rush honors biology: midterm

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

synthesizes lipids

mitosis and cytoplasmic division function in ________.

(asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes) and (growth and tissue repair in multi celled species)

During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 2 CO2

From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has ________.

15 protons and 15 electrons

how many neutrons are present in the nucleus of a phosphorous-32 (32P) atom (see the figure above)?

17

glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ________ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

2

how man electrons are needed to reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH?

2

how many electrons pairs are shared between carbon atoms in a molecule that has the formula C2H4?

2

what is the maximum number of covalent bonds that an oxygen atom with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen?

2

In Figure 03-02, ionic attractions would form between R groups of which amino acids?

2 and 4

Chloroplasts will be found in the greatest density in the area of Figure 9-1 labeled:

3 and 4

hydrophobic interactions would occur between the R groups of which two amino acids in figure 03-02?

3 and 6

a eukaryotic cell:

has a variety of membranous organelles

in the Kreb's cycle, two acetyl Coa molecules are metabolized to:

4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2ATP.

by definition, substances that absorb visible light are called:

pigments.

in glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from_________, thus forming fructose-1,6-biphosphate.

ATP

thylakoid membranes are involved in __________ synthesis.

ATP

Upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 438 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

437

how many electrons will a single atom of sulfur with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?

6

what is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms?

6

the atomic number of nitrogen is 7. nitrogen-15 has greater mass number than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains _______.

8 neutrons

a human bone marrow cell in prophase of mitosis contains 46 chromosomes. how many chromatids does it contain altogether?

92

the formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of figure 4-4 labeled:

A

which component is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix?

A

the major function(s) of proteins includes:

A, B, and C are correct (catalyzing chemical reactions, controlling the expression of genes, and strengthening and protecting cells an tissues)

the function(s) of certain lipids includes:

A, B, and C are correct (storing energy, serving as structural components of cellular membranes, and serving as hormones)

which component is a glycolipid?

B

the structures in the micrograph are:

B and D (cilia and flagella)

only _________ is not a stage of mitosis.

Interphase

which component is a microfilament (actin filament) of the cytoskeleton?

C

which of these is NOT a formula for a monosaccharide?

C2H4O2

which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? a) glucose b) an amino acid c) CO2 d) K+

CO2

the reactants of the Calvin cycle are:

CO2,ATP, and NADPH

refer to figure 4-4. if you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would be most directly affected by this treatment?

D

which component is a peripheral protein?

D

which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between RNA and DNA?

DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis.

which of the following statements is false?

DNA does not normally contain a phosphate group.

which component is cholesterol?

E

mature nerve cells, which don't undergo cell division are arrested in _______ of the cell cycle.

G1 phase

when do chromosomes appear singly?

G1, anaphase, telophase

Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the:

Golgi complex

the _________ can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center.

Golgi complex

noncyclic electron transport needs a constant supply of electrons. these are obtained from:

H2O

oxygen produced by the light reaction of photosynthesis come directly from:

H2O

which of the following are compounds?

H2O and CH4, but not O2.

the atomic number of chlorine is 17. the atomic number of magnesium is 12. what is the formula for magnesium chloride?

MgCl2

which of the following is not one of the intermediate or products of the carbon fixation reactions?

NADPH.

Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from:

PGAL

in glycolysis, fructose- 1, 6-biphosphate splits forming two molecules of:

PGAL

There are 20 different amino acids in the proteins that make up the tissues of living organisms. the primary difference between these amino acids is in their:

R or functional groups

Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making:

RNA

the molecular fragment represented in figure 03-03 is:

RNA

the following (P through U) are the main steps of ATP synthesis in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. which answer places them in the right order?

TSRPQU

when the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?

a nonpolar covalent bond

can the atomic mass of an element vary?

Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element.

what results from the chemical reaction illustrated above? the reactants have no charge.

a cation with a net charge of +1 and an anion with a net charge of -1

interphase is the part of the cell cycle when _______.

a cell grows and duplicates its DNA

Refer to the figure. If you examine side A after three days, you should find _____.

a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level

a group of thylakoid disks make up:

a granum.

The type of connection between the atoms at the point labeled 1 in Figure 3-3 is:

a phosphodiester linkage

what results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

a polar covalent bond

aerobic respiration is classified as:

a redox process.

in the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. this type of reaction is classified as:

a redox reaction.

To prevent disastrous consequences, the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by:

a series of cell cycle checkpoints

It is advantageous for cells to be small because:

a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport

Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? a) each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge. b) ammonia has an overall positive charge. c) ammonia has an overall negative charge. d) the nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge

a) each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.

chlorophyll:

absorbs red and blue light, and reflects green light.

The graph in Figure 9-2 represents the:

absorption spectra for chlorophylls a and b.

the cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following?

accepting vesicles from the ER

which process is a transition from glycolysis to the Kreb's cycle?

acetyl CoA formation.

fluorine has an atomic number of 9. which of the following would you do to a neutral fluorine atom to complete its valence shell?

add 1 electron

which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?

all of the above (glucose, fats, proteins, polysaccharides)

the functions of mitotic cell division in the life cycles an organism may include

all of the above (growth, replacement of older cells, repair of injured tissue, and asexual reproduction)

A picture of a dividing pigeon cell taken through a microscope shows that the cell contains 7 chromosomes, each consisting of 2 chromatids. This picture could have been taken during

all of the above (metaphase of mitosis, prophase of mitosis, G2 of the cell cycle, and S phase of the cell cycle)

decarboxylations:

all of the above (occur as part of the citric acid cycle, produce CO2 that is then exhaled via breathing, involve the removal of a carbon dioxide from a substrate, and are one type of general reaction that occurs during aerobic respiration. )

catabolic reactions:

all of the above (are generally exergonic, usually produces ATP, are part of metabolism, and may produce monosaccharides from polysaccharides)

which process does not match the products?

all of the processes match the products (electron transport and chemiosmosis--ATP, H2O, citric acid cycle--CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP, formation of acetyl CoA- Acetyl CoA, CO2, and glycolysis-- pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH)

which of the following is true for this reaction? 3 H2 + N2 <---> 2 NH3

ammonia is being formed and decomposed simultaneously

for a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be _____.

amphipathic

cyclin dependent kinase is ________.

an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins

if you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create _______.

an isotope

oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and most commonly, a mass number of 16. thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?

approximately 16 daltons

which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes? a) peripheral proteins b) the sodium-potassium pump c) aquaporins d) ATP

aquaporins

Some regions of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts, have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. At higher temperatures, these regions _______.

are less fluid than the surrounding membrane

which of the following is the best description of an atom's physical structure? a) an atom is a solid mass of material. b) the particles that form an atom are equidistant from each other. c) atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble. d) atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated on the outside surface of the bubble.

atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble.

all organisms are classified into two general trophic groups. these two groups are:

autotrophs and heterotrophs.

which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots? a) mitochondria b) chloroplasts c) endoplasmic reticulum d) nucleus e) Golgi complex

b) chloroplast

which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton? a) centrosome b) microtubules c) DNA d) ribosomes e) endoplasmic reticulum

b) microtubules

which of these are NOT embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer at all? a) integral proteins b) peripheral proteins c) transmembrane proteins d) all of these are embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer

b) peripheral proteins

which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below? a) they are isomers b) they are isotopes c) they contain 1 and 3 protons, respectively d) they each contain only 1 neutron

b) they are isotopes

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by:

basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry

a spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide.since the spaceship will be too far from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. what wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum of energy expenditure?

blue and red light.

which of the following statements is FALSE? a) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements of living matter. b) some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms c) all life requires the same essential elements d) iron is needed by all humans

c) all life requires the same essential elements

which of the following is true of ions and their transport across cell membranes? a) electrical or chemical signals may control the movement of ions across cell membranes b) the gates for ion channels are always open c) because they are charged particles, the movement of ions across cell membranes requires energy input d) ion channels always allow any type of ions to pass through them

c) because they are charged particles, the movement of ions across cell membranes requires energy input

which of the following pairs is correctly matched? a) chloroplast - storage of enzymes b) lysosome - powerhouse of the cell c) centrosome - cell division d) plastids - structural support of the cell e) Golgi complex - production of energy

c) centrosome - cell division

which of the following structures or activities is NOT directly part of the end-membrane system? a) budding b) lysosomes c) ribosomes d) peroxisomes e) golgi complex

c) ribosomes

Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following? a) the number of electrons in the element. b) the number of protons in the element. c) the number of protons plus neutrons in the element. d) the number of protons plus electrons in the element

c) the number of protons plus neutrons in the element.

which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE? a) they are present in most animal cells but not most plant cells b) they are duplicated before cell division c) they play a role in ribosomal RNA synthesis d) they are found n the centrosome e) they are thought to play a role in microtubule assembly

c) they play a role in ribosomal RNA synthesis

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids _____.

can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.

carbon dioxide

About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.

In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because chlorophyll is degraded and _____.

carotenoids and other pigments are still present in the leaves.

the splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as:

catabolism

Cells from advanced malignant tumors often have very abnormal chromosomes and an abnormal number of chromosomes. What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities?

cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities.

cytokinesis in plant cell mitosis occurs by the formation of a(n):

cell plate

all of the following molecules are proteins except:

cellulose

which one of the following carbohydrates is the most structurally complex?

cellulose

a basal body is most closely related to a:

centriole

in what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?

certain proteins are unique to each membrane

the exoskeletons of arthropods are formed from the structural polysaccharide

chitin

the most important photosynthetic pigment(s) is(are):

chlorophyll a.

a cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells is the:

chloroplast

The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts is supported by all of the following except: a) chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells b) chloroplasts and mitochondria have dna c) chloroplasts and mitochondria have small ribosomes for protein synthesis d) chloroplasts and mitochondria are approximately the same size as prokaryotic cells e) chloroplasts and mitochondria have the same shape as prokaryotic cells

chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells

DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called

chromatin

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in this sequence

cis face to medial region to trans face

Select the processes that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule.

citric acid cycle--4 ATP

one product of the initial (first) reaction of the Kreb's cycle is:

citric acid.

Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes ________.

consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid lipid bilayer of phospholipids

sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it _______.

contributes to the membrane potential

regulatory proteins:

control the expression of specific genes

the main process that occurs at the site of the structures marked by arrows in figure 4-3 is:

conversion of food molecules to ATP

which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water?

covalent bonds between carbon atoms

what is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms.

the structure indicated by the arrows in figure 4-3 are:

cristae

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?

cyclic electron flow.

In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:

cytoplasm

all of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles EXCEPT: a) maintaining hydrostatic (turgor) pressure b) waste storage and recycling c) storage of proteins d) breakdown of unneeded cellular materials e) storage of nucleic acids

d

which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the structure surrounded by the box in figure 4-2? a) apoptosis b) dyne movement c) lysosome d) protein synthesis e) cholesterol synthesis

d) protein synthesis

One function of peroxisomes involves the process of

detoxification

The dispersal of ink in a beaker of water is an example of

diffusion

The first event in photosynthesis is the

donation of an electron from the photosystem to an acceptor .

which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type? a) sperm cells have flagella b) nerve cells have long, thin extensions c) epithelial cells are rectangular d) white blood cells can change shape e) all of these are correct

e) all of these are correct

most of the ATP made during cellular respiration occurs during a process known as

electron transport

Van der Waals interactions result when _________.

electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule.

In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same? they have the same number of _________.

electrons in their valence shells when neutral

the synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an ____________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of __________ down their concentration gradient.

endergonic; protons

As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances:

eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane.

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.

extracts no ATP from pyruvic acid

glucose molecules can enter cells through the process of

facilitated diffusion

Which monomer is incorrectly matched with the corresponding polymer?

fatty acids are used to build nucleic acids.

select the anaerobic pathway:

fermentation.

which of the following is not one of the stages of the cell respiration?

fermentation.

electrons that. are excited to a higher energy level may be transferred to an electron acceptor or may return to a ground state. if the latter occurs, energy will be released in a process known as:

fluorescence.

which of the following events does not occur in prophase?

formation of a new cell membrane

which of the following correctly describes all chemical equilibrium?

forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products.

how many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond?

four

in intervals of interphase, G stands for ______.

gap

the primary function of the leaf structure labeled 5 in figure 9-1 is:

gas exchange.

Human saliva contains enzymes that hydrolyze starch. If a baby chews up a cracker, what is the monosaccharide broken down into in the baby's mouth?

glucose

plants store excess glucose in the form of

glucose

which chemical has the most energy?

glucose.

a carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscles cells is:

glycogen

in which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond?

glycogen --> glucose

when blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals) what reserves will be used first?

glycogen.

which of the following metabolic pathways is common to all cells?

glycolysis

which process does not match the location in skeletal muscle?

glycolysis--mitochondrion

which of these colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?

green

in the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine will form hydrogen bonds with

guanine

a cell in G2:

has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus

which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source?

heterotroph-light energy sources

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because __________.

human cells also undergo glycolysis, so the drug might also poison them.

water molecules are attracted to one another by ______.

hydrogen bond

which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins?

hydrogen bonds

ATP is formed when __________ the thylakoid lumen.

hydrogen ions leave

Refer to the figure. Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to the solution in side B is _____.

hypotonic

which of the following is true of osmosis?

in osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.

most cells spend the majority of their lives in _________.

interphase

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants?

iodine

Diffusion _________.

is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a .15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that that the fresh water _______.

is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks

which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

it exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.

if an atom has a charge of +1, which of the following must be true?

it has one more proton than it does electrons.

Analysis of a certain complex compound shows that it contains phosphate groups, ribose groups, and pyrimidines. Based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound?

it is most likely RNA

a compound contains hydroxyl groups ( OH ) as its predominant functional group. which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?

it should dissolve in water.

diffusion rate depends on

kinetic energy

the spindle attacks to chromosomes at the _________.

kinetochore of the centrosome

the kinetochore serves which of the following functions?

kinetochores attach to microtubules during mitosis

besides the ability of some cancer cells to over proliferate, what else could logically result in a tumor?

lack of appropriate apoptosis.

the reactions of photosynthesis are divided into two categories:

light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions.

glucose is converted into glycogen primary in the:

liver.

An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a __________ atomic orbital to a __________ atomic orbital.

low energy; high energy

A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in

lysosomes

the cell surface protein that carries a carbohydrate chain making it the name tag of the cell is the _______.

markers

the voltage across a membrane is called the ________.

membrane potential

the chromosomes align at the midpoint of the spindle during _________.

metaphase

which of the following is/are located between the primary walls of adjacent cells?

middle lamella

which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

mitochondria

A culture of mouse cells is treated with a chemical that interferes with the activity of microfilaments. Which of the following will probably be affected the most?

mitosis

the ________ is responsible for the separation of the chromosome during ______ of mitosis.

mitotic spindle; anaphase

You need to write down information about a molecule, but need to indicate only the type and number of atoms it contains. Which representation would work best?

molecular formula

Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. Several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers from 92-100. Therefore, which of the following can be true?

molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons.

the major difference between a structural lipids, such as those in cell membranes, and a storage fat is the fact that the structural lipid:

most commonly contains phosphate

sodium-potassium pump _______.

move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell while consuming an ATP for each cycle

which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP?

movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid

the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is (glucose):

none of the above (the first step in the citric acid cycle, the energy producing step of glycolysis, fermentation, part of the electron transport chain)

which of the following molecules is not grouped with lipids?

none of the above, all are lipids.

Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are _____.

nonpolar covalent bonds

This molecule transmits heredity information:

nucleic acid

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

nucleus

substrate-level phosphorylation

occurs during glycolysis

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis?

on the inside surface of the vesicle

a covalent bond is likely to be polar when ________.

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom.

A calcium ion channel will allow

only calcium ions to pass through it

which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

a covalent chemical bond is one in which ______.

outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill their respective orbitals.

The regenerated molecule in the Kreb's Cycle is

oxaloacetic acid

in aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to:

oxygen in a series of steps

how would you rid your muscles of the painful lactic acid build-up after strenuous excursive?

participate in light excursive while breathing deeply.

which of the following processes includes all others?

passive transport

all of the following types of chemical bonds are responsible for maintaining the tertiary structure of this polypeptide except:

peptide bonds

A nursing infant is able to obtain disease-fighting antibodies, which are large protein molecules, from its mother's milk. These molecules probably enter the cells lining the baby's digestive tract via which process?

phagocytosis

An organism with a cell wall would most likely be unable to take in materials through

phagocytosis

white blood cells engulf bacteria using _____.

phagocytosis

the most abundant molecules in this structure are:

phospholipids

Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as:

photons.

the process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is:

photosynthesis.

the organelle featured in figure 4-3:

plays a central role in energy metabolism

which of the following are most directly arranged from DNA structure?

polypeptides

at which level of protein structure are peptide bonds most important?

primary

plants, algae, and certain bacteria are:

producers

If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

protein synthesis

which of the following statements is true of proteins?

proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if their three-dimensional structure is disrupted.

in glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules of:

pyruvic acid

membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because:

reactants are within close proximity to each other

the energy of a photon of light is least for ________ light.

red

according to the graph in figure 9-2, chlorophyll a absorbs light most strongly in the:

red and blue wavelengths.

you have just discovered a new flower species that has a unique photosynthetic pigment. the leaves this plant appear to be reddish yellow. what wavelengths of visible lights are not being absorbed by this pigment?

red and yellow.

during aerobic respiration, oxygen is:

reduced.

NADH and FADH are the products of

reduction reactions

in the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a carbon dioxide to produce a six carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of phosphoglycerate (PGA). After phosphorylation and reduction produces PGAL what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?

regeneration of RuBP.

refer to figure 4-2. the cellular structure indicated by the arrow is called a(n):

ribosome

the first step in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to:

ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)

differential centrifugation is a process that:

separates components of the cell that have different densities

Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents

shortening of microtubules

Refer to the figure. At the beginning of the experiment,

side A is hypertonic to side B

an atom has four electrons in its valence shell. what types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming?

single, double, or triple

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

small and hydrophobic

Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on a periodic table is slightly more than 12 daltons. Why?

some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons.

in C3 plants, the ___________ are typically closed at night and open during the daytime to allow for gas exchange.

stomata

In a chloroplast, there is an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid filled region called the:

stroma.

which of the following steps in the Kreb's cycle directly produces a molecule of ATP?

succinate --> fumaric acid

which of these carbohydrates is a disaccharide?

sucrose

based on Bohr models, which of the elements would exhibit a chemical behavior most like that of oxygen?

sulfur

a salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a ________.

surface of mostly carbon-oxygen bonds

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?

synthesis of ATP.

what is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

lactic acid production in muscle cells is

temporary and due to oxygen deficiency

which of these organisms are capable of hydrolyzing cellulose?

termites

which of the following is not associated with the thylakoid membranes?

the Calvin cycle.

When a plant cell, such as one from a rose stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?

the cell will become turgid

what will happen to a red blood cell, which has an internal ion concentration of about .9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?

the cell would swell because the water in the beakers hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.

a cell is in metaphase if:

the chromosomes are aligned on the equatorial plane of the cell.

a glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:

the citric acid cycle.

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____.

the concentration gradient; ATP

which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?

the double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly.

the transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer. this is because:

the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP

when molecules are broken apart in respiration

the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

the reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes are:

the light dependent reactions.

a molecules of a saturated triacylglycerol contains:

the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains.

A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?

the patient's red blood cells will swell an possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.

If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of:

the quaternary structure of a protein.

which of the following correctly describes a reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium?

the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

after mitosis, the chromosome number of a descendant cell is ________ the parent cell's.

the same as

Refer to the figure. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?

the water level is higher in side B than in side A

Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down _____.

their electrochemical gradients

the chemical interactions of large hydrocarbons are largely determined by:

their functional groups.

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell?

there is random movement of substances into and out of the cell

all of the following statements are correct regarding the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis except:

these reactions been soon after sundown and end before sunrise.

which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct?

they are generally liquids at room temperature.

the tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the:

three-dimensional shape due to bonding of the individual R groups

the electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located in the:

thylakoid membrane.

chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the:

thylakoid membranes.

The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is:

to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electrons transport chain.

Ubiquinol or Coenzyme Q10

transfers electrons.

ester linkages would be formed during condensation reactions that produce:

triacylglycerols

three molecules of fatty acid joined to an alcohol is a(n)

triglyceride

Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?

two

a duplicated chromosome has _________ chromatid(s).

two

how many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?

two

the number of electron pairs shared between carbon 2 and 3 in the accompanying figure is:

two

oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvic acid yields:

two acetyl groups + two CO2

when a human red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, it will:

undergo cytosis

all of the following are bases found in DNA except

uracil

in another experiment mice were allowed to breathe oxygen gas laced with radioactive oxygen. in this experiment the radioactive oxygen atoms quickly showed up in

water

when are atoms most stable?

when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled