Rudimentary Plant Biology
Floral Morphology, Leaf Shape, Spatial Arrangement of Leaves, and Pattern of Veins
How are plants identified and classified?
Very tightly in a single stratum
How are the cells of the epidermis of the leaf arranged?
Netted
How are veins of leaves in dicots placed?
Parallel
How are veins of leaves in monocots placed?
4's or 5's
How do dicot flower parts occur?
By modifying the size of the stomata
How do guard cells perform their functions?
3's
How do monocot flower parts occur?
Vascular System
How does the leaf receive water and minerals from the roots and transport food to the rest of the nonphotsynthetic plant?
Each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets
How is a doubly compound leaf divided?
2
How many seed leaves do dicots have?
1
How many seed leaves do monocots have?
Herbaceous, Nonwoody, Plants
In what type of plant does primary growth produce all of its body?
Terrestrial Plants
In what types of plants are cuticles found?
Cell types which are grouped into rissues
Into what do plant cells develop?
Leaf Traces
Into what do the main vascular bundles of the xylem and phloem split?
Mesophyll
Throughout what do vascular components extend?
Sites of photosynthesis
What are chloroplasts?
Elongated cells with unevenly thickened walls
What are collenchyma cells?
Several leaflets attached to the petiole
What are compound leaves composed of?
Meristems
What are continually embryonic tissues?
Greatly elongated cells
What are fibers?
Stem segments between nodes
What are internodes?
Branches of vascular tissue that supply leaves with water and nutrients and minerals
What are leaf traces?
Points at which leaves are attached
What are nodes?
Tendrils cling to supports, Spines of cacti for defense, Leaves modified for water storage, and Brightky colored leaves that attract pollinators
What are other functions of leaves of different plants?
Less specialized cells, surrounded by thin, flexible primary walls
What are parenchyma cells?
Extensions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface
What are root hairs?
More branchy and spread out
What are roots of dicots?
Longer, deeper, and less branchy
What are roots of monocots?
Isodiametric or branches cells
What are sclereids?
Single, undivided blade
What are simple leaves composed of?
Circular bundle in crosses
What are stems of dicots?
Scattered bundles in cross-sections
What are stems of monocots?
Anchor the plant in the soil, Absorb minerals and water, and Store food
What are the function of roots?
Stomata
What are the only microscopic pores in the epidermis of the leaf?
Roots, Stems, and Leaves
What are the organs of the plant?
Leaves
What are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants?
Dermal, Vascular, and Ground
What are the three tissue systems of a plant?
Apical and Lateral
What are the types of meristems?
Sclereids and Fibers
What are the types of sclerenchyma cells?
Groups of sclereids called stone cells embedded in the parenchyma tissue of the fruit's flesh
What causes the gritty texture of pears?
Mesophyll divided into two different regions
What characteristic is common among he leaves of dicotyledons?
Serve as a basic skeletal structure and function to transport materials
What do vascular components serve to do?
Mat of thin roots that spread out below the soil surface
What does a fibrous root system consist of?
Alternating system of nodes and internodes
What does a stem consist of?
Stems and Leaves
What does the aerial shoot system consist of?
Flattened Blade and Stalk
What does the leaf consist of?
Auxiliary bud at its base
What does the leaflet of a compound leaf not have?
Irregularly shaped cells
What does the spongy parenchyma contain?
One large vertical root (taproot)
What does the taproot system consist of?
Many small lateral, or branched roots
What does the taproot system produce?
Xylem, Phloem, Parenchyma Cells, and Cambium Cells
What does the vascular system consist of?
Environmental factors
What factors affect the modification of the stomata?
Structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch
What is an auxiliary bud?
Grass
What is an example of a monocot?
Terminal Bud
What is another name for an apical bud?
Helps to maintain dormancy in most nonapical buds
What is apical dominance?
Closely packed epidermal cells
What is dermal tissue composed of?
Thin-walled, isodiametric, and alive at development parenchyma cells
What is parenchyma tissue composed of?
Sclerenchyma cells with extremely hard, thick walls
What is sclerenchyma tissue composed of?
Cuticle
What is the coating on the surface of the leaf created by the secretion of a waxy substance from epidermis of the leaf?
Epidermis
What is the dermal tissue referred to as?
An outer protective layer of typically polygonal cells, which helps defend against injury and invasion by foreign organisms
What is the dermal tissue?
Parenchyma Cells
What is the fleshy tissue of most fruits composed of?
Provides extra cells that allow the plant to grow in length
What is the function of apical meristems?
Provide additional support to the plant, especially in areas of continued growth
What is the function of collenchyma cells?
Covers the outer surface of herbaceous plants
What is the function of dermal tissue?
Comprises the bulk of the primary plant body
What is the function of ground tissue?
Regulate gas exchange and transpiration
What is the function of guard cells?
Execute most of the plant's metabolic activities, Manufacture food for the plant, and Store materials within the plant body
What is the function of parenchyma cells?
Allows roots to extend throughout the soil and shoots upwards in length to to increase exposure to sunlight and carbon dioxide
What is the function of primary growth?
Causes elongation of a young shoot
What is the function of the apical bud?
Allows gases to circulate through the numerous air spaces between them to the palisade parenchyma
What is the function of the cells of the spongy parenchyma?
Retention of water
What is the function of the cuticle?
Extends the plant exposure to soil water and anchors it to the ground
What is the function of the fibrous root system?
Joins the leaf to a stem node
What is the function of the petiole?
Anchors plant in the soil and Stores food that supports flowering and fruit production later
What is the function of the taproot system?
Transports food, water, hormones, and minerals within the plant
What is the function of vascular tissue?
Spongy Parenchyma
What is the lower section of the mesophyll called?
Mid-section of a leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermal layers
What is the mesophyll?
Elongated columnar parenchyma cells that contain 3 to 5 times the number of chloroplasts as the cells that comprise the lower mesophyll
What is the palisade parenchyma made of?
Petiole
What is the stalk of the leaf called?
A small opening between a pair of specialized guard cells
What is the stomata?
Palisade Parenchyma
What is the upper section of the mesophyll called?
Intermediate Growth
What kind of growth does a plant undergo throughout its life?
Energy from light is converted into chemical energy
What occurs during photosynthesis?
Green Stem
What part of plants, other than the leaves, is photosynthetic?
Collenchyma
What small group of cells occurs just beneath the epidermis and possesses thicker primary cell walls than parenchyma cells?
Starch
What substance do some colorless plastids in roots and stems store?
Subterranean Root System and Aerial Shoot System
What two overall systems have evolved in plants?
Parenchyma
What type of cell is predominantly found in ground tissue?
Taproot System
What type of root system do dicots have?
Fibrous Root System
What type of root system do monocots have?
Ground Tissue
What type of tissue makes up most of the plant?
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma
What types of cells are common in ground tissue?
At maturity
When are collenchyma cells alive?
Tips of roots and buds of shoots
Where are apical meristems located?
Meristems
Where are plant cells formed?
Near the shoot tip
Where is the apical bud found?
Parenchyma
Which cells in leaves contain chloroplasts?
