launched into the masses The Monkees were a band created for a television show based on the Beatles Early 1960s music industry profits declined 1fter 1964 - double digit profits every year until 1970 Beatles contributed to whitening of Rock. They were so successful that black record sales dropped. FEB 7th 1964 Beatles introduced to USA on Ed Sulivan but they did have an album out several weeks before this. They picked up their Haircut while on tour in Germany, it was a French style. The Beatles loved.... Chuck Berry Elvis (Buddy Holly and -the Crickets) • The Quarrymen formed in 1957. Went though various name changed: Johnny and the Moondogs, The Silver Beetles. Played Hamburg in 1960/61 and eventually became The Beatles in 1962 • June 6, 1962: George Martin signed on as producer • April 10, 1970: disbanded • The Beatles established the ALBUM as the standard format in rock (as a unified work) • They took the power of IMAGE to new heights: hairstyles changed, fashion designers followed the Beatles look in clothes • The Beatles took psychedelia to the general population (publically admitted to using LSD) • The Beatles were the first studio band • The first to have a weekly television comedy show in their image (The Monkeys?) • Early 1960s- music industry profits declined • After 1964, double digit profits every year until 2970, more than doubling revenue to $1.6 billion • 1963-68: $158,000,000 sales of records by the Beatles • While they acknowledged their debt to Af-Am musicians, their popularity tended to exclude black musicians from the market place • The advancement in studio production techniques, along with the incorporation of numerous elements of art music in their later work and the focus of the album as the "work" elevated The Beatles to a level akin to equal to art musicians and opened up new space for the respectability of rock • The public fascination with The Beatles eventually led to a journalistic and then scholarly fascination. The Beatles music became the first rock music to receive serious musicological scrutiny • The three volume CD-release of The Beatles Anthology contains detailed notes regarding the evolution of individual songs

Refrain-frame

Start and end with refrain

Bob Dylan

Subterranean Homesick Blues Like a Rolling Stone; HWY 61 Revisited; Mr. Tambourine Man MN / NYC John Hammond;Seeger, Guthrie Social criticism to pop music; 1st album unsuccessful; finger-pointin' songs; seen as future of folk revival; 'authentic'; going electric in 1965 Newport Folk Festival created uproar Dragged the folk movement into rock and roll kicking and screaming. Newport folk festival 1965 Bob went electric and merged rock into the folk movement. Bob and the Beatles stretched the realm of rock Rock was about fun and dance until 1964 Because rock was so loud lyrics were not of central importance Lyrics were always a center point of what he was doing While in college he went to "dinkytown" and learned from the local beatnicks, then went to Greenwich Village in New York Visited Woody Guthrie in the hospital Birth of counter culture movement Washington Square park Dan Drason film 1961 164-168 Folk revival moment launched into civil rights movement "We shall overcome" became an important song that influenced "Blowin in the Wind" "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" focuses on the mistreatment of blacks "Talking john Birch Paranoid Blues" critiques super paranoid fears of communist "AHard Rain is going to fall" His work went through several changes "Subterranean Homesick blues and "Hey Mr. Tambourine Man" reflect surrealism. Possibly resulting from LSD, but also Jack Kerouac "Mr Tambourine Man" Bob Dylan's lyrics are less participatory and more presentational than previous folk artists Hey Mr. Tambourine man was not a hit for Bob Dylan but it was a hit for the Byrds. John Hammond recorded Dylans first record "The ballad of Emmit Till" was written early in his career for a festival for interracial peace "finger pointing songs" March on Washington he sang "blowin' in the wind" Closed with "It's all over now, Baby Blue" at 1965 Newport Folk Festival Fully electrified Dylan HWY 61 Skiffle beat, blues form Like A rolling stone About a woman down on her luck Sloppy organ player Song put together in the studio Highway 61 Blonde on Blonde A lot like HWY 61 After this he had his motorcycle accident Dylan did not generally have a steady band, until he hired "The Band" Was the "Hawks" Early Dylan: • "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" focused on mistreatment of Af. Amers • "Talking John Birch Paranoid Blues" critiques super-patronism of rabid anti-communist conservatives (the leftovers of the McCarthy age in the 1950s) • "Blowin in the Wind" (made popular by Peter, Paul, and Mary) Dylan and Rock: • Dylan went electric on one side of his 5th album "Bringing it all back Home" • Lyrics of "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "Subterranean Homesick Blues" reveal a new development of Dylan's work: surrealism; possibly result of LSD and influence of Jack-Kerouac • "Mr. Tambourine Man" was a hit for the Byrds The Fully Electrified Dylan • Highway 61 Revisited (6th studio album) • Title song "Highway 61 Revisited" suggests a return to roots theme, as Highway 61 runs through the heart of the Mississippi delta region • Hard shuffle rhythm with a feel of "deep blues" in it Dylan and the Band • The Band started as a back-up group called The Hawks, working with rockabilly singer Ronnie Hawkins in the late 1950s • Met Dylan through folk blues guitarist John Hammond Jr. • Released several albums, including the 2-LP live album Before the Flood (1973/4) Dylan • Dylan provided rock with a social conscience • Musically, he opened rock up to new directions and a new eclecticism • Dylan's 1997 Time Out of Mind, 2001 Love and Theft, and 2006 Modern Times have received critical acclaim, book-ending his earlier, highly influential albums

Race, class, gender, industry

obvious

Civil Rights movement

played in with Folk movement

crossover

pop on more than one chart

LSD (25)

see other

Highway 61 Revisited

see other 61 slide

The Cavern

where Beatles were discovered...

Rubber Soul and Revolver

• Rubber Soul (released December 1965); first of the Beatles' concept albums. It reveals a lot of folk influence from Bob Dylan • Rubber Soul: first time (something put on bass) that changed the sound • Experimentation in new sounds: George Harrison uses a sitar for the first time on a rock song in "Norwegian Wood"; Songs (especially on Revolver) display a wide range of styles; from pop, like "Michelle", to avant garde, as in "Tomorrow Never Knows" • Movie Help super racist; against Asians; first use of Indian music, sitars used; "Norwegian Wood" is first use of sitar in an album;

Everly Bros.

"All I Have to do is Dream" IA; Nashville Periphery of rockabilly sphere; soft rock ballad; infusing pop song w/ rockbeat; close harmony

Ronettes

"Be My Baby" NYC Phil Spector Sexy "bad girl" image; Wall of Sound; "teen symphonies"; producer controls all; Spector treated musicians as interchangeable parts

Peter, Paul and Mary

"Blowin' in the Wind" Represent the mellifluous side of folk revival Covering Dylan gave Dylan success

Carl Perkins

"Blue Suede Shoes" Memphis Sun Rec.; Sam P. Rockabilly anthem sounds like Elvis

Jerry Lee Lewis

"Great Balls of Fire" "Whole Lotta Shakin'" Memphis Sun Rec.; Sam P. 1st "sonic orgasm" of rock and roll more R&B sound claimed to play like Chet Atkins

Dick Dale

"Let's Go Trippin'" "Miserlou" California King of the Surf Guitar Solid body guitar; surf sound influences; worked with Leo Fender to create built-in reverb unit Californian surfer, rock guitar innovator Del-tones helped popularize surf sound, instrumental rock Guitar Amplification Dale worked with Leo Fender to get sound he wanted Loud, overwhelming sound Reverb in amplifier Reverb contributes to "wet" sound Miserlou (1962) by Dick Dale and Del-Tones Originally a popular Greek song about an Egyptian woman Tremolo: extremely fast repetition of a single note "trembling" Learned technique from Lebanese uncle Listen For: "Wet" Sound Heavy reverb Tremolo Sliding down neck of guitar Sounds like wave crashing around you

Chuck Berry

"Maybellene" (originally "Ida Red") "Roll Over Beethoven" "Johnny B. Goode" St. Louis; Chicago; Chess Records; Guitar player; boogie woogie; 8beat rhythm; creative word play; R&B backbeat; duck walk; double-stop lead licks Lots of double stops He understood where the money was coming from and where it was going. He understood copyright.

Roy Orbison

"Pretty Woman" LYRICS DETERMINE SONG FORM TX Updated rockabilly Musical form subordinated to story line • Orbison, a Texan, took the rockabilly style of Tennessee and infused it with a good, basic rock beat. His style can best be described as a mix of blues, country and rock • "Meanwoman Blues": bluesy guitar solo over saxophone playing the "Wipeout" riff from the Surfaris

Bill Haley

"Rock Around the Clock" Michigan Decca 1st major R&R band; fits in rockabilly style, but Haley was from Mid-West; Blackboard Jungle Started out as western swing Fused R&B with Western swing The first 45 to sell well from a movie Blackboard Jungle Linked Rock with juvenile delinquent

The Drifters

"Save the Last Dance for Me" "On Broadway" (with Ben E. King) NYC Lieber & Stoller; Ben E. King Studio production to convey message of songs; used orchestral instruments USE OF Studio production Added strings and a strong classical influence...no honking horns

Beach Boys

"Surfin' USA"; "I Get Around" "Good Vibrations" Pet Sounds California Brian Wilson Close harmonies; influences of The Four Freshmen, Chuck Berry, Phil Spector; Good Vibrations answering Beatles Los Angeles Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, cousin Mike Love, and friend Al Jardine Brian Wilson Principle songwriter Inspired by rich vocal harmonies of doo wop and jazz influenced vocal group the four freshman Brian Wilson took on role of producer Inspired by Phil Spector Engaged in creative competition with Beatles throughout the 1960s

Buddy Holly

"That'll Be the Day" (new style) "Not Fade Away" (syncopated rhythm 1957, Bo-Diddley beat, "I want candy" same beat) "Well...All Right" (acoustic) Lubbock, TX Bo-Diddley beat proto folk rock Refrain-frame; mixes up blues progression; hiccupping style from Elvis Modal scale influenced by rockabilly

Elvis Presley

"That's All Right" "Mystery Train" "Hound Dog" "Heartbreak Hotel" Miss.; Memphis Sam Phillips; Sun Records; RCA & Col. Tom Parker IMAGE; white kid singing like black kid; c+w & r+b on same records; elvis paraphernalia; cross-generational appeal; 1st to dominate a foreign market (England) crooning with blues Sam Philips said "if you find a white boy to sing like a black man he will make a million dollars.

Chubby Checker

"The Twist" Philadelphia Dick Clark Played by Dick Clark on Am. Bandstand; responded to dance need; song by Hank Ballard

Ben E. King

"There Goes My Baby" "Rose in Spanish Harlem" "On Broadway" (with Drifters) NYC Lieber & Stoller Sweet soul; merged gospel style w/ R&B; black pop

Ventures

"Walk, Don't Run" "Out of Limits" (Seattle) Sci-fi interest; high output pick-ups of their Mosrite guitars created signature sound Popularized instrumental (no vocals) rock String of hits Experts at numerous styles Experimented with outer space themes and sounds "Out of Limits" 1964 Big on Surf Rock scene "Walk, Don't Run" 1960 Listen For: Instrumental Surf Rock Absence of "wet" sound of Dick Dale No tremelo Swing-influenced drum introduction

Shirelles

"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" (by a woman, performed by women, woman's perspective) NYC Luther Dixon; Carole King Prototypical girl group; realistic love theme; classical w/ R&B; opened doors for girl groups; beat oriented - draws audience to flow of music By 1962 there were more black artists on the singles charts than at any other time.

Surfaris

"Wipe Out" California Standard surf lick; importance of drum set, drum solo from Big Band Jazz,

Coasters

"Young Blood"; NYC; Lieber and Stoller; "playlets"

"Roll over Beethoven"

(1956) Lyrics glorify listening to R&B 12 bar form

Johnny B. Goode

(1958) Double Stops Backbeat Eight-beat rhythm Strong rhythm guitar Aggressive lead guitar Vocals back and forth with guitar

"controlling genius" producer

...

Art vs. pop

...

DJ

...

Fuzz Tone

...

Greenwich Village (bohemian culture)

...

Interchange of ideas between bands (ie- Dylan inspires Beatles who inspire Brian Wilson and vice versa

...

Sitar, tanpura

...

The Beach Boys vs. The Beatles

...

pop song

...

regionalization

...

psychadelic rock

...Beatles, byrds

Lieber and Stoller

...o Successful in early 50s o Their success with artists imitated by others like Carole King and Gerry Goffin, Shadow Mortin, and Phil Spector o Roots in west coast R&B o Hits like Charlie Brown "Hard Times" (52) o Big Mama Thornton "Hound Dog" (53) o Robins' "Smokey Joe's Café" (55) "Riot in Cell Block #9" o Elvis's "Jailhouse Rock" (57) and "Don't (58) o Began LA Label Spark Records o Wrote records (not just songs) o First producers really (the song was their vision, not the artist's) o Later, started working for the Atlantic (didn't like writing for ind. label) o Instead of being hired for the Atlantic as A&R men, they were still allowed to work with other artists and labels; first independent producers in pop music o Brought two members of the Robins with them to Atlantic, added two members and created new band: The Coasters o Coasters wrote "playlets": short songs that told humorous stories; inspired by Broadway and radio play traditions o Would act out lyrics in performances, sometimes with costumes; connections to vaudeville and minstrelsy o Dealt sometimes with teen life o "Yikety Yak" (58) o "Charlie Brown" (59) o "Along Came Jones" (59) o "Down in Mexico" (56) AABA forml 4/4 time o "Smokey Joe's Café" rereleased; originally released when they were called the Robins' at Spark Records in LA (till under Leiber and Stoller) got popular this time o Most of their songs dealt with problems of black culture; directed at black audience (but still popular with white people) o Leiber and Stoller controlled most aspects of the music o "Down in Mexico" and "Smokey Joes Café" extension of Hokum Blues o They also recorded the Drifters "There Goes My Baby" (59); completely different; song's arrangement employed by the orchestra similar to classical music; combination of R&B and orchestral backing= "Sweet soul"; o Shows variety of Leiber and Stoller's music

American Bandstand

...• American teens rushed home to see it each day • Bands performing, teens dancing • Migration from radio to TV • Debuted in Philadelphia's WFIL in 1952 • Debuted nationally in 1957 with Dick Clark • Almost always lip-synched • Clean fun and dancing • First wave of rock, dancing was secondary; now it was main focus • 1960: introduces Hank Ballard's "The Twist" covered by Ernest Evans (=Chubby Checker) • Led to spin offs like "Peppermint Twist" (62) and "Let's Twist Again" (61) • Easy dance for everyone, wide demographic • Show united youths across the nation (nation youth culture) • Elvis and Frank Avalon both movie stars now • ^teen-targeted, music and dance filled beach movies • Black and white artists, force for racial integration • Prepared the way for the Beatles, who would be TV and movie stars too • Adults tuned into Bandstand too! Showed that rock and roll was integrating it's way fulling into American culture (isn't about resistance to adult culture anymore) • ^"(We're Gonna) Rock Around the Clock" in Blackboard Jungle movie, and mainstream success of Elvis did same thing

Brill Building

...• Brill Building Music of 1960s: return to rock and roll practices in teen pop music • "Brill Building"= actual place but mainly refers to set of business practices (like "Tin Pan Alley") • Located in midtown Manhattan • Some songwriters: Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman • Aldon Publishing: run by Al Nevins and Don Kirschner; example of how Brill Building publishing worked; contained number of small offices where professionals would write songs all day; singers were almost never the writers themselves; methodical way of producing pop music • Brill building practice (same as Aldon Music practices) was one way music business established more control over rock and roll after the first wave • No unpredictable/rebellious lyrics; nothing offensive • Return to typical way of music business from before rock and roll (power to the publishers, performing artists less important) • But performing artists still idolized by teenagers, focus of public • Trio Music: by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich was similar • Hill and Range Songs: similar too; Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman

Kingston Trio

...• Folk music revival began in 1958 when Kingston Trio's recording of "Tom Dooley" went number 1 on the charts

Bo Diddley Beat

...• Influences of Country, rockabilly (especially Elvis), rock and roll, R&B (Bo Diddley beat) can be found in his songs • Ex: "Not Fade Away" • Bo Diddley beat (bop, bop, bopbop)

Solid body guitar

...• Leo Fender: first to commercially release a solid body electric guitar; "broadcaster" now called telecaster: KNOW FOR EXAM! • → Gibson developed Les Paul model of electric guitar • Les Paul and Stratocaster electric guitars still most popular today • Les Paul: first to invent a solid body guitar KNOW FOR EXAM!

Elvis at Sun

1954 Elvis records a private demo , Sam Philips(or his secretary) discovers him Sun had signed a lot of black artists. Elvis was 19. Scotty Moore was Elvis's guitarist Bill Black was bassist Elvis was from Mississippi Blues, Country western, Southern Gospel Hit songs are center of marketing the (45) Sun Records 45s often had a blues cover on one side and a bluegrass cover on the other That's all right Mama Blues song with country guitars SLAPBACK ECHO No drums....the drum like sound is the slapping of the bass. That's all right Momma, was first hit 1954, it was a blues originally recorded by Arthur big boy Crudup Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips was the first to play Elvis on the radio Red, Hot, and Blues Local Star, SUN did not have the resources to promote Elvis 1955 Sam Philips sells Elvis's contract to RCA 1956 Early TV is a huge part of Elvis's rise to national fame. Milton Burle TV appearance (rockabilly) Steve Allen TV appearance (repackaged safe) Ed Sullivan

Maybellene

1955 mix of country and blues, like bill Haley's music Creative word play Refrain-frame form 2-beat rhythm (western swing) Maybellene based on Bob Wills "Ida Red" and was recorded with Chess Records. Alan Freed added his same to the writing credit to Maybelline, as of 1985 the freed estate was still receiving money (PAYOLA)

hiccupping

A vocal hiccup is a type of hiccup used in singing. It is a fake hiccup or short stylistic intake of air used by certain singers.

Pet Sounds

Beach Boys Album • The Beatles took the mastery of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds album as a challenge and responded with Sgt. Pepper

image

Beatles took the power of IMAGE to new heights: hairstyles changed, fashion designers followed the Beatles look in clothes

"Plugging in" as selling out

Bob Dylan...

Rise of LA

Byrds from La, more stuff probably

12 String guitar

Byrds influenced by Beatles: o Influence by the Beatles, 12-string electric guitar from the Beatles

Surf Rock

California Dick Dale; Ventures; Beach Boys; Fender Affluent suburban middle class youth; solid body guitar Influences: Dick Dale's sound influenced several surf rock hits The Chantay's "Pipeline" 1963 The Surfaris, "Wipe Out" Swing Drumming Gene Krupa (jazz drummer) • The Tornadoes "Telstar" (1962) • The Chantays "Pipeline" (1963) • The Surfaris "Wipeout" (1963) • The Ventures "Out of Limits" and "Walk, Don't Run"

fuzz box

Distortion effects create "warm" and "dirty" sounds by compressing the peaks of an electric musical instrument's sound wave, which results in a large number of added overtones.

Skiffle

Great Britain Lonnie Donnegan 1950s British style; simple instruments; jazz & American folk The Quarrymen were a skiffle band (The Beatles before they were the Beatles) Lony Donigan was the most famous skiffle artist who hit the charts in 1956 Rock island line Skiffle was a mix of American folk music mixed with Jazz Anyone could play skiffle

Elvis moves RCA

Heartbreak Hotel 1956 Firmly established as a pop star

Beat Poets

Jack Kerouac

Beat Poets

Kerouac, ect.

polish of "black pop"

Leiber and Stroller (two jewish guys who wrote for black artists) Worked at the brill building Influenced by Bogie Woogie and bebop Their writing style contains social commentary, influenced by vaudeville Coasters started intended to be for a black audience, but in 1957 white audiences caught on. the drifters Ben E. King Shirelles

Producers

Leiber and stoller were first producers really brill building

Rockabilly

Memphis Sam Phillips, Sun Records; Carl Perkins Country & Rhythm and Blues; slap bass; working class music • Quick, two-beat rhythm like that popular in country music, but up tempo

Drugs and musical creativity

Mind Expansion • George Harrison and John Lennon spend time with Roger McGuinn and David Crosby of the Byrds during a few days off in the middle of their 1965 US tour. Some LSD was consumed ,and among the topics discusses are Ravi Shankar and the Indian sitar. • The Byrds "Eight Miles High" is supposedly the first acid rock song. Shows the influence of Indian music

The Byrds

Mr. Tambourine Man Covering Dylan gave Dylan success; based on Beach Boys beat o Basically got famous doing Bob Dylan's acoustic songs before Dylan went electric o "Mr. Tambourine Man" o Raga rock (Indian influence, also model); "Within you, Without you" also Raga rock o Influence by the Beatles, 12-string electric guitar from the Beatles o Formed in LA, 1964 o Pioneered folk rock genre o Folk rock with Mersey beat (reference to Mersey river in Liverpool; so from where Beatles are from) o Psychedelic rock

Fats Domino

New Orleans Style Horns, guitar, piano, and voice Triplets in right Fats was less threatening contrast to Little Richard

Gold Star Studios

Phil Spector's studio in LA

Schlock Rock

Philadelphia Dick Clark; Frankie Avalon Teen idols; Clean-cut image; often Italian-Americans; Dick Clark's promotion

Phil Spector

Teenage tycoon success Phil's records by 21 Wall of sound Strict control over production Musicians were replicable cogs in his machine Gold star studios in LA He was a millionaire by the time he was 21 He does everything, scouts artists, records the song, produces the recording Developed the artists, and often wrote the songs 1963 began with girl groups gold star was a Small room, 5 guitars, 3 basses, etc. Ronnetts, Ronnie Bennett lead singer "be my baby The ronnettes were produced by Phil Spector "Be My Baby" • Most important girl group producer • ALSO IN JAIL CURRENTLY HE MURDERED A GIRL WHAT • Started as singer; hit with Teddy Bears in 58, "To Know Him is to Love Him" • Later worked under Leiber and Stoller as producer; wanted total control over the recording process • "Wall of Sound" was his approach to producing • Trademark sound of his songs not from singers; all him and production • Ex: recording lots of instruments in little space • Cramming several guitars, pianos, basses and drum sets • Sound of one instrument would spill into microphone of the next → monophonice backing track • "Doubling" technique, two or more instruments (sometimes contrasting in sonic character) to play exactly the same notes → novel combination of instrumental color • Relied on heavy amounts of reverb to thicken the sound and blend the instruments and voices • Crystals' "Da Doo Ron Ron" (63) and "Then He Kissed Me" (63); lead singer was Darlene Love • Ronette's "Be My Baby" (63) with Ronnie Bennet's voice (she married Spector eventually) • Studio in LA, nicknamed his musicians the "Wrecking Crew" • Three track recording machine: first track: guitars, basses, pianos, percussion; second, vocals; third, strings; then put them all together (so the three recorded separately) • Expensive method, Spector extremely ambitious and a perfectionist • Seen as artistic genius, eccentric; his records good and almost impossible to cover because of how they were produced • But by end of 1964, girl-group fad began to fade • Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" (65) also his big hit • Girl groups were contradictory: blatantly commercial, formulaic, by pros trying to make them seem like "wholesome teens" but with Carole King and Phil Spector producers became artistically ambitious and created new music

George Martin

The Beatles met producer George Martin in 1962, they had already toured Germany. George Martin produced every Beatles album except Let it Be(that was produced by Phil Spector)

development of electric guitar

The Rickenbacker created the "frying pan" Then the "Gibson ES 150" Then Les Paul "the Log" Leo Fender first to commercially market the guitar successfully The "broadcaster" quickly became the "Telecaster" solid bodied Then Gibson released "Les Paul" solid bodied guitar

Theremin

electronic instrument

Brian Epstein

first discovered the Beatles at Cavern Club in England; convinced George Martin to sign them

Pete Seeger

folk; member of the Weavers

Alan Freed

o Alan Freed sponsored late-night radio show devoted to R&B music with Freed as host (The Moondog Show) in 1951 in Cleveland o Radio programs originally devoted to black teens now targeted at whites o Freed: most influential DJ in rock and roll's break into the mainstream o Enormously successful→ debuted in NYC with new show The Rock and Roll Party" syndicated nationally and in Europe → R&B accessible to teens everywhere o He promoted concerts, produced films, worked in TV, capitalized on success of his TV show o Took 1958 concert show The Big Beat (included Buddy Holly and Jerry Lee Lewis) across the US o Later produced Rock Around the Clock (56) and Don't Knock the Rock (57) o He seemed like the father of Rock and Roll to teenagers, so it was no surprise when backlash to rock and roll was directed at him

Sgt. Pepper

o Surrealism- "Sgt. Peppers"; 1967; Sgt. Peppers is new band, no longer the Beatles, they're writing from the perspective of these people o "A Day in the Life"; Written by John; buildup with tape of orchestra warming up, tape cut into pieces and randomly taped back together; end is piano chord playing for a while o "Within You, Without You" Raga rock; written by George Harrison; studied with Ravi Shankar • The Beatles took the mastery of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds album as a challenge and responded with Sgt. Pepper • The album broke new ground in rock • Album cover implodes gaos between generations and between cultural ideas • Song cycles seamless progression. With most songs merging into the next with no break • First album to display lyrics in album • Indian references begun in Rubber Soul continue • "Getting Better" has the Indian drone instrument, the tanpura, prominently featured in the middle of the song • Harrison's "Within You, Without You" continues the Hindu philosophy first encountered in "Tomorrow Never Knows" in its lyric; acoustic string ensemble features an Indian dilruba and sitar, tanpura, svarmandal and table, along with violins and cellos. Melody is modal, using a major third and flat 7th • Techniques from avant-garde composers; the use of everyday sounds (concert hall audience in "Sgt. Pepper" and animal sounds in Good morning, good morning"); tape loops; running tape backwards unconventional use of traditional instruments- such as loosely guided crescendos of "A Day in the Life" • Rock music technique of using multi-track recording to overdub extra parts

Brian Wilson

song writer, produced Beach Boys; capital records

Folk Rock

• "Mr. Tambourine Man" infused new energy into the type of rock that became known as folk rock. • Groups like the Turtles, Sonny & Cher, The Mamas and the Papas, Simon and Garfunkel and others enjoyed hit songs • Simon & Garfunkel got a boost from their sountrack for the Graduate

ASCAP

• 1914 American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers formed to recover royalties from performances of copyrighted music. Sold licenses covering its catalogue of songs to venues of live performance • Very few African Americans were permitted to join • ASCAP suit against BMI • Congressional hearings on the practice of payola • Mirrored McCarthy trials • Pete Segar, attacked, career suffered because of it • Payola, hearings in late 1950s, nothing illegal about it, but contrary to American values and freedom of the airwaves • Alan Freed's career basically ended with payola scandal, Dick Clark's was fine; • Maybe because Alan Freed endorsed black people (R&B) and Dick Clark promoted whites

the Twist

• Chubby Checker and Dick Clark make it a hit • A craze for the Twist quickly developed and everyone from middle-school students to the Hollywood stars and the Kennedys were doing it • The Bristol Stomp, Watusi, Frug and other dances each enjoyed transient popularity

cover

• Cover versions • copies of previously recorded performances; often... • The "Little Bird Told Me' decision • A 1947 recording of "A Little Bird Told Me" by R&B star Paula Watson for the independent label Supreme was covered in 1951 by singer Evelyn Knight for Decca Records. • Supreme sued Decca and lost the case. A judge ruled that musical arrangements are not copyrightable property. • The written document (sheet music) continued to be viewed as the legal entity, even though records had become the dominant means of transmission. • The case opened the gates for cover versions. • Joe Turner's "Shake Rattle and Roll" (1954) • verse/chorus blues • heavy backbeat • belongs to jump band R&B, but with the flavor of Hokum Blues • Among many factors, white musicians "covering" R&B recordings helped to disseminate Black Pop music to the white youth market. As in the past, the musical style was often"bleached" in the process.

multi-track recording

• Developments in recording technology and studio production techniques go hand in hand; Multi-tracked recording creates new possibilities of sound engineering early 1960s

Beatlemania

• During US Beatlemania in February 1964, "She Loves You" began to sell heavily and went to number 1 in February, 1964. It stayed number one for two weeks and stayed the Top 40 for fourteen weeks

Folk Revival

• Folk music revival began in 1958 when Kingston Trio's recording of "Tom Dooley" went number 1 on the charts • Ended 7 years later when Bob Dylan went electric at the Newport Folk Festival in 1965 • Debate over why people booed him • Folk revival movement connected to Civil Rights Movement of early 1960s • Pete Seeger's "We Shall Overcome" became the anthem of the movement, which is joined by numerous white students from the north • SDS serves as another focal point for political activism among white college students • "Blowin' in the Wind"

Payola

• Major repercussion: change in programming policies • Program managers now went by the Top 40 List • Top 40= what was played on juke boxes • Independence of the DJ severely curtained

John Hammond, Jr.

• Met Dylan through folk blues guitarist John Hammond Jr. • Dylan's First album recorded by John Hammond