Rock Final

Ray Charles

"Genius of Soul" • R&B hit • Atlantic Records bought his contract and produced his first chart success and more notable hits

Otis Redding

"King of Soul" • Inspired by Little Richard • Johnny Jenkins and the Pinetoppers was his first band o After a quick recording session, they were signed and released as a hit

MTV

- Audiovisual music got in demand with MTV, a new music television channel - Began to replace radio for teens with a new musical identity - MTV and the Video Age o Became obsessed with a video technology from the introduction of the TV set Most Americans had TVs and videocassettes Teens watched the most TV and played video games • Spent more money and time on TV and video games o Warner Communications applied video technology to rock and roll Invested into MTV, music television Nonstop format of three-minute video clips, focusing on their artist Directed to young people neglected by radio

Country Rock

- Baby boomers flocked to a sometimes issue-oriented version of country rock - Melded the socially oriented rhetoric of Springsteen with an updated country rock sound from the 70s o Captured the increasing economic stability and the lingering issue-orientation - Looked for a sound that reflection their situation as the situation began to ease - The Country Rock Rebirth o More than 21 million Americans became country music fans o Baby boomers were the largest demographic and listened to country Caused an upsurge in country music • More radio stations, discs, and tapes o Non-traditional genre with the traditional populist message and a country rock beat Energized, hard-hitting country rock with an outlaw image

Motown

- Berry Gordy Jr created a music empire that exemplified the peaceful integration of King and reflected the civil rights movement - Established a year before the first sin-ins and achieved success during the civil rights - Used the assembly line techniques of auto factories in Detroit - Motown became the first African American owned label that sold the music of black youths to the white Americans His first popular song was "Reet Petite," recorded by Jackie Wilson "Lonely Teardrops" sold a million copies Established the Jobete Music Publishing Company Founded the Motown Record Corporation • Recorded R&B artists on Tamla Records at first • Signed Mable John, the gospel trained sister of Little Willie John • "Money" by Barrett Strong was the number two song • Distribution by Chess Records Convinced by Smokey Robinson that Motown should start distributing • A hit would throw them into bankruptcy because they were undercapitalized • "Shop Around" by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles topped the charts and made them an important company

Seventies

- Cautious and afraid to believe in anything - Turned inward - Economic conditions were bad, war - Music reflected the somber, conservative mood as they deserted the hard rock - Became an apolitical, serious experience

Country Rock

- Confronted by the harsh realities of the Vietnam war and Kent State, moved toward country music that extolled simple living and rural traditions o Turned back towards easy blues and folk o Returned to the past, real or imagined o The music of reconciliation o Merged mellow folk rock with bluegrass and country swing

Punk Rock

- Declared as musical garbage by critic - New generation of rock and rollers, starting with a small group of literary, Beat-influcned musicians - Transformed into an anarchic, political rage by angry British teens who felt like they had nothing to lose - Created a minimalistic, angry music that threatened materialism

Philadelphia Sound

- Dick Clark and Don Kirshner produced a new group of idols and songs o Promoted photogenic Italian teens on TV and created the Philadelphia sound o Kirshner assembled young songwriters and made hundreds of songs for girl groups o Hosted the Philadelphia show Bandstand, which showcased local high school students dancing to popular music Clark had a clean cut image and so did the dancers • All had a dress code • Made it acceptable for adults to watch • Did not deal with sex at all Teenage book about etiquette and damped rebellion o Created a stable of mostly Italian, Philadelphian youths as the stars of his show came out of Philadelphia and associated with Cameo Records songs Hucklebuck, Pony, Limbo, Fly, Fish, Bristol Stomp, Continental, Mashed Potato • Chubby Checker, Bobby Rydell, the Dovells, Dee Sharp

Generation X Blues

- Faced a grim economy and unemployment, jobs shifted to the service sector - Little family stability o More single family households o Caused frustration, pain, and fear Most people came from broken homes and had a self-destructive habit Split relationships quickly o Abuse increased in the family Level of uncertainty - Many became violent o Witnessed violence on television and started carrying guns o Entertainment increased the use of gun carrying Some youths even used those guns on other people, increase in gun violence Urban gangs started to form - Drawn to loud, aggressive, angry music with their anger, fear, and alienation

New Frontier

- First baby boomers were becoming aware of the world - Civil rights, college-aged youths against racism and hypocrisy of corporate America - Songs of Protest President JFK • Gave civil rights crusaders hope in MLK's vision • Assured them of a new frontier • Sent federal troops to universities that refused to desegregate o Ordered guards to protect Meredith, who started going to classes o Happened with other university students as well • Wide reaching legislation that included equal access to public facilities, employment discrimination based on race, and civil rights suits • Liked by college students and devoted to his civil rights programs

Rock and Roll

- Romanticism = always has dreams, makes dreams possible - Appealed to Baby Boomers - Inspired, cause-oriented rock that provided a stark contrast to MTV - Trickling Down with Ronald Reagan o Return to 60s ideals when Reagan plummeted the country into a recession and split the country between rich and poor o Regan hoped to roll back the New Deal with trickle down logic Government help to increase profits which would increase expansions and increase higher wages and increased employment Cut spending for social welfare programs and affirmative action Neutralized unions and pushed through tax breaks for businesses and the wealthy individuals Escalated military spending Increased the national debt and a crisis in the banking industry • Billions of dollars in bad loans caused banks to fail • Spent more money to help save them o Unemployment filled the country and people struggled to survive Relied on government benefits Expected prosperity to continue but instead dealt with a recession

Me Decade

- Selfish decade as people who experienced disappointment tried to brighten their future - Turned inward for fulfillment and the Establishment - Became disillusioned with radical politics and revolution o Transformed hippies into yuppies o Vietnam War was over and Nixon reelected Deflated the rage and resolve of radicals, so people settled in Focused their energies on immediate, material concerns Oriented towards financial rewards like business and engineering Growing economy allowed indulgences and disposable income Sought pleasure through drugs and became a consumer product • Cocaine became more popular through Coca-Cola Open sexual relations and homosexuality • Stonewall Inn, Gay Liberation Front • Practiced unrestrained sex Chased the idea of self-perfection • Changing the personality and became obsessed with their desires

Acid Rock

- Speak out, love, creativity, uninhibited, happening now o Love could replace war, sharing replace greed, community over individual o Youth movement starting in San Francisco - New rock hybrid helped spread the culture - Named after LSD - Tried to create an alternative community rather than the mainstream one o Featured a loud, experimental sound with amplification Sensory overload Guitar improvisations, blue riffs, Indian ragas Utilized the LP, 12-inch, 33 1/3 rpm record • Songs sometimes lasted an entire side Freewheeling and experimental

Hardcore

- Teens across America embraced a harsh, violent variant of punk called hardcore o Desperate, angry, and extreme version of punk o Began in Hollywood, a place steeped in excess and corruption - Moved from the city in the suburbs and turned to violence toward others o Looked for fights at shows o Mosh pit = up and down pogo dance, bodies slamming near each other near the stage o Started to rush and jump on the stage and dive off - Pace changed to a blinding speed of violence o Played as fast as possible and the crowd would go wild o Injection of extreme energy o New suburban punk became more popular than the urban part Fueled the hardcore explosion with young, middle-class males • More like a sporting event and women weren't involved because it was violent • Punk fashion = shaved their heads, tattoos, piercings, worn-out clothes, combat style • Came from dysfunctional, conservative families o Crazy because their parents didn't care about them and were in a stifling environment

Country Rock Revolution

- The United States and rock music took a clear turn to the right o Gave way to a callous, insensitive conservatism - Country rock embodied and alluded supposedly traditional American values that the arch-conservative wing of the Republic Party sharped and endorsed - Moved to countrified singer-songwriters in reaction to a decade of protest and tumult over the war in Vietnam, turned to country roots

Hip-Hop

- Troubled African American youths responded with a hard edged hip hop music to chronicle their plight and to generate community support - Lived in poverty, nearly 3x the percentage of impoverished whites - Many of these poor, unemployed youths lived in a single parent, single income households, headed by a mother - Joined gangs o There's a lot of admirable qualities in gang membership o The gang was like your family o Guns for protection o Contributed to a growth in street violence and death - Competitive cocaine industry o Inexpensive when government allowed military to help Nicaraguans smuggle the drugs so they could sell weapons to Iran o Inner city African American youths sold crack o Everyone was either selling it or using it o Fights over who could sell it in the area, the person with the biggest gun

Janis Joplin

-acid rocker in San Francisco Iconic rock singer __________ was a representation of a culture and a generation much like Dylan who broke the barriers for women in the music industry. Overall, her performances were a fresh and sincere; she sang the blues to transcend pain.

Timothy Leary

-ex Harvard professor, editor of Psychedelic Review -organized the LSD based League for Spiritual Discovery -most visible popularizer and high priest of acid -microscopes to the eyes, see the muisc -resulted in altered, introspective states of individual consciousness -lowest level is sleep, then conventional wake, then marijuana effects, then LSD effects that go beyond cellular awareness -said to expanded the community and be essentials -embraced past beliefs in a counterculture -John Lennon wrote a song about his book -later called them another consumer product and not as good

Industrial Music

= wild buzz-saw of thrash with harsh vocals and electronic samples and synthesizers o Roots in postpunk pessimism of the Sex Pistols Combined taped music, synthesizer moans, and distorted vocals to reflect the grim life of postindustrial England Enlisted to churn a harsh, dissonant industrial music o Foetus Enhanced the cacophonic din with melody Automatic weapons, orchestras, clanging metallic objects, and tape samples o Ministry and Nine Inch Nails added thrashing heavy metal guitar More accessible to masses of youths Aggro = sheets of guitar music broken by tape samples and angry vocals Added guitars to be more mainstream, combining with sequencers o Trent Reznor Classically trained, created Nine Inch Nails Introduced industrial music to the heavy metal fans Embodiment of industrial music (guitars, doomy negativity, agony, suffering) Underground rock icon Tried to explore black emotions

Michael Jackson

A former Motown star with the Jackson 5 • Trained by Berry Gordy with sound and choreography • Taught to mime James Brown and featured Michael the most • Became the last major Motown recording act • Appealed to all races, genders, and ages because it was rejoicing signed with Epic and changed their name to the Jacksons • continued hits Michael's solo career • Hit with top ten signer • Starred as the Scarecrow in "The Wiz," an all African American version of the Wizard of Oz • Appealed to both African American and white audiences o Dueted with Paul McCartney and Van Halen • Videos were important for his career o Demand for old fashioned entertainment skills which he had o Perfect dazzling choreography clean, fast, and sensually o MTV was criticized for only playing whit artists and so started Jackson videos • Thriller sold at an amazing rate after its video • Started the Michaelmania with merch and sales • Became extremely successful, the most since the Beatles and Elvis • Epitomized the growing conservatism by not smoking, drinking, or taking drugging o Jehovah's Witness with no challenges to the status quo o Establishment figure

Richard Hell

A member of Television Defined the emerging artistic, DIY New York rock Minimalist, populist image Do-it-yourself, not caring about stardom, relate to the audience Populist attitude in the songs

Darkthorne

Abandoned the growling vocals and violence-obsessed lyrics of death metal and turned to black metal Wore corpse paint, adopted the thrash guitar, and screams, assumed pseudonyms

The Ramones

Added a buzz-saw guitar attack and a 50s sensibility to the populist stance Transition from the avant-garde to punk rock Motorcycle jackets Cared little for the artistic avant-garde, hated fancy European language and food Thrashing sound of the New York Dolls Sped through eight song, seventeen minute sets • Stripped rock to the bone and put the fun spirit back into it Revealed their sound in England, which impressed them and gave English punks direction Responsible for the punk revolution

New York Dolls

Adopted the heavy metal androgyny Thrashing, dirving, proto-punk anthems with heavy makeup and outfits Wild, extreme heavy metal act

LynyrdSkynyrd

After the Allman brothers and learned from them Named after their PE teacher Released Southern rock hits until a plane crash killed them Blend of rock and country = rock blues • Loved country music, honesty, and blues Carried the Confederate flag to represent the South • Their fans often brought them and they accepted it without meaning • Traveled with it in the North "Sweet Home Alabama" • Most popular, defended their Southern heritage, retort to those who didn't like the South

Motor City Five

Aggressive, radicalized blues for the student protest movement Formed by high school students and met their manager in Wayne State University Beatnik community Lived and worked communally above the underground newspaper Started trans-love energies, communal associations with marijuana and LSD James Brown, free jazz, blues based Became radicalized and overly political • Became the White Panther Party and played to rioters • Committed to the revolution Their first album was released to revolution and political songs • Included extreme profanities • Stores refused to carry the record and were arrested for selling it • Their record contract ended

Queen

Also very extravagance Modeled their look after pop singer Liza Minnelli Stunning, preening, campy, militaristic, took things over the edge Dramatic, self-important music

Van Halen

Archetype for the metal bands Classical music training until they moved to California and played rock Each member contributed a different element to their sound • Disco, progressive types, rock, Disney • Presented a more polished, smooth sound • Variety of tempos and harmonies that reinforced the hooks • Frequented falsetto screams and humorous lyrics • All about entertainment at a maximum impact Signed with the Warner Brothers and followed with four Top Ten albums

Woody Guthrie

Became a performer and radio host in LA where he reads the news Moved to NYC and wrote a column for the Communist newspaper Recorded for folklorist Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress Wrote songs for people that did little jobs and hard work This Machine Kills Fascists = guitar

Orbital

Became one of the most popular hardcore acts among the speeded-up ravers Named after the freeway that led people to the raves Live appearances with light shows, visuals, and electronic improvisations Pounding sound

Kool Herc

Began to play, or sample, short fragments, usually the percussion breaks of dance music Rap pioneers sampled all types of music Favored polyrhythmic funk over the simplistic disco Funk came back on the scene through hip hop Added special effects to the samples of the funky music Removed the vocals to create a 'dub' version of the song and then added echo and reverb to the altered rhythm track Intridcate polyrhythms into a staccato sound Began to talk along the halting, polyrhytmic sounds • Gave audiences rap to let the crowd know who the DJ was • Took the Jamaican style and put it to American records • Enlisted the help of friends to rap, or emcee, for them

Soundgarden

Borrowed money to record their sound New sound with punk-rock Melded guitars turned down low with punk sounds and avant-garde jazz Nervous and tense feeling Attracted attention of other record labels and left Sub Pop

Pink Floyd

British psychedelic band moved towards classical structures Subtler, classically based sound with atmospheric albums Played at the Montreux Classical Musical Festival and many people heard them for their first time Perfected the Wagnerian electronic sound with backup for stories of alienation, paranoia, and madness • allusions to the moon and lunacy

Run-DMC

Brought inner city rap to the masses of American teens by combining it with hard guitar rock Used the heavy metal guitar of Eddie Martinez, rapped over rock records a lot First of the two rap videos to air on MTV • Appeal to white teens Collaborated with Aerosmith • Combined the polyrhythms of rap with hard rock to nearly top the singles chart with a remake of "Walk This Way" • Everyone tried to rap like them

Patti Smith

Brought national attention to literary avant-garde rock Published two books of poetry Fan of Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan, and the Doors Combined poetry with rock music • Provided improvisational rock backdrop to her readings Added a guitarist and drummer to form the Patti Smith Group Brought attention to the scene at CBGB's Adopted the vague, Beat-inspired populist stance, bridge between hippie and punk

The Everly Brothers

Cadence Records owned by Archie Bleyer NYC Two KY born brothers - Don and Phil • Toured across the country • Maxwell St in Chicago - Southern blues players everywhere • Started to listen to blues and black music Nashville • Wrote songs for Chet Adkin's publishing group • Signed with Cadence First hit was "bye love" • Bright, warm, country harmonies with an R&B beat • Inspired by Bo Diddley Followed with three other hits to sell $35 million

Ratt

Came from the LA heavy metal scene Played escapist pop metal with more melody, down-to-earth, fun stuff Affected a glam image to increase their popularity • Started being fashionable to separate themselves from everyone else Sold more than 2 million copies of their debut

David Bowie

Changed his image to an androgynous image Bisexual Created the bisexual, space-age, glittery persona of Ziggy Stardust • Materialized from dry ice with exciting costumes • Red eyeshadow and eyebrows • Wanted to shock people • Hard rocking band

Joni Mitchell

Collaborated with other folk artists Played folk in Canada Married Chuck Mitchell and sometimes played together Earned a Grammy for best folk performer Three confessional albums about broken relationships and the sensitive singer-songwriter ethos Eventually moved toward a jazz sound Wrote about her personal experiences, not larger than that

Metallica

Combined NWBHM and California hardcore punk to create 'thrash' or 'speed metal' Listened to the other popular metal bands First mimicked the MWBHM by doing covers of British songs in the US Began to speed up the already fast, loud, propulsive metal music Shredding, low-register guitar chords, high-end guitar solos, double-bass drumming • Created an entirely new form of music • Channeled aggression Record contract and sent it along the underground which quickly spread • Attracted a national following • Tour with Ozzy Osbourne • Little radio play or on MTV o Very polarizing music with a cultlike audience Somber, angry message, grim, based in reality • Manipulation by the corporations and the media Paved the way for more thrashers such as Megadeth, anthrax, Slayer, etc. • Played together in the Clash of Titans tour

Sly and the Family Stone

Combined funk and rock with a psychedelic sensibility During hippiedom, he was a DJ in LA Racially integrated band Topped the charts as they recognized the racial tensions First cracked the barrier between black and white rock

Madonna

Combined sex appeal with African American dance rhythms Bonded with Motown early and became a NYC dancer Breathy vocals over disco beat Propelled by videos with a sexually aggressive, Marilyn Monroe image with lace wear

Carly Simon

Connected with Stevens and Taylor Left college to form a folk duo with her sister Released her solo debut and was a success with "Legend in Your Own Time" and "You're So Vain" Married James Taylor

Bill Haley and the Comets

Country influence from parents Released a cover of Rocket 88, combining country swing with boogie-woogie Started as a country group and added a touch of R&B Crazy Man Crazy, Rock Around the Clock, Shake, Rattle, and Roll • Top of the chart and cause riots worldwide when on the soundtrack of Blackboard Jungle • Made teens feel like a powerful force More Top Forty records followed and appeared in two movies with his music Smoother than Presley, tamer stage show, older

Tom Paxton

Discovered the music of Guthrie and became radicalized Performed with all the others in NYC Appeared at Newport Folk Festival and Pete Seeger recorded some of his songs Recording contract with Elektra and a series of protest songs

Sex Pistols

Embodied the desperate rage and combined it with the DIY attitude to create British punk Young teenagers who had few other options than forming a band Malcolm McLaren was their manager • Combined Richard Hell, NY Dolls, boredom • Renamed them in the idea of a pistol, a pinup, a young thing Aggressive, pumping sound with a frenzied, buzz-saw guitar attack Created an on-stage image from the Stooges and NY punks • Taunted, shouted, and spat at the audience, blurring the distinction • Ripped shirts, metal, short hair Rejected their New York predecessors who had inspired them "Anarchy in the UK" and other songs about chaos, hopelessness • Always something to fight • Anarchy is self-rule Widely opposed by critics and religion Record industry didn't help them • Refused to handle songs, used aggressive behavior on TV • Recording contracts always terminated • Still, they topped the charts Alternative do-it-yourself culture for British youths • Wore dirty and menacing clothes • Punk collage looks because they had no money • Extended to the music - didn't know how to play instruments well • More about passion, not the guitar god image • Life changing

Jimi Hendrix

Epitomized late 60s blues with the desperate mood of his youth • Embodied the hippie ethos • Freely experimented with drugs and it controlled their music Unleashed a gut-wrenching electric blues to become rock's greatest virtuoso • Listened to Chicago Blues and played backup for top acts Formed the Jimi Hendrix Experience • Performance similar to James Brown and Little Richard • Mostly in Europe Sound • Loud, angry electric blues • Favored power chords and played the right-handed guitar backwards • Guitar improvisations • Technological advances o Broad range of devices to make the blues sound more menacing, distorted, and complex o Replaced the vacuum tube by the transistor to use the wah-wah petal, altering the frequency and giving the music a crying sound o Fuzz box clipped the sound and distorted it, making it gritty and harsh o Uni-Vibe made the music go in a doubt of phase with an uncertain feel o Octavia produced an octave higher for a doubling effect o Whammy Bar distorted the pitch o Amplifier designed by Jim Marshall 100 watts that could be stacked to create a roar through overtones in the feedback when played closely • Tumultuous sound Titles reflected the desperation of the times and political aggression His performances were also wild • Once set his guitar on fire • Showed his violent streak

Cream

Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker started in blues Their approach was blues ancient and modern • "Sunshine of Your Love" • Rock was like a battery that always had to back to blues Played at an ear-deafening level • Bought the new Marshall stacks • Fast drum speed with two bass drums • Six string bass • Benefited from electronic devices such as the wah-wah petal and the fuzz-tone effect • Played closely to the Marshall stacks to get distorted feedback

Beastie Boys

Featured raps over Led Zeppelin and AC/DC heavy metal riffs One of the fastest selling albums in history Brought rap into the white rock mainstream First rap album to top the US chart

Primal Scream

First cut singles of jangly rock before rave Remixed sounds, stripping the instrumentation and replacing it with heavy bass beats and samples Hit the top ten with Screamadelica, marrying rock guitars with the throbbing beat of dance music

Wailing Wailers

First hit the charts "Simmer Down" about gang violence with folk, calypso beats, jazz horn, Western R&B, walking bass, upbeat "Rude Boy" immortalized the outlaws Rock-steady beat, slow style, soul sound The Harder They Come - a movie that chronicled gang life and featured Jimmy Cliff • Created an international market for reggae • Island Records signed the band Abandoned ska and rock-steady for the new Rastafarian music, known as reggae • Played at a slow tempo, rhythmic accents on the offbeat, syncopated and prominent bass lines, emphasis on third beat for a laid-back feeling Lambasted the racism and capitalism that Britain had imposed

Human League

First produced icy, dense electronic music Then reformed to include more pop and toe-tapping sounds Pop electronic group Replaced keyboard with a sequencer, added drum beat, and put in heavy MTV rotations

Lina Ronstadt

Focal point for other rockers She moved to LA to join a folk trio, went solo, and started a new band Hired a manager who helped her release charting singles Conservative political beliefs and hoped for a resurgence of patriotism

The Byrds

Followed Dylan, as they did in folk rock Moved by new singer-guitarist Gram Parsons, released "Sweetheart of the Rodeo" Brought out the country influence clearly, settling on country rock Only moderate commercial success

Bobby Rydell

Followed Frankie Avalon Member of Rocco and the Saints Solo career unsuccessful until American Bandstand Hits were "Kissin Time," "Volare," and "Swingin' School," later had 19 top 30 chartbusters Teenage version of smooth ballads by Italian crooners like Sinatra and Dean Martin

Iggy Pop

Followed the advice of David Bowie Played drums for electric-blues artists Formed the Stooges, which failed to chart, but Bowie told him to try again Theatrical shows beyond performance Thrashing guitar with extreme looks

Aaron Lewis

Formally a vocalist and guitarist for the nu-metal band Staind Abrupt shift towards Tea Party "Country Boy" extolled old T-shirts, big organge tracots, family values, and the Tea Party flag

The Clash

Formed after seeing the Sex Pistols Backed the Sex Pistols and then joined their tour Churned out a series of pointed political diatribes unlike the Pistols' anarchy Wrote about the dissatisfaction among young people

The Kinks

From a working-class suburb of London Formed Ray and Dave Davies, Peter Quaife, and Mick Avory After an unsuccessful debut, topped the chart with "You Really Got Me" • Defined power-chord rock • Multi-note barre chords played in staccato through an amplifier Turned toward a softer, music-hall style Four-year ban in the US after unprofessional conduct

Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers

Fronted by 12-year-old Frankie Lymon Practiced on street corners, backyard, top of the house Overheard by Richard Barrett, the lead singer of another Goldner act Didn't write down any music Recorded their hit song Why Do Fools Fall In Love the day after signed

Bathory

Gave black metal its sound and fury with screeching vocals, low-fi production, a frenetic, distorted buzz-saw guitar attack, blast-beat drumming, and demonic lyrical themes Music as primitive and dark extreme metal Laid the groundwork for the next generation of black metal

Kenny Chesney

Generating the most interest in a country show Played to hooting and hollering New Jerseyites in cowboy hats and western style boots Hid behind an idealized set of values reflected in country rock

Spice Girls

Girl power who kept the power of Britpop Result of newspaper advertisement for volunteers who were street smart, extroverted, ambitious, able to sing and dance Ginger, Scary, Posh, Baby, and Sporty spice Got their own recording contract Feminist outlook with rave flavoring • Scantily clad feminists • Philosophy of girl power for teenage girls • Element of rave culture with positivity and smiley demeanor Transformed into a music phenomenon "Wannabe" sold millions of copies Inspired a movie and a book and $70 million of sales The Spice Girls Revolution Held the banner of Cool Britannia • Virtues of their homeland, Union Jack dress Most commercially successful group of the invasion

Green Day

Grafting snappy melodies onto punk's speedy, muscular sound and frustration Made multiple record deals Hopelessness with a snappy, bright punk sound • Cynical, despondent, apathy, self-deprecating • Time of self-destruction Opened the doors for other Californian pop punk bands • Offspring hit the top five • Rancid o Grew up in broken homes and poverty o Politicized group o Punk will never die because kids will always have problems expressed in music

Neil Kay

Helped the spread of metal Promoted bands at his club, London's Soundhouse British TV show 20th Century Box Heavy metal magazines created the underground scene • Exposed the bands through word of mouths and magazines and fanzines

Aretha Franklin

Her father was the pastor of Detroit's Baptist Church and recorded his sermons • Nurses there to help parishioners who were overcome Joined a traveling gospel group and then signed with Columbia Signed with Columbia and gave her voice lessons and pop material to only moderate success Signed with Atlantic and made "Respect" • Hit the streets as Detroit burned and epitomized their renewed self-pride • Chart topping song Continued crossover success

Mayhem

Hub of the second wave in Norway and defined black metal Fused the major elements of the early Bathory sound with a pagan, anti-Christian ethos and the medieval look of leather, spikes, armor, and weaponry Painted their faces white to emulate corposes, showing their fascination with death and a disdain of the temporal world

Ricky Nelson

Imperial Son of jazz band lander and a singer Inspired by the music of Carl Perkins and Sun artists Played himself on his parents' TV show The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet • Covered Fat Domino's "I'm Walkin" and Verve records released it o Sold 60,000 copies in 3 days = influence of TV o Sang on each episode When Verve refused royalties, signed with Imperial

Happy Mondays

Incorporated acid house with their mix of funk, up-tempo, Motown-based northern soul and straight ahead rock Played in ecstasy-infused Manchester clubs Rave dance machine with a lazy groove combined with R&B, psychedelic guitars, ranting vocals, and heavy bass Mix of guitars and dance beats instead of rock beats Transformed the band into an underground rave sensation with their album, one of the first hits

Darlene Love

Infused the girl group sound with a gospel flavor Joined the Blossoms, a racially integrated female vocal group in LA • Included Annette, Nanette, and Fanita James and Grazia Nitzsche Sang lead on the Crystals' He's a Rebel, giving it a gospel sound With the Blossoms, kept gospel-influence under the Crystals' name Complained about bubblegum songs for 10-12 year olds

John Mayer

Inspired by blues guitar master Stevie Ray Vaughan Sony noticed the web interest inspired by the release and signed him Garnered a large college-aged following Tour, allowed audience to share files of his performances, and wrote blogs Blues influence and social message • Against war • Convinced his fans to reverse global warming by designing products that are cheap, easy alternatives to plastics

Bob Marley

International fame Assassination attempt British punks championed these reggae bands, like punk's other chosen bands

Rock N Roll Trio

Johnny and Dorsey Burnette, Paul Burlison In Memphis, met at the Crown Electric Factory (Elvis worked there too) Played a Hank Williams style but later blended country with electric blues Beale Street in Memphis • Popular blues place, black neighborhood, voodoo village Path breaking: The train Kept a Rollin, Rock Billy Boogie, Tear It Up, Rock Therapy Girls loved them

Pete Seeger

Joined Guthrie touring the country Founded the Almanac Singers with Guthrie, Lee Hays, and Millard Lampell Established a musician's union and booking agency Formed the Weavers with Lee Hays, Ronnie Gilbert, and Fred Hellerman • Popularized folk songs Fell into dispute during the McCarthyite witch hunt • Criticized politically minded entertainers like Guthrie and Seeger • Blackballed by the industry Did not become popular again until 60s with college kids

Ernest Evans

Known as Chubby Checker International dance craze • African American couple on American Bandstand that was hip based, told to keep cameras off of them • Realized commercial potential and suggested that Cameo Records covered "The Twist" o Chose Chubby Checker to sing it (went to high school with Fabian and Avalon, already had a novelty disc) • dance accompanied the song and very popular o some spin-offs

International Workers of the World

Known as the Wobblies Wrote protest songs to achieve equality for American workers Sang from the Little Red Songbook, written by Ralph Chaplin and Joe Hill Anthem was "Solidarity Forever" Crippled when federal and state authorities closed their offices during the Red Scare

The Marshall Tucker Band

Learned from the Allman Brothers Drummer Paul Riddle started it with his friends, named after a local piano tuner where they practiced Opened for the Allman Brothers on tour Reflected their influences of blues and country • Charlie Daniels played the fiddle, very country

Yardbirds

Learned from the Rolling Stones First performed as backup for Cyril Davies and replaced the Rolling Stones at the Crawdaddy Club Charted a few months later with a R&B cover Featured a series of guitar steeped in the blues • Clapton left the group when he felt they were too pop Added more rockabilly-influenced Jeff Beck Jimmy Page also joined who would later help invent heavy metal with Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin

Led by Jimmy Page • Started as backup for many popular performers including "You Really Got Me," which started the power chord One of metal's main stars Their first album was a blues foundation with some covers and hit the Top Ten in the US and UK Found their identity with a high volume blues and acoustic numbers • Loud volume • Backward echo and other guitar effects • Power chords between complex improve and played off the drums and bass • High-pitched, screaming, swooping vocals

Black artists after Michael Jackson

Lionel Richie • Followed to the top of the charts • Opening act for Jackson 5 earlier and then became a softer, soul-pop ballads • Helped by MTV to top the charts Janet Jackson • Commercially successful, but after her brother, hit that top • A video artist with Rhythm Nation Whitney Houston • Started in gospel and then as a model • Groomed by Arista Records • Upbeat ballads in the Motown tradition • Videos helped build her image Prince • Rock guitars and overtly sexual lyrics onto a soul-pop sound • Taught himself piano, guitar, and drums to play a mix of rock, funk, and soul • Suggested sexually explicit lyrics by his sound engineer Chris Moon o Opened him up with his music • One of the first clips by an African American artist • Lifted to the top with music videos

Rockabilly

Listened to Delta bluesmen (B.B. King, John Lee Hooker, Chester Wolf Burnett) • Heard on the radio and in the clubs • Hung out with the African American musical culture in the South Steeped in the country and western tradition of the South • Called King of the Western Bop • Played at the Bel Air Club in Memphis with bassist Bill Black and guitarist Scotty Moore in Doug Pioindexter's Starlite Wranglers Early recordings showed dual influences: race numbers, country tunes • Loved the rhythm and beat of rock Incorporated African American sounds into their music • Southerners began programming R&B • Young white teenagers started requesting them • The South was closer to black people First found music in the southern churches • Preachers got more response when they were louder and jumping • Some guilt when they entered rock (thought they were going to hell for not preaching, singing that kind of music)

Black Sabbath

Loud, aggressive blues perfection First started in Alabama as a blues cover group Changed to a hard-driving, militant sound with a booming music, loud, power-chord, guitar-driven music Tritone gave their music a sinister sound • Interval between fourth and fifth notes Lyrics were focused on demons, hell, otherworld Name from a movie Doomy and evil songs to show how they felt in music Doom music Hit among teens who were also very aggressive like them

Rage Against the Machine

Mixture of heavy metal riffing and hip hop beats Charted with an overtly political, self titled album that contained a Public Enemy like song called "Take the Power Back" Raged against American authority and renvisoned a worldwide revolution Destroy boundaries between art and politics Freatured a rap influenced guitar • Scratching a guitar like a hip hop DJ scratches records on a turntable

Dick Dale and His Del-Tones

Moved with his family to El Segundo on the Southern California coast Worked with Leo Fender, the manufacturer of the first solid body electric guitar Fused his two passions to create music for surfers, feeling of the waves Music was huge and throbbing "Let's Go Trippin'," "Surfbeat," "Miserlou" • Surf instrumental In movies and became a California celebrity

Hank Williams Jr

Old country rebel Blasted Obama and showed support of the Tea Party • Compared Obama to Hitler • Refused to back down and called them the enemy • Said the comparisons weren't unfair

Woodstock

Organized by rich young people and songwriters A growing sense of empowerment among youths and reflected counterculture Some wanted change through peace, love, and community and set aside political issues Some took a political stance and wanted to assert their opposition to the war Coming together of all people Music reflected both their visions • Played folk rockers and psychedelic bands, Jimi Hendrix with the Electric Sky Church was the last o Performed The Star Spangled Banner as screaming-rockets, Whammy bar, heaving monster to capture the militant spirit of the country • The crowd was one family

KRS-One

Organized rappers into action with the Stop the Violence movement Denounced gang warfare on the inner city streets Used their money to combat illiteracy Saw rap as a tool for education Started HEAL Yourself and released a self-help video • Gave the profits to Human Education Against Lies, which printed and distributed books to high schools Advocated a ten-point program to empower African Americans

Alice Cooper

Overtly sexual, heavy metal, apolitical rock theatrics Sensationalist tactics with an elaborate show of rock theater Went to shows to escape and have fun

Nirvana

Pacesetter of the new music Kurt Cobain influenced by the Beatles, Led Zeppelin, and Black Sabbath • Wanted a heavier, yet melodic sound Punk rock sound and started his band • Sounded like Black Flag, abrasive, fast, punk music • There were still some slower songs Added a melodic, Beastlesque element • Mixing pop music and heavy metal • Pop/metal/punk hybrid

Eddie Cochran

Parents were country fans Met Jerry Capehart in CA who became his songwriter-collaborator Movie producer offered him a role in the film The Girl Can't Help It • He sang Twenty Flight Rock in it • Convinced Si Waronker, president of liberty to sign hem Summertime Blues was his biggest song • Elvis whimper and a gravel voiced growl • Teenage frustration

Def Leppard

Perfected the pop metal sound of Van Halen Drew inspiration from a combination of heavy metal and pop • Commercial aspect while still being powerful Their producer Robert Lange helped them define their sound • Vocal harmonies and riffs came together • Tight vocal harmonies and dramatic guitar work accented by Lange's production • Nice, youthful, melodic, rock Catchy, unobtrusive lyrics • Wrote about escapism because their music wouldn't change anything Performance videos • MTV promoted the photogenic, escapist pop metal

The Velvet Underground

Performed with the Fugs Andy Warhol helped them become popular • Managed the band after meeting them through mutual friends Named after the novel about sadism and masochism Dealt with down-and-out themes of Beat fiction Sexual and drug related themes, only taboo on records

Motley Crue

Played a West Coast version of glam rock Set fire to clothing and sawed mannequins, theatrical heavy metal Kiss as their major influence Signed to Elektra Records and put in heavy rotation on MTV

Jack Johnson

Professional surfer turned singer songwriter Similar sound and social conscious • Mixture of blues, jazz, and soul folk • Against the media and its portrayal of violence • Attacked the war, materialism, and the media, environmental issues • Instructed his fans to give 1% of their oncome to environmental nonprofit groups

James Taylor

Prototype of the style First tried to record in England but then started to record soul-baring music about his friend's suicide "You've Got a Friend" was a reassuring, soft ballad Wrote and performed acoustic confessions

Punkvoter

Punk bands, musicians, and record labels who have built a coalition to educate, register, and mobilize progressive voters Strong voice against serious flaws in the political system Engaged the punk rock spirit in today's political battles Released the CD Rock Against Bush and followed with a second volume • About being punk rock and changing the government • More than 500,000 youths purchased the album

Duran Duran

Quintet featuring an airy synthesizer, drum of disco, and pop sensibility Received heavy MTV airplay and were a natural on TV The first to become popular because of video Another dimension of expression with video

Lou Reed

Quit the Velvet Underground and looked to Bowie for a new direction "Walk on the Wild Side" about a transgender person, wrote about drag queens

Taylor Swift

Reflected her young audience Songs about teen dramas with a country flavor Paved the way for the success of a truckload of country rockers

Frankie Avalon

Regular on American Bandstand Managed of Bob Marcucci Played trumpet with Rocco and the Saints His solo single "DeDe Dinah" got #7, then more hits with Venus and Why

Fabian

Resembled Elvis Presley Found when his father had a heart attack on the street Given youth voice and etiquette lessons Had full page ads in music papers Dick Clark promoted him • Lip-synced songs • Overnight sensation Sold 1 million copies of his signature song "Tiger"

Don Kirshner

Romantic lyrics, upbeat melodies, gospel-influenced, African American girl groups became more popular Wrote songs professionally and reshaped Tin Pan Alley o Established Aldon Music Built new writers Rented office space that was popular in Tin Pan Alley Writers tried to sell their songs there Got young songwriters

The Eagles

Ronstadt's tour band Cowboy record that was their dream music Exemplified their trademark soft, country-influenced rock

Jerry Lee Lewis

Roots in blues and country and boogie-woogie music • Played the black rhythm with his left hand the right the old country Headed for Memphis and met Jack Clement, a Sun producer • Strongly convinced him to record him immediately Spiritual sound o First single was Crazy Arms, entered the low charts Later a version of Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On for his second disc

Bruce Springsteen

Sang about Americans who felt the hard times Formed the ten-piece Bruce Springsteen Band Then started as a solo act with manager Mike Appel • Initially failed to meet his label's expectations • His folk debut only sold a few copies • Band toured as an opening to Chicago, which didn't make sense Spotted by Rolling Stone who called him the future of rock • Born to Run, his next album, was better • Rapid fire lyrics, harmonica playing, pounding piano, R&B intensity, honking sax, chugging guitar • Sounded like early R&B • Launched incredible promotional campaign • Still didn't do as well, only #3 slot New attitude in his 30s • Music dealt with the plight of average Americans trapped in circumstances • Abandoned idealism and his early values, a spiritual crisis • Loss of innocence facing the Reagan era • Committed to social consciousness with an alternative voice of America • Attended protests as well and gave money to charity • Finally became popular for the rest of his career

Chuck Berry

Sang gospel at home, middle-class Heard country music on the radio that he liked Bought his first guitar and joined a trio with Johnnie Johnson on piano and Ebby Harding on drums that played locally in St. Louis Traveled to Chicago, met Muddy Waters, and told to sign with Chess Records Maybelline = country song with a little blues and an upbeat boogie-woogie beat on the guitar National airplay and followed with more hits Duck walk

U2

Shaped by activism Began to infuse their music with political activism • Violence in Ireland • Anthem like rock with various strands of punk • Positive protest record • Ethereal, echo-laden sounds Contributed to many charities and group benefits Spokesmen for change and the positive protest movement Journey of equality with passion and idealism

Poco

Similar brand of country rock Relied on country instruments like steel guitars, mandolins, and dobros, and high harmonies

Charles Buddy Holly

Skinny kid from Texas, shy grin, thick glasses Influenced by white country music, especially bluegrass and western swing Formed a country music trio with Bob Montgomery and Larry Welborn • Played on the radio Rock changed their plans and started singing Elvis Incorporated his style to create a unique sound: light, bouncy, bright rockabilly Formed the Crickets with Joe B. Maudlin and Jerry Allison on bass and drums

Kanye West

Socially charged hip-hop pop Combined the beats and samples of rap with a wholesome demeanor and a social conscience to craft hip-hop pop for young adults Clean-cut image, contrasted with the gangsta rap culture of guns, baggy pants, and loose women • Never hustled a day in his life • Steady girlfriend, plans for marriage, belief in God Crisp rhymes and introduced samples of soul and gospel • Reinvigorated a new interest in rap music Political message • Against Reagan's introduction of cocaine, the health care system, homophobia, Hurricane Katrina, African diamond trade Updated hip-hop pop for a maturing audience • Combines the superficial that the urban demographic needs with conscious rhymes of the kids with backpacks

REM

Socially conscious message with jangly, folksy rock Perfected a Byrds-influenced, guitar-driven sound Released four albums with a cult following and moderate sales Lobbied for Greenpeace, voter registration, clean environment, and human rights Surrounded by subject horror and had to be active

The Band

Sometimes Dylan's backup group Became popular with a country sound First called the Hawks Recorded their debut at Woodstock "Music From Big Pink" • Went away from the flashy sound Rock/country hybrid with straight lines and sentiment

Phil Ochs

Son of a Jewish army physician Won his first guitar by betting on JFK's win Composed his first song "The Ballad of the Cuban Invasion" about the American invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs Radical singing group = Sundowners or Singing Socialists with Jim Glover Singing journalist Newport Folk Festival Churned out protest songs Backed with actions to help in strikes (No Christmas in Kentucky)

Public Enemy

Soul message of African American pride Goal is to get out of the mess and be responsible to their sons and daughters to lead a better life A black leader was someone who took responsibility Revolutionary new, dance, digitally based hip-hop • Sampled dozens of desperate sounds from multiple sources in one songs and layered them on top of one another Ideology of African American self-regard • Discourse about drugs, inner city poverty, and African American self determination • Song for Spike Lee's controversial film "Do the Right Thing," picturing life in the inner city • Combination of self-empowerment, nationalism, and militancy from the combined influences of the Black Panthers and Islam

Allman Brothers

Southern rock, delivered electric, Deep-South blues combined with country and jazz Duane and Gregg Allman brothers Disbanded from the Allman brothers after two albums to create a new band with more members Students of the urban blues, but the new members were more innovative Unique electric blues with country music • Popular in the South • Complex sound with guitar jams and interplays between the country and blues • Five parts blues, one-part country, poor white man = Southern rock Became the spearhead of Southern rock and paved the way for followers • Represented the way other people felt

The Fugs

Started by Beat poets Caricatured American society with countercultural messages about the government and youth movement Appeared on magazines and TV, although not very popular Believed in social democracy

Detroit Techno

Started from the German sound of the band Kraftwerk and Chicago house • Clean, precise, industrial, metallic sound Fused together space-age electronic and bass-heavy house into techno • Minimalist funk with thundering drumbeats • Emphasized the machine-perfect sounds of a futuristic European electronic music over a hard funky bass instead of rap of NYC Resembled the plants, using robots and computers to make cars Wanted to sound like computers Cybotron, Atkins, and Rick Davis launched it together

The Kingston Trio

Started the folk revival Formed by three college students: Bob Shane, Nick Reynolds, and Dave Guard "Tom Dooley" Safe, corporate image • Sincere without being serious • Audience felt like anyone could be them Established a company investment firm, office building, land development, restaurant, concert promotion agency, and music publishing company with their earnings

Bon Jovi

Started to show clips on MTV Pop-metal and that toured extensively and filmed matching videos for MTV Success traced to their saturation Opened the doors for a pop-metal explosion during the 80s

The Temptations

Street-corner doo-wop group, the Distants, started by Otis Williams and some friends, later became the Elgins One of the members met Berry Gordy Jr in a club where he signed them Renamed the Temptations and made into a Motown image • Carefully cropped Afros, suits, standard music, precise choreo First hit was "The Way You Do the Things You Do" Remained on the charts with a series of hits Revived the careers of other doo-woopers such as the Four Aims • Released on Chess Records and later signed with Columbia • Backed Billy Eckstine • Signed by Berry Gordy, dressed in tuxes, and paired with songwriters • Smooth, gospel-flavored, pop

Kopyright Liberation Front

The duo fashioned a seminal atmospheric techno album Provided a direction for future ambient experiments Acid house, burned money, and vowed not to return until there was world peace

Steppenwolf

The first appearance of the term 'heavy metal' Tumultuous, politicized rock Became popular after being featured on the "Easy Rider" soundtrack • "Born to Be Wild" o Anthem in the 60s and gave heavy metal its name Intense, frightening lyrical delivery

George Clinton

Took Sly's funk rock into the 1970s Started the Parliaments, a doo-wop group on the streets and recorded for Motown Changed the direction and fused hard-rock with their funky base to create a loud stage show, changed the name to Funkadelic Bowie-like performers and a huge spaceship set

Massive Attack

Took the dreamy, somber sounds of ambient techno and added hip-hop rhythms and sultry melodies to create 'trip hop' Started as the Wild Bunch • Parties to other people's music with different vocalists or rappers on top Mixed ambient music, pop, hip-hop, and a trancelike soul into a disturbing mix • Bass line or drumbeat, expanded into a sonic landscape with pop melodies and reverberating guitars • Rapped, falsetto, silky vocals

DJ Rankie Knuckles

Transformed disco by re-editing the records, intensifying the 4/4 beat and extended parts of the song Needed to change the music when disco left and became more down tempo Used a tape machine and a drum machine/rhythm composer to splice programmed rhythms to intensify the bass or connect songs Unveiled the song at a gay Chicago club called the Warehouse, giving its name Started his own club, the Power Plant The Warehouse renamed the Music Box and hired DJ Ron Hardy, who pushed loud, hard bass beats and booming percussion Began to 'jack,' a full-body shake

Bow Wow Wow

Transformed punk into pop hits Firs the Ants, Formed by Adam Ant, unsuccessful Malcolm McLaren told him to switch and work with Annabella Lwin Different image for foppish scarves, embroider jackets, leather pants, sashes Formed a pop band with an upbeat, drum-based sound Disbanded the group later to act Dropped the political rage of punk with his new video friendly image • Politics were boring and uninspiring

Kiss

Tried to outdo the New York Dolls, their acrosstown rivals Impressed by their stage presence and uniqueness Put on bizarre makeup of the sci-fi genre Performances included rockets, police lights, snow machines, smoke bombs, and levitating drums Avoided political messages, focused on escapism

Deep Purple

Turned to heavy metal midway Funded by two London businessman to remake pop songs Switched to a loud, pulsating, dangerous sound after they failed to chart Played amps at full volume with boosted Marshalls Used the guitar tremolo bar to give the music a pitch-binding, vibrating effect like Hendrix Fuzz box from surf bands

Ronettes

Veronica and Estelle Bennett and Nedra Talley Became resident dancers at Peppermint Louge, focus of twist craze Signed with Colpix Records and released 4 unsuccessful songs Ronnie Bennet was asked to sing by Phil Spector and was signed

Outlaw Country

Veteran country artists incorporated rock Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, and Hank Williams Jr Shed the Nashville sound, grew long hair, leather jackets, no lush orchestrations, country core, rock sensibility Waylon Jennings • Former rockabilly of Buddy Holly led the way and named the style • Started messing with his music against the executives Willie Nelson • Revived his career with country outlaw Hank Williams, Jr. • Rejected being another country singer and changed directions • Merged outlaw country and Southern rock • Covered songs and played with others

Jeff Beck

Veteran of the Yardbirds Formed his own group with Rod Steward Dressed as a hippie but performed a shattering, loud style Used fewer effects but still had a hard-edged sound Blues originals and rock standards

Jackson Browne

Wrote songs for the Eagles and Ronstadt and the Byrds Country-tinged, West Coast tunesmith Influenced ty the civil rights movement of his sister Deserted social protest for a personal, country-flavored folk Toured with the Eagles but charted as a solo artist

Little Richard

Younger and wilder, performed for white teens Born Richard Penniman in Macon, Georgia Sang in a choir and traveled with circuses Met gospel/R&B Billy Wright, who signed him to Camden Records • Did boogie-woogie and urban blues in his style His father, the owner of the Tip In Inn, was shot and so Richard washed dishes and sang with his group, the Upsetters Transformed into a wild madman who played the piano and screamed lyrics • Boogie-woogie bass line, right-hand notes at double speed, high-pitched screams before solos Sent a demo tape of two subdued blues tunes to Art Rupe at Specialty Records and was signed • Instead recorded Tutti Frutti and became a legend Many rock standards Music accompanied with a wild stage show

Gulf of Tonkin

a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Skiffle

a mixture of Dixieland jazz and country blues

Jam Bands

o Americans offered an alternative rooted in the past Harkened back to a 60s style tribal community Played long, widening, languid improv solos Reflected a less desperate generation who had experienced better times o Phish Formed at university Tried to meld diverse influences as progressive rock, Miles Davis, and jazz guitar in guitar solos o Dave Matthews Band Concoction of jazz, blues, rock, and folk o The Grateful Dead was a huge influence for their mix and some played covers o Constantly toured to build their following Followed the tradition of screwing the record companies, screwing MTV, playing for real humans in the Grateful Dead tradition Tried to create community with their audiences • Threw a beach ball and composed a new note as it bounced • Gave their fans a group name • Allowed audiences to tape their shows and share them • Music belonged to the listeners Interaction between the bands • Prided themselves on being leaderless • There is no leader and each could express each other Rock festivals • HORDE was a popular outdoor venue for jam-band music • Coachella and Bonnaroo succeed it o Socially conscious, especially the environment Contrived to Farm Aid, organic farming, Greenpeace Founded other nonprofits o Hit the mainstream after the death of Grateful Dead Central figure of the spirit who paved the way for free concerts and distain of establishment Many young people embraced the jam bands and fans of the Grateful Dead Phish and Dave Matthews Bands charted for the first time, although they had been around for longer Blues Traveler ascended the charts • Formed in 1987 in New Jersey before moving to NYC and playing in local clubs • Extended guitar improvisations Widespread Panic • One of the top 20 concerts without radio play, MTV, or a major record label o Created a community of devotees who came to their concerts on the fairgrounds, becoming cultural celebrations Contrasted sharply with the hip-hop nation

The Rolling Stones

o Andrew Loog Oldham became the manager of the Stones o Created a raunchy, crude, offensive image that contrasted with the Beatles o Appeared like most other British bands at first Checker suits o Quickly changed as an unpredictable bunch of undesirables Beatles already had the market of the good-boy image Flippant and insulting replies to journalists o Downgraded piano player Ian Stewart to roadie because he didn't fit the part and six was too many in the group Lied about their ages to make them teens Symbols of rebellion

Drum n Bass

o Another, harsher version of hardcore called drum n bass Desperate mood of ravers who confronted problems with drugs and police Rave scene became filled with habitual users and organized criminals • Turned to other drugs like LSD or meth when ecstasy didn't work anymore • Thugs entered the scene to sell drugs. Also brought drugs and heroin • Police started to crack down and blocked people from the dances o Actions escalated o Law gave the police authority to disperse a rave (=100+ people playing music with respective beats) o Could stop anyone without a mile of a rave or organizing one

Rock against racism

o Antiracist sentiment when they championed reggae, the music from Jamaica Essential element of their religion Back to Africa message appealed to many unemployed Jamaicans Adhered to Rastafarianism's strict set of beliefs Reggae combined African and Jamaican rhythms, replaced the western R&B rock to become the music of the countercultural religion Spiritual inclination Originated in the slums --- United many British punk bands in a fight against British racism Loved music, hated racism, and wanted to pay some dues Tried to fight back against the racist power of popular culture Appealed to punkers such as the Clash who supported a more focused political agenda • Got actively involved with a rebellion through music Played in concerts together

Johnny Cash

o Attracted to the Blues (Robert Johnson, Delta blues, Howlin Wolf, Muddy Waters) o Signed with Sun Records and developed his own sound o Country and western charts o Signature song is I Walk the Line First written for Elvis

Folk Rock

o Bands took the electric music with the sound of the British invasion o The Byrds Started by Gene Clark and Roger McGuinn, two former folkies who had been converted to the Beatles Combination of Dylanese folk, vocal harmonies, and Beatles music Rose to the top of the chart covering Dylan w/ bouncy harmonies and a twelve string guitar o Turtles Switched from surf music to folk Hit the top ten with the same style o Sonny and Cher Million-selling, Dylan-sounding "I Got You Babe" Cher, a former ronettes, scored a solo hit with a Dylan cover Happy music without a message o Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel Two high school friends, appeared on American Bandstand Influenced by folk boom and soft harmonies Became the number one hit when Tom Wilson, Dylan's producer, remixed the track by adding drums, percussion, and electric guitar o Donovan Leitch British answer to Dylan Performed folk in the UK Woody Guthrie inspired message and references to Dylan's music After the Newport Folk Festival, turned to folk rock • First American success with Sunshine superman (cryptic lyrics and rock band) • Vocal assistance from Paul McCartney o Lovin' Spoonful Formed by John Sebastian Debt to Dylan as a force on their music as well as the Beatles • Upbeat electric sound • Good time music

Other Big Sun Players

o Billy Lee Riley formed the Little Green Men Played guitar, harmonica, drums, and bass Hits were Flying Saucers Rock and Roll and Red Hot Onstage antics o Sonny Burgess Raw rock with local audience Red Headed Woman Country heritage and R&B o Ray Harris Wanted to be another Elvis, but not as likeable Cut Come On Little Mama for Sun o Roy Orbison Took a more subdued approach Formed the Wink Westerners, renamed the Teen Kings Headed for Memphis and recorded Ooby Dooby • Sold half a million copies, best outside of the Big Four Sunglasses, black clothes, high pitched voice Rock house Later with Monument Records and became popular with songs with powerful, dramatic, emotional crescendos

Bo Diddley

o Bo Diddley moved to Chicago when he was six years old Got a record deal with Chess Records and took his name from a comedian Hit the charts with Bo Diddley, I'm a Man, Mona, You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover, and Say Man

Joan Baez

o Bob Dylan's female counterpart o Mexican and faced discrimination at an early age o Performed in coffeehouses around Harvard Debuted to 13,000 people at the Newport Folk Festival Sold out Carnegie Hall o All three of her albums hit the top 20 o Political stance (antiwar, parody of McCarthy, nuclear weapons) o Refused to appear on Hootenanny when they blacklisted Pete Seeger and rejected concert dates because it would be to make money o Demonstrated in Birmingham and Washington

Benefit Concerts

o Bob Geldof Launched the first major benefit Leader of the British rock band, The Boomtown Rats Contacted other rock musicians to record "Do They Know It's Christmas?" • Donated the $13 million proceeds to starving victims in Ethiopia Live Aid • Two coordinated televised concerts with all types of artists, new and old • Lasted more than 17 hours on TV and generated $140 million o United Support of Artists for Africa Created by several American superstars, such as Michael Jackson "We Are the World" raised awareness of starving Ethiopians o Others also organized benefits The Grateful Dead did performances for rainforests The Police for cancer research Genesis and Bruce Springsteen for Amnesty International, freeing political prisoners o Little Steven Against racism in South Africa Established Artists United Against Apartheid • Released an album, book, and video to combat apartheid with the help of other rock bands • Donated nearly half a million dollars Peaked with Paul Simon's Graceland • Traveled to South African to record with their musicians

Bob Dylan

o Born Robert Allen Zimmerman Jewish in area that was prejudiced against Jews To cope with the isolation, he turned to music Listened to Hank Williams, early rockabillies o Folk music when it reached the Midwest Rock was finished, traded his stuff for an acoustic guitar Performed traditional music and bluegrass under the name Dillon and later Dylan Met Woody Guthrie and was his idol o Sang songs of protest at coffeehouses Hated people who were talking people o Influence of his girlfriend, Suze Rotolo Worked as a secretary for the civil rights group CORE and caused him to write "The Ballad of Emmett till" about the murder of a teen African American Became friends with civil rights leaders o Second album: The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan Blowin' in the Wind became an anthem for the civil rights movement • People were betrayed by their silence • Things important other than love and sex o Third album: The Times They Are a Changin' Hit the top 20 Battle cry of the emerging social revolution o Public demonstrations Refused to perform when censors banned him signing some songs Performed at the march on Washington

Arthur Big Boy Cruddup

o Born in Mississippi, manual laborer o Signed a contract with RCA in Chicago Released many sides that were later covered by Elton John, Elvis, Rod Stewart, etc. Quit playing music because other people were making money from his music o Dick Waterman, an agent and manager, started to fight for Crudup's royalties Reached an agreement for $60,000 in royalties which claimed his compositions The head of Hill and Range Songs, Julian Aberbach, refused to sign because the settlement gave more away than legal action Crudup never got the money and lived his whole life poor o Inspired Elvis Presley, lasting impression

Carl Lee Perkins

o Born in Tennessee, built his first guitar and created a unique style, learned from bluesman John Westbrook o Resembled other rockabillies Liked Bill Monroe, John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters, electric, Presley Knew he could make it with their influence o Signed with Sun and toured from the back of a truck o Smash hit was Blue Suede Shoes Topped the charts Never attained the same stardom of Presley • His cover was more popular o More known for songwriting than performing

Postpunk depression

o British punk shattered the monopoly of corporate rock Paved the way for other bands post-baby-boom o Public Image Ltd. Started by Johnny Rotten, now Ldon again Extended the minimalism to a dissonant, bass-heavy, jagged electronic sound Detached, solace in machines o Margaret Thatcher came into power with punitive economic policies Employment and violence roses Suggested an even gloomier future o Throbbing Gristle Abandoned rock music for synthesizer drones, tape samples, and depraved performances to show society's decline New music for factory workers Debuted with a tape loops, synthesizer improv, gloomy lyrics, and strippers

Britpop

o British youth took to the dance floor with a new version of British pop called 'Britpop' pro-British, anti-grunge attitude as part of the Cool Britannia movement • music, fashion, art, and politics proclaimed British virtues inspired by the Smiths • combined morose lyrics with upbeat guitar work • hit their top hits Suede • Formed in the Smiths' demise before the Britpop mania • Developed a dark, guitar-based sound that kicked off Britpop • Set the stage for a group of fashion-conscious bands who played British invasion rock and prided themselves on being English Pulp • Another band rode the British pop wave of Suede • At first had lukewarm recording debut Blur • Mined the sound of the late 80s Manchester scene • Guitar pop sound Oasis • Rose to international stardom • Fastest selling debut in history • Crossed over into America, unlike the other ones Radiohead • More experimental pop • Fronted by a singer and a three guitar lineup • Sonically layered seriousness laced with techno textures • Their masterpiece was Ok Computer o joined their electronica fetishes with a live band context for a guitar-driven, ethereal pop

The Beach Boys

o Brought surf music to national prominence o Brad Wilson, Carl and Dennis, Mike Love, and Al Jardine o First called themselves the Pendletones, a play on the Pendleton shirts o Smoothed the rough edges of the fuzzy, twanging surf instrumental Favored an electric guitar, swinging sound with glossy harmonies from white vocal groups o Auditioned for Hite Morgan, the music publisher Changed their name to the Beach Boys and released Surfin' Their record label, Candix, ceased operations after financial problems o Signed later by Capitol Records Released Surfin' Safari and did even better Breakthrough album was Surfin' USA • Called the number one surfing group in the country • Started to be popular all over the country Trademark harmonies

New York Punk

o CBGB's, a small bar in Bowery (NYC), served as the birthplace of punk rock Catered to bums Study for "Country, bluegrass, blues, and other music for uplifting gourmandizers" Bands began to play regularly there Terry Oak created an avant garde scene with the people he knew o Television Influenced by avant garde of Warhol, Velvet Underground, and John Coltrane First to have a permanent job at CBGB's o Talking Heads Studios from the Rhode Island School of Design Played at the bar and released their debut album Good on an intellectual level So quickly and weird that they set the tone, transition period

Rave

o Carried over to British youths who hoped to escape the conservative government by dancing o Unemployed British youths traveled to Ibiza and stole from tourists, then advanced to acid house and techno o Shifted to London clubs after Paul Oakenfold's birthday party About looking good, not necessarily dancing until then Everyone was dancing in the clubs • Fashion included baggy clothing, bright headbands, and casual shoes, tight-fighting outfits for girls • Revolved around ecstasy or MDMA o First used in Germany to enhance intimacy and communication o Drug entrenched in Chicago and NYC, although it was banned o Imported it to capture intimacy and security, pure pleasure (unlike the hippies) o Talked about love and positives, adopting the smiley face as their logo • Started to demand illegal after-hour venues, some in abandoned warehouses known as 'raves' in the Summer of Love o Danced to a hybrid music of acid house and techno Started looking for British DJs like Jolly Roger, 808 State, A Guy Called Gerald o Parties became large-scale events with a stage, multiples DJs, vendors Mostly in the country Peaked with Castlemorton o Music began to change with the growing size or raves and the use of Ecstasy Left habitual users with the rush but not the communal glow Became faster and more intense • Hardcore rave featured a sub-bass roar to shake the bar • Four-to-the-floor house rhythm gave way to frenetic breakbeats, the percussion-only parts of a record

Chess Records

o Chess Records released a series of songs that became hits on the race charts Rollin' Stone, Long Distance Call, Honey Bee, Got My Mojo Working, I Just Wanna Make Love to You, I'm Ready - Bo Diddley and Other Chess Discoveries o Chess brothers recorded hard driving R&B Delta players o Bo Diddley moved to Chicago when he was six years old Got a record deal with Chess Records and took his name from a comedian Hit the charts with Bo Diddley, I'm a Man, Mona, You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover, and Say Man o Aleck Rice Miller (Sonny Boy Williamson II) and Marion Walter Jacobs (Little Walter) Two pioneers of amplified harmonica Miller was king of the blues harmonica • Popular from his King Biscuit Time, a radio show • Classic singles for the Chicago label, although already popular when he signed Walter grew up in Louisiana • Played harmonica during the teens, learning from Miller • Left home and went to Chicago, joined the Muddy Waters band • Hit the chart with Juke • Formed his own band, the Night Cats, and followed with his biggest single My Babe o Had a new blues sound Amplified harmonica Country singing and low-down blues Guitar driven -Chuck Berry, the Temptations -guitar driven, amplified blues that reflected post war US

Disco

o Combination of funk and soul o Mellow soul dominated the genre o Stevie Wonder Reinvigorated the sweet soul sound Turned from the Motown toward softer ballads Began to craft sensitive, largely personal songs o Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff o Thom Bello Started in NYC at all-night clubs with a funky, pounding beat and hoped to create an underground community centered around the music Associated with the gay movement and R&B dance music Solidarity through music Persistent beat with lush orchestration and smooth vocals • Electronic beat of European synthesizers • Stressed every beat with equal emphasis by incorporating insistent, thumping bass lines = four to the floor • Hard for whites to dance to do it because the dances are so sophisticated Minimized the importance of lead guitar and rhythm guitar with a wah-what effect • Sometimes used synthesizers or electric pianos • Soaring, reverberated vocals Participants assumed primary importance and gave people a chance to show off their fantasies • Theater atmosphere made them want to be on stage • Perfect for self-obsessed generation o "Saturday Night Fever" made it a national craze Transformation of a teen into a disco star Songs by the Bee Gees Disco halls became more popular across the country, attracted high schoolers o Embodied narcissism Glittery, opulent clothing, free attitude toward sex Dances were sexual Use of drugs, especially cocaine Tried to lure celebrities to the clubs with success Lucrative business (products, records, radio stations)

Nu Metal

o Combined hip hop with a hard edged rock o Joined with angry rappers to create a united front of a despearete generation Aerosmtih and Run DMC/ Kerry King and Beastie Boys/Chuck D and Public Enemy Ice T and Body Count used the heavy metal band as the background for his angry rhytms about prison, drug addiction, and police abuse o Faith No More Added funk to the hip hop/metal mix to create an original sound Characterizing the group's music as funk-rap-metal o Red Hot Chili Peppers Adopted the funk-metal-rap amalgram Inspired by Parliament/Funkadelic, Sly and the Family Stone, Run DMC, and Beastie Boys o Straight ahead rock and roll Combined grunge, 70s metal, and dash of funk or trhas, guritar drivan units Abandoned Britpop when they became older and confronted grim realities o baby boom echo had grown in numbers braced for a harsh future after the dot com meltdown and a recession • fueled by an information technology bubble that led to a declining unemployment rate • hoped to get rigch fast from technology but many of the companies failed • corporate scandals led by the bankruptcy of energy and communication giant Enron September 11 attack • Event defined a new millennium

Corporate Rock

o Consolidated into a few profitable international companies o Controlled by seven majors: CBS, Capitol, MCA, Polygram, RCA, A&M, and Warner Top four had 52% of sales Also owned other entertainment brands like TV, films, bank, cemeteries, novelty chains, cars, etc. o Built rock into a multibillion dollar enterprise of $2 billion with healthy profits o Some stars embraced the international business Upfront about wanting to sell records Some even became millionaires, earning millions of dollars • Some invested their earnings into companies • Artists became industries

Blues

o Created by black slaves who adapted their musical heritage to America o Their African influenced voices glided between the lines of the European music scale, sounded off-key to Europeans o Calculated repetitions, call-and-response, field hollers o Emphasize rhythm in the music, several different rhythms Used their bodies to create it, drums were illegal =patting juba o Used these sounds in religious ceremonies = spirituals o Blues took the African sound with the European harmony (twelve bar European harmonic progression, 4/4 time, repeated over three chords, call-and-response, three note riff = groove or shuffle) o Used blue or bent notes (flattened third, fifth, and seventh notes) o Played on a one string instrument = diddley-bow, guitar, banjo o Griots = played oral traditions to music in African o Spoke about their personal situation or a natural disaster

The Monkees

o Created by two Americans with the Mersey beat craze o Placed an ad looking for insane, spirited boys to form the band Picked four photogenic, energetic, inexperienced boys: Robert Michael Newsmith, Mickey Dolenz, Peter Thorkelson, David Jones o Pilot TV series Groomed their product with acting lessons and music lessons Driving, exciting, frantic young sound The music had nothing to do with them, helped by songwriters, instrument players, background singers o Started to sell although fabricated Debuted their TV show and hit songs Selling a product $20 million of merch sales o Patterned after the Beatles Spent money on ads with posters No-no-no choruses like yeah-yeah-yeah chorus of the Beatles Published a monthly magazine Copied everything the Beatles had done

Gangsta

o Described the violent life in the inner cities Schooly D • Shocking description of gang warfare, representing them o NWA Stood atop the chart with their hard number one Perfected gangsta rap The consequences of gang violence o Considered to be reporters on the urban African American beat Reality based rap Filled with rage because the media didn't talk about it Focused on the American legal system and racial profiling and police brutality • Institutionalized in LA with more than 1,500 being booked a day for looking suspicious • Sang in the first person about their frustrations with police brutality • Rioting erupted after the acquittal of the police officers who had beaten African American taxi driver Rodney King o The all-white jury disregarded videotaped evidence of police brutality • Made gangsta artists more known

Seventies Folk

o Disintegration of the American family and political activism led to less country-based folk music that dealt with loneliness Wrote ballads about divorce, lost love, and loneliness in a confessional style

Arena Rock

o Fit well with the new arena venue Before, they played in small clubs or auditoriums Only the Beatles ever played large venues Rock performers were a big business in large sports arenas with cheering fans o Separated the audience from the performer =arena rock Abandoned the intricate, muted textures for the slick production of hook-laden, melodramatic songs about lost love and bygone eras w/high-pitched vocalists o Madison Square Garden, dominated airwaves, and sold millions of records o Full blown, enveloping sound

The Supremes

o Fulfilled Gordy's dream of a polished African American act that sang gospel-based pop o Born in low-income Detroit: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin sang in high school and talent shows o Name was changed from Primettes by random choice o At first had so little success that Martin quit the group Mary Wells left the company and Motown polished them with Maxine Powell o Started scaling the charts Got a spot on Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars tour to appeal to whites Appeared on the Ed Sullivan show o Had assembled the parts of the hit-making machine Standard songwriting, in-house rhythm section, equality control process, selective promotion, and family atmosphere Songwriting team kept giving them hits All sounded similar because of the in-house rhythm section, the Funk Brothers • Trademark percussive beat of Motown Consistent quality of Motown material by conducting weekly meetings over possible releases Carefully promoted to keep their image • Appearances on mainstream TV • Posh settings Family atmosphere • Limited each to a $100 weekly allowance • Funneled the profit into a bank account • Not allowed to date, engaged to Motown

Other Mersey Bands

o Gerry and The Pacemakers Formed by Gerry Marsden, the Beatles' neighbor in Liverpool Played on the same bill as the Beatles Top of the charts with a Beatles cover Premiered in the US, TV, movie o Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas Working class background Kramer teamed with the Dakotas, a Manchester combo, on Epstein's advice Zing singing with true beat accompaniment • Best singer at the time Charted with a Beatles cover and toured with them Performed songs written by Lennon o The Searchers Liverpool Named after a John Wayne movie Topped the charts with a Drifters' single o Mersey Sound Brash Guitar sound and drums o Freddie Garrity and the Dreamers From Manchester Hit the British top five Became popular for their comedy act and appeared on US TV o The Hollies More long lasting than other Manchester bands Started by Graham Nash and Allan Clarke Named after Buddy Holly British top ten and other chartbusters Toured America with crazed fans TV shows and US charts o Herman's Hermits Manchester band with the beat music craze Peter Noone was the front man and looked like JFK First song was of Carole King and backed by Led Zeppelin Did TV shows and were quickly number one o Dave Clark Five From London Most serious threat to the Beatles Inspired by rockabillies Many hits

Surf Rock

o Glorified beaches with Barbie-like girls o Surfing was introduced to California and received a boost from the movie Gidget, about a girl who falls in love with two summers o Surfboard companies - Hobie Surfboards and Sweet's Surfboards Replaced the wooden board with a foam strip with fiberglass and polyester resin Teens started going on the waves with the plastic surfboards o Developed its own culture Male, teenage surfers Pendleton shirts, sandals, white and tight Levis, loose boxer style shorts Station wagon with wooden sides (Woodie) to take their boards (polys/sticks) to the ocean (soup) Read surfing magazines or surfer movies

Grunge

o Grew in Seattle's Sub Pop Records o Combined hardcore and metal to top the charts and define desperation Subterranean Pop fanzine into a record label Essence of punk Focused on the Seattle scene o Focused on ultra loose grunge that destroyed the morals o Seattle scene began to garner media attention through Sub Pop Tried to market to the Northwest scene Dynamic, live, portrait-oriented covers Created a downtrodden punk/metal fashion o Signed bands with flannels, t-shirt, ripped jeans, baggy shorts, Doc Marten boots o Long hair in wool caps Marketed their bands through a subscription service, singles of the month club and the press Image of Seattle as a new music scene o Seattle Microsoft signed with IBM to develop an operating system called DOS • Paul Allen and Bill Gates • Launched near Seattle • Word and Windows • Perfected word processing, spreadsheet, and database applications • Dominant force in computer operations Starbucks • Grew to stores in Seattle Television and film • Twin Peaks gave the image of flannel-clad, coffee-drinking Northwestern • Northern Exposure talked about the virtues of the Northwest • Singles about the punk/metal Seattle scene, including the music of the Northwest o Around a fictional Seattle grunge band

Dead Kennedys

o In San Francisco o Older, cared more about overt leftists' politics than abstention from the rock lifestyle o Liked the politicized punk, merging a buzz-saw guitar sound with lyrics against imperialism, the Moral Majority, and fascism/Nazism o Continued to deliver social commentaries until they disbanded because of a censorship controversy

Funk

o James Brown's style o Polyrhythms of African music, mixture of gospel and R&B o New genre with bursts of dominant, repeating, overpowering rhythm accented by phrase shouting vocals and the staccato horns, drum like bass guitar lines Over that layered a percussive guitar, rhythm hits on horns, and frantic vocals with hollers and grunts Desert chord changes for a single chord First beat of a four beat emphasis = downbeat

Sun Records

o Many southern rockabillies record with Sun Record Company in Memphis, owned by Sam Phillips Said all black men sang good because of its spontaneity R&B had a special viability DJ from Muscle Shoals, Alabama to Nashville to Memphis Built his recording studio to record R&B artists • Only place in the South other than Chicago Many good performers moved to Chicago and Sun sold few records Sought a younger audience Wanted a white man who could sing like a black man

R&B

o Market exploded with urban African Americans Had cash for entertainment but faced with discrimination Frequented segregated clubs o Majority used records Bought electrified R&B records Wanted to citified and ignored country music At first, R&B was only for blacks (=race music) • Part of the black community but did not happen anywhere else • Sales in the ghettos White teenagers became aware and started to purchase it as well

American Bandstand

o Marketing genius and radio announcer o Hosted the Philadelphia show Bandstand, which showcased local high school students dancing to popular music At first, knew little about rock but became familiar Knew he could make money from the show Became a national phenomenon o 1957 - 67 stations, 8 million viewers Ninety minutes every weekday afternoon Teen girls rushed home to watch and dance Emphasized the audience and the music o More respectable rock and roll Clark had a clean cut image and so did the dancers • All had a dress code • Made it acceptable for adults to watch • Did not deal with sex at all Teenage book about etiquette and damped rebellion

Dick Clark

o Marketing genius and radio announcer o Hosted the Philadelphia show Bandstand, which showcased local high school students dancing to popular music At first, knew little about rock but became familiar Knew he could make money from the show Became a national phenomenon o 1957 - 67 stations, 8 million viewers Ninety minutes every weekday afternoon Teen girls rushed home to watch and dance Emphasized the audience and the music o More respectable rock and roll Clark had a clean cut image and so did the dancers • All had a dress code • Made it acceptable for adults to watch • Did not deal with sex at all Teenage book about etiquette and damped rebellion

New Jack Swing

o Melodic hybrid o Sampled hip-hop beats with the steady hip-hop rhythms generated by Roland 808 drum machines o Replaced hard, punchy raps with smooth, romantic R&B vocals to upsate 1970s soul o Producers such as Teddy Riley, LA Reid, and Babyface Edmonds masterminded the music

Chicago R&B

o Merged Delta influences with Chicago environment -electric sound with guitar and amplifier -tension, volume, and confusion of the big city streets -combined the sounds of country and city into a nitty-gritty, low-down, jumpy sound -peppy blues and put the beat to Mississippi sound

Muddy Waters

o Merged Delta influences with Chicago environment o First introduction to music was in church, then bought his first guitar o Moved to Chicago to make it in the city and record o Formed the first electric combo in 1944 Created the tension, volume, and confusion of the big city Reflected the optimism of postwar African Americans who had escaped Gave the Blues a peppy beat o Signed with Aristocrat Records At first, they didn't like him but he was soon popular o Chess Records released a series of songs that became hits on the race charts Rollin' Stone, Long Distance Call, Honey Bee, Got My Mojo Working, I Just Wanna Make Love to You, I'm Ready

Elton John

o Mirrored the extravagance as a transitional figure o Started in an English blues group but charted with his gospel-influenced, acoustic solo piano sound and sensitive ballads o Wild stage act with handstands and kicking and extravagant costumes

Black Metal

o More brutal, direct, and aggressive o Somber, edgy, furious sound which reflected a world racked by the war in Iraq and global warming o Traced to the thrash of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal that captured youth in the 1980s

Garth Brooks

o Musical debt to rock and reflected the social concerns of baby boomers o Son of a country singer, went to college, inspired by rock and Queen o Wanted to perform and duplicate the arena rock in country o Folk rock also helped him, attracted to warm artists o Combined folk rock, 70s theatrics, and country roots Made several top hits First country album to top the pop chart Sold more than 30 million discs and tapes and had many awards o Addressed the current social concerns Supported racial, religious, and gay rights, antiwar songs instead of avoiding the issues Against domestic violence Benefit concert after the LA riots to rebuild the city o Similar to the people that listened to him Went to college on scholarship, had a wife and kids, divorced, overweight Fit in with the entire crowd of baby boomers o Played to huge audiences Cowboy hats and boots, bringing rural America to the suburbs Listened to country rock music with a stage show similar to arena rockers Crazy theatrics Gave baby boomers the showmanship of the 70s and the staid music o Unlocked the gates for other country rockers Shania Twain • Married a rock producer and refused her mega hit o Fused country fiddles and steel guitars with Lange's trademark slick, hard-rock sound Uncle Tupelo • One of the group of bands labeled alternative country or Y'alternative • Brainchild of singer-songwriters • Combined country and punk rock o Like early 70s rock and roll, pop and rock changed their name to country

Right Wing Reaction

o National Front tried to destroy politicized bands Warned that the Clash was the most left wing of groups • Supposed to keep their eyes out for posters • Police stripped their tour bus and were arrested for small things • Epic Records refused to release their debut Burned down two auditoriums used for Rock Against Racism shows Smashed instruments and sound equipment, replaced with benefit concerts o Teddy Boys and the Skinheads attacked punks in gangs Hated anyone who wasn't like them

Thrash Metal

o New Wave of British Heavy Metal Stemmed from the same conditions as punk Diamond Head • Formed near Birmingham with heavy metal influence All the bands had dark militant names and influenced by heavy metal Adopted the blues based style with a harsh, fist-pumping music similar to punk • Broke down the barriers between band and audience • Dressed in leather jackets, long hair

Mersey Beat

o Paved the way for other British groups o America had been closed to British artists -guitar and drum sound from Liverpool

Garage Rock

o Prompted Americans to embrace their blues heritage White youths recognized the black blues music o Bought electric guitars and drums, form bands, and practiced in garages In every part of the country

Black Flag

o Prototypical band for the violent, angry hardcore scene o Fusing punk energy with desperation o Inspired by early New York punks o Consisted of suburbanites from middle-class families, often dysfunctional o Songs about personal dysfunction over a thrashing, fuzzy, chaotic, speed-guitar sound Pain coming when they perform No political songs or a topic, extrapolation of the blues o LA media promoted their music on the radio and with documentaries

The Wolf

o Raw, electrified Delta blues o Formed an electric band, the House Rockers with harp players James Cotton and Little Junior Parker o Landed on the radio and attracted more attention o Left to Chicago from Memphis o Competition between Waters and Wolf o Series of hits with Dixon's songs and blues standards o Stage antics that preceded those of rock performers

Folk Revival

o Reappeared around 1960 amongst college students searched for an alternative to the popular, romanticized singles of Kirshner's songwriters frustrated by Broadway, weary of juvenile pop, and annoyed by jazz o African American civil rights shaped the folk music scene Woolworth's Sit in Protest • Organized by college students Sit ins, picketing, and boycotts ended segregation in restaurants and beaches and city facilities across the country Albany Boycott • College students of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee in Albany, Georgia sat in the white lobby of the bus station until they were arrested • MLK JR led a protest against their arrest • Boycotted the bus system and caused it to close Protests became violent over time • Assaulted/arrested by police • When it ended, Birmingham desegregated the downtown public facilities, hired African Americans, and established a committee Racist violence • Killed Megar Evers, the Mississippi field secretary of the NAACP and William Moore, a white civil rights crusader Washington DC March • 250,000 people joined • I Have a Dream speech President JFK • Gave civil rights crusaders hope in MLK's vision • Assured them of a new frontier • Sent federal troops to universities that refused to desegregate o Ordered guards to protect Meredith, who started going to classes o Happened with other university students as well • Wide reaching legislation that included equal access to public facilities, employment discrimination based on race, and civil rights suits • Liked by college students and devoted to his civil rights programs Campus protests

Husker Du

o Recorded by Ginn and Dukowski o The beginning of the national hardcore scene o Played loud, fast songs of alienation and personal angst

Soul

o Reflected the focus on African-American identity o Started with jazz musicians such as John Coltrane and Eldridge Cleaver o Had been involved with R&B for a long time before -gospel based R&B

Shaft

o Rerated and embodied a new gangster chich Embraced a materialistic, misogynist, drug infusested, and violent culture Brgged about their subservient women, guns, sexual prowess, and walth Rapper came the central cultural figure Chilling murders of gansta rappers • Tupac was shot and the Notorious BIG was murdered in a drive-by shooting Preached a message of violence, misogyny, and hedonism • Portrayed women as g-stringed, big-brested playthings from the pages of Playboy who could be commanded at will, slapped around, and killed Hoped to grab the women and the cash through their street smarts o Continued to sell to mainstream America Included Notorious BIG, Snoop Dogg, Master P, and DMX o Eminem White protégé of Dr. Dre One of the best selling and most well known rappers o 50 cent Commercial success and kept the record labels profitable o Resulted in a minstrel-like portrayal of African Americans to white teens in the suburbs La Face remade the film Shaft, which promulgated the caricature of African Americans as unsavory characters from the underwourld o Hoped to use commercial success to achieve indepdence in a white-dominanted entertainment business Sean Puffy Combs urged people at his music seminars to focus on handling a business, creating abusiness plan to build up the economic power of your race and your community Tried to continue the tradition of Black entrepreneurship Became successful entrepreneuers thorugh anciallary business ventures • Used music to get their foot in the door o Hollywood embraced rap stars as actors o Dominated the charts, filled the silver screen, and accounted for a billion dollar clothing industry o New multicultural generation of teens caused the phenomenal growth of gangsta-related sales

Height-Ashbury

o Resurfaced in San Francisco to inspire the hippies o Free improvisation, costumes o Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Hosted the Trips Festival • Projected colors and shapes, spiked the punch, costumes, free-form poetry Psychedelic bus took them on a symbolic trip though the country o First Human Be-In Started with a Hindu blessing ritual, the dakshina, dancing to acid rock bands, poets, free things o The amount of psychedelics swelled in San Francisco A clubhouse for dropouts o the most popular district for hippies

Classic rock

o Return to protest led to a return of 60s rock Commercial success of bands that had already debut, a time for legends o Radio helped promote old rock Programed oldies for the baby boomers who were still the largest audience o Compact disc Helped revive classic rock and rescue the music industry High quality, digital, durable, long-lasting format Contained millions of digitally encoded pits for up to 75 minutes More popular than vinyl • Had a more dynamic range, cheaper • Cassette tapes were popular, but replaced with CDs • Death of the LP o Stores dropped vinyl from their inventory o Encourage people to replace their LPs with CDs Bought their favorites all over again Created more jobs and sales Rise in profitability because it was sold more and made cheaper o Six major record companies - Time Warner, Sony/CBS, BMG, MCA, NV Philips, and CEMA Sold more than $17 billion Worldwide growth in Japan and Germany Increased profits

Death Metal

o Revved up speed metal and fused it with violent, slasher lyrics, growls, and abrupt tempo, key, and time changes o Adopted the growls of death metal, combined them with speed of thrash and energy of hardcore punk = Grindcore Napalm Death headed the movement with the Earache label • Tried to take music to its most extremes o Exemplified the anger and hopelessness of a generation Openly embraced violence and death, reflecting aggression and depression Public self-harm Violence at concerts with mosh pits and some people died • Result of society because of the breakdown of the family

Jan and Dean

o Same message of California surf o Started recording teen ballads o Reached the Top Ten with "Baby Talk" and appeared on American Bandstand o Became involved with the surfing music after the Beach Boys Performed with them Added lyrics and recorded "Surf City"

The Who

o Similar transition from Chicago blues to their own songs o Started as the Detours and covered American blues, then changed to the High Numbers again o Pete Meaden, a Mod, reshaped the R&B cover band Gave them the Mod image because it was different from all the other cover bands Clean cut style Performed in top Mod clubs and top Mod dances, walking, standing o Reworked blues single "I'm the Face" as a Mod anthem Called the first authentic Mod record, a hip tailored for teens shuffle rocker o Featured in a movie about Mods o Firmed Meaden and hired new managers, Lambert and Stamp Reinforced their Mod image Wanted them to identify with their audience • Bull's eye t-shirts, pants, shirts, and jackets with the British flag • Renamed the Who and played at the London Marquee club, a Mod hangout Wrote original material for the band o Grew up in working class neighborhoods o Captured the anger and rebelliousness of the English Mods Screamed the lyrics, crashing chords, thumping bass, propulsive drumming

Progressive Rock

o Some British musicians merged rock with classical, adding fantasy lyrics = progressive rock Moving from the twelve bar structure to a complex legitimacy o The Moody Blues Forerunners of the classical rock movement Delivered a high-powered British R&B then shifted to an atmospheric, classic sound • Showcasing the Mellotron, a keyboard that could reproduce the sound of other instruments • A rock opera with serious music o Porcol Harum Roots in a R&B group called the Paramount Joined a classical group Set a surreal poem to a Bach suite o Jethro Tull Transition from blues bashers to classical rocker Merged English folk, rock, and obscure lyrics with classical flourishes for hits o The Pretty Things British blues band that started the rock opera trend inspired The Who to released "Tommy" about a deaf, dumb, blind pinball wizard o King Crimson Direct connection between classical and rock Well-educated university types became to perform Combined classical performers with Hendrix-like rock solos Mellotron and fantasy lyrics o Genesis Modelled after King Crimson Started as songwriters but became popular with their theatrical stage shows and melodic sound o Emerson, Lake and Palmer Made their debut as a classically trained band Played classical adaptions of rock and blues Featured fantasy concept albums • Wrote about the imagination and the fairytales • Staged theatrical rock extravaganzas

The New Wave

o Some refocused punk bands with a bright, pop alternative o Sting Punk single with a simple power and energy o Police Blended the energy of punk with a reggae influenced, jazz tinged sound Opportunist in the middle of clean and simple music Lead to superstardom • Hit the top ten multiple times in UK and US o Elvis Costello Signed to Stiff and suggested to change his name from Declan McManus Became popular when he blunted his punk tendencies Wanted to approach music with the same attitude and attack as punk without sacrificing the tunes o Billy Idol Channeled punk into bouncy pop Persistent beat of punk with snappy melodies o The Cars Rode the punk-pop combination to success Shiny, upbeat debut with the rawness of punk o Chrissie Hynde Combination of punk and soul First was a model and writer Formed the Pretenders which fused punk with soul

Ambient Scene

o Speeded out of control Exhausted by the drug-obsessed culture, left the dance floor Turned to a somber, escapist music of lilting vocals and atmospheric rhythms called ambient techno o Ambient scene Started in the back rooms of rave clubs • Created chill-out rooms for hardcore dancers • Laced with house music and intricate rhythms

Other British Blues Bands

o Spencer Davis Band Formed by Spencer Davis, Peter York, and Steve and Muff Winwood Heavy blues copies After two years, starting writing for themselves o Mann-Hugg Blues Brothers Budding jazz pianist, Manfred Mann, teamed with Mike Hugg Added three more members to become Manfred Mann and the Manfreds Did the theme of the TV show "Ready, Steady, Go!" and topped the charts with covers o The Animals Group of poor youths from N. England Wild stage behavior and British R&B Recorded "The House of the Rising Sun" as their first number one hit in the US and UK o Them Dedicated to American R&B Raised by blues and jazz enthusiasts "Here Comes the Night" Emulated by garage bands later

X

o Started LA punk, fusing the roar of English punk with lyrics, describing a society that degenerated beyond repair o Performed a version of punk with thunderous drumming, the rockabilly guitar o Inspired by the Ramones o Wrote about how estranged we were

The Beatles

o Started as a skiffle band in the Cavern Club of Liverpool, first under different names o Traveled to Germany to back up Tony Sheridan, who helped them on "My Bonnie" o From working class families, developed the Rocker image o American rockabilly was a large influence o Initially wanted money and fame, dreamed of stardom Shout about going to the top o Became well known in Liverpool and locals spent all day at the Cavern hoping to see them Beat music had a rhythmic stimulation on the brain o British television Appeared on Philip Jones' variety show "Thank your Lucky Stars" and helped launch their song "Please Please Me" Headlined the London Palladium on Sunday night at the London Palladium • 15 million viewers o Manufacturers started selling Beatles products, fan clubs, millions of singles sold o Their first album, Please Please Me, topped the British chart for more than 6 months, sold eleven million records, and $18 million of goods o Public opinion of the was high Helped stimulate the economy because people admired their fashion Their manager feared overexposure • Anxiety about maintain public interest o Price of success Loss of friendships and control They did what they were told by the record company and felt they gave away too much control

Metal

o Turned to a hard, menacing, and loud rock from an oppressed race Blues was more popular • Developments included ear splitting volume, fuzzy, menacing, and vibrating electronic gadgetry, dominant bass guitar, heavy two-bass drumming, lead-guitar power chords, piercing, intricate, and fleet guitar solos, militant lyrics • Power trios like the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream • British groups defined the sound -aggressive electric blues

Jungle Beat

o Turned to a more somber music Frenetic pace of hardcore with jagged breakbeats and gloomy bass and sub-bass lines Complex, computer-generated rhythms over multiple bass lines, one fast and one slow Hard and fast breakbeats appearing and disappearing to create an intense, surviving polyrhythmic dynamic without vocals Sometimes called 'jungle' Came from the feeling of breakdown o Culture had little resemblance to rave Stylish dress, marijuana and alcohol Warned their fans about drugs problems Few danced to the music as it mutated vocals with complex rhythms Stars like Goldie and 4 Hero Prodigy • Popular in America • Guitar driven blend of acid house, hardcore, and drum n bass

Decline of British punk

o Undermined it by selling without substance Gowns and expensive clothing with rips and safety pins Corrupted into being a style or fad o Rock acts co-opted the punk image Linda Ronstadt appeared with spiked hair, Billy Joel in leather, etc. Assimilated into rock mainstream • Abandoned the buzz-saw guitar sound for different styles of music o Had become tame and predictable o Electronic pop became popular • Had extended rock to its furthest extent

New Romantics

o Young, visual bands from England first o English dance clubs provided teens with escapist entertainment Wanted to be in an exciting environment, away from the streets Focused on a fashion conscious audience • Always parties and the people, dancing good was important The music was a combination of steady disco beat and the electronic synthesizer o Roxy Music Stylish, futuristic costumes Featured the synthesizer to create ethereal music Distinctive style shaped by Brian Eno Replaced Eno with Eddie Jobson and created a quieter, smoother sound o Ultravox Continued the tradition of Roxy and the New Romantic movement Extravagantly bedecked band, electronica with a sparse electronic sound o Visage Fashion conscious synthesizer player Emphasized outrageous fashion Expanded from Ultravox with 2 synthesizers and guitars with a heavy, repeating drum Away from the obvious disco sound with a new disco beat o Gary Numan Popularized electro-pop Abandoned the guitar for the synthesizer, futurist outfits Appeared on British TV and later topped the charts Became fashionable to use synthesizer • Easy to use without any technical ability • Portable synthesizers were inexpensive and easily attainable • Embodied the detail, push-button 80s

Payola

pay for play"/song promotion o Began with fraud on TV Charles Lincoln Van Doren admitted that he was given answers in advance as a contestant on NBC's Twenty-One quiz show Discontinued many game programs (Tic Tac Dough, Price is Right, Quiz Kids, Stop the Music, The $64,000 Question) Most popular shows in America o Spread to the music industry American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers attacked interests of radio, TV, and record companies represented by the rival licensing agent, BMI Lashed out against rock and roll and the music it licensed because performers wrote their own material • Said that it was highly engineered, manipulated into liking it Congressman wanted to impress their conservative supporters and attacked the music too • Said that the music was only played and became popular because the industry payed for it • Pushed on unsuspecting teens Focused on DJs • Boston announcers admitted to taking money to play the music and more joined o 207 DJs in 42 states received $263,000 o They were fired after admitting it • Dick Clark under close scrutiny o Nothing happened to him, did not take money o Said to only be a product of the system • Alan Freed did worse o Unemployed and charged with commercial bribery o Blackballed by the music industry and fined $300, six-month suspension o Charged with tax evasion, $38,000 payment o Alcoholism and died

John Lee Hooker

• Delta born guitarist in Detroit • Learned guitar from his stepfather, sang with gospel groups • Spotted by record distributor Bernie Besman who recorded him on his Sensation label o Boogie Chillin = an electric, dark, extremely popular song

Elvis Presley

• Recorded his first songs for his mom and then returned to record songs for radio • Teamed with Scotty Moore (guitar) and Bill Black (bass) after an unsuccessful session on a ballad • They came up with That's All Right, Mama o Animated performance with a steady, repetitive boogie-woogie bass line for the rockabilly sound • Dewey Phillips broke it on the radio and it became extremely popular o People listening thought he was colored o Sun offices had more than 5,000 orders for the disc • Live performances contributed to the hysteria o Greasy look o Girls tore at Elvis, screaming and fainting o Hips • Also appealed to African American teens o Agreed to benefit poor black teens o Created the same reaction • Teenage girls saw him as a sexual call to arms o Embellished his shaking leg o Forbidden • Regional radio show o Broadcast on KWKH from Louisiana to California and televised on the weekends o Changed his life overnight

Wilson Pickett

• Roots in early R&B • Joined the Falcons as lead vocal

Elmore James

• Taught himself guitar by playing a broom wire to a wall of his cabin • Master of slide guitar • Trumpet Records first recorded him: Dust My Broom • Meteor Label, under Modern, in Chicago • Pain and anguish of three centuries of slavery

The Mods and the Rockers

• The Rockers modeled after tough boys, wore leather jackets, tight pants, and pointed boots or suede shoes, greased hair, sunglasses, motorcycles • The Mods (or Modernists) had short hair, suit, good shoes, took pills, scoot, parka, rich, brightly colored styles, blonde hair, still lower class but with enough money to buy Sunday's best o Took away the fashion mantle from the rich o Sense of belonging in the lower class • Fought each other for dominance with nothing else to do

B.B. King

• Worked on a cotton field at age 9 • Earliest sound of music was in the fields, singing what they felt while working • Began his music in church, bought a guitar, sang gospel • Moved to Memphis and lived with his cousin, Booker T. White, a Delta blues figure • Sang Peptikon commercials on the black radio • His fully developed music was Delta influences with falsetto vocals, swinging, single-note guitar • Dozens of R&B classics