RUSH Semester Exam Review

Lyndon B. Johnson (becomes president after Kennedy's assassination) and "The Great Society"

president Lyndon B. Johnson's program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality of life in the US - Domestic program for fighting a war on poverty. 4th Generation Texan and he entered politics in 1937

Gulf of Tonkin Incident:

where United States warships were fired upon and then allegedly fired upon a second time which caused President Johnson to go to Congress and ask for permission to escalate the war.

Rise of Fascism

The violence and the hatred of the Treaty of Versailles lead to the rise of fascism as Hitler and his nazi parties advocated extreme nationalism and racism. Argued that Aryans were the superior race to all others. Fascism in Italy was pretty much the same without the aspect of the racial overtones. Mussolini had made his rise to power by kinda forcing himself on the king and the king basically gave up power to Mussolini because he did not want to have a civil war.

Yalta Conference

They did not want to make the mistakes that they made with the Treaty of Versailles. How are we going to govern and oversee post war Germany so they have the best chance to survive and become a viable country again. They agreed on the division and the oversights of the four allied powers: France, Great Britain, United States, and Soviet Union.

GI Bill

To help ease veterans' return to civilian life.- It encouraged veterans to get an education by paying part of their tuition, guaranteed them a year's worth of unemployment benefits while job hunting. Offered low- interest, federally guaranteed loans. Millions of young families used these benefits to buy homes and farms or to establish businesses.

Truman's firing of MacArthur

Truman fired him for publicly calling him out on not expanding the war to China. (worded very differently). Shows that Truman was in control not military control Caused Truman's ratings to go down bc everyone liked MacArthur

Potsdam Conference

Truman gets the word that the Manhattan project had been successful. Truman had replaced FDR who passed away between the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam conference. Truman issued the order to use the bomb.

European Theatre • Battle of Stalingrad:

Turning point of the war in Europe. Supreme allied commander of European forces was Dwight Eisenhower. Turned to be a decisive battle because from that point on the Soviets had the Germans on the defensive. Leads into D-Day.

"Double V" Campaign

Two Victories- Victory in Europe- victory in the pacific, come home and win victory in the civil rights battle. Motivated African Americans to contribute to the war effort. It was hard for them to fight for democracy when there was so little of it for them in their own home country.

Marshall Plan

United States provide aid to Europeans and it revived their hopes. Over the next four years, 16 countries received some $13 billion in aid. By 1952, Western Europe was flourishing, and the Communist party had lost much of its appeal to voters. ​Fishing nets, construction equipment. Remarkable economic recovery. Marshall Plan offered aid to Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union made sure they refused those offers. Question: what did this do? answer- help European countries flourish after ww2

Purpose

What got us into WWI was the collection of debt. The United States felt like the businessmen and the arms dealers had forced the country into WWI primarily to recover the money that was owed to them during WWI. The US had really entered the war for the arms dealers and that's not really why you go fight wars. The cost of manpower and money was just not worth it so America wanted to stay out of it as long as they possibly could but help in any way they possibly could. Britain was in need of equipment, munitions, and the U.S. was there to lend it to them.

Atlantic Charter

Where Roosevelt and Churchill met off the New Finland in the Atlantic Ocean. First time they had a face- to- face meeting. They had corresponded by mail. Where they laid out the United Nations for freedom, the goals of the war, and what post war world would look like. The beginning of a long lasting friendship between the two fighting together on the same side.

What is Sputnik

World's first artificial/ unnamed satellite launched by the Soviet Union; it caused great concern in the US because it showed that the Soviets had surpassed American scientists in technical skill and knowledge

Alger Hiss

a State Department official who was accused of spying for the Soviet Union; there wasn't enough evidence to charge him but he was convicted on perjury charges- not guilty for spying but guilty for perjury

Joseph McCarthy

a republican senator from Wisconsin who claimed that Communists were taking over the government creating a sensation that intensified Cold War tensions- accused people of being communists with nothing to support it. He claimed to have in his hands the names of 57, 81, and 205 Communists in the State Department. lots on him ***people began to dislike him because of how he acted on television during the Army-Mccarthy ***people argued he was causing a bigger threat than actual American communists ***mccarthyism Is accusation without proof or evidence Civil liberties were being violated

Kristallnacht

against the Jews. The night of broken glass. A time where they broke windows of Jewish owned businesses, they pulled them out of their shops, stores, and places of worship. They burned synagogues and beat them on the streets. Sending a signal that you were not welcome here. Many Jews left at that time and many were rounded up and put into Ghettos where they were later shipped off to these work camps and concentration camps.

Battle of the Atlantic

code breaking, the enigma machine, sonar, being able to detect German submarines, radar (seeing airplanes that might come in), using the convoy system- opened up the Battle of the Atlantic and allowed the US to win that and open up the flow of goods to England.

Manhattan Project

code name for the development of the atomic bomb led by General Leslie Groves with research directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer

War Production Board

decided how materials would be dispersed and what companies would make Made it possible for war materials to be produced at an incredible rate. They were able to supply the US fighting on two fronts. The government did not take control of private industry. Private industries were told by the government what to make, how many to make, what kind of raw materials like steel and rubber that they were going to get to be able to make those. We did not have a complete takeover of private industries by the government. Private industry worked with the government to help the war effort.

Truman Policy

employed this idea of containment. A statement in which Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey. This was essential to keeping Soviet influence from spreading ***provided aid to Turkey and Greece. Gave weapons for armed insertions. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles endorsed brinkmanship or taking the Soviet Union to the brink of war in a diplomatic crisis because he was confident that the Soviet Union would back down in the face of U.S. nuclear superiority.

Victory Gardens

encouraging people to plant their own food in their backyard so they could consume that, having to buy at the store less and make more available to ship overseas to the fighting men. They encouraged rationing of goods equally. It didn't matter if you were the richest person or the poorest, you got a certain amount of ration coupons for gasoline, meat, wheat. You used your coupons equally. You couldn't buy consumer goods during the war effort. WWII was financed by War Bonds- people were asked to invest in the war effort by buying bonds.

Soviet Union and German Non Aggression Pact

had secured any future attack (in Hitlers eyes) from the Soviet Union because of any aggressive actions he might have taken in Poland. Hitler has secured basically Austria, the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, and half of Poland. Hitler has an agreement with Stalin so he turns his attention now to Germany's western border and those countries that he wanted to conquer. Complete war is now breaking out in Europe. Hitler turned his attention to the Scandanavian countries (France- which he did invade France and France quickly surrendered and basically left the British there to fight the battles).

Role of African Americans

leaving the south to go to the north for industry jobs and even into the west because this is where you start to see bowling and some of these big manufactures in the pacific northwest come on the scene to help build the flow of goods.

The Rosenbergs

minor activists in the American Communist Party that were accused of being in a spy ring giving atomic bomb secrets to the Soviet Union; they were executed and many people claimed they were being persecuted because they were Jewish. They were found guilty. - they were the ones who were executed

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

peacetime global alliance - A military alliance signed by 12 Western European countries that pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked- The US, and Canada in which they pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked- The Cold War had ended any hope of a return to U.S. isolationism.- The first peaceful alliance the US joined ***Q- shows a map with US, Canada and other Europe countries In black and asks... these countries were a part of what alliance?answer- nato

Harry Truman

replaced FDR as president. Didn't know anything about the Manhattan Project- this idea of building the atomic bomb but he was the one that was making the decision to use it.

The Office of Price Control

set rents and wage controls. The US was much more successful in controlling inflation than they had been in WWI. Fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods. Congress also raised income taxes and extended the tax to millions of people who had never paid it before. The higher taxes reduced consumer demand on scarce goods by leaving workers with less to spend.

Berlin Crisis...

sped up the timetable for the plan for Britain, France, and the United States to combine their zones and form "West Germany." The Soviet Union formed its occupation zone into "East Germany."

Munich Conference

started by Hitlers demand for the Sudetenland. France and Great Britain. Put together by Mussolini.

Battle of Midway

turning point of the Battle of the Pacific theatre- 1942. Intercepted Japanese plans and helped the US Navy to score a decisive victory against the Japanese fleet.

Office of War Information

what helped sell the war. Helped motivate people to go get jobs to help the war effort, buy war bonds, plant victory gardens, to not fight the rationing system. It was a propaganda minister and encouraged people to follow the rules.

Impact of Suburbs on American Culture

- "White Flight"- millions of middle-class white Americans left the ​cities for the suburbs, taking with them precious economic resources and isolating themselves from other races and classes. Takes the potential tax revenue from the cities that they were hoping to gain.

Cold War, 1945-1991 (What is it and how did it impact the US & beyond?)

- Defined world politics for almost 50 years. It was a political, military, and economic competition between the two post World War II superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. - There would have been competition between the two superpowers in any event, but the differences in their economy and political systems intensified the struggle. Differences began emerging toward the end of WWII. - This was a war with no direct fighting. Both countries tried to influence various parts of the world (especially Third World countries) and got involved in civil wars in Asia as well. -Costly arms race for both countries and gave rise to the space race too. (no deficit)

Korean War, 1950-1953

- War started when Communist North Korean with the approval of Soviet Union (Russia and China) invaded South Korea. Truman and United States led the effort in the United Nations to send U.N. military forces to aid South Korean. - General Douglas MacArthur was in command of the forces. MacArthur pushed North Koreans out of South Korean and got Truman's permission to go into North Korea. When his forces got close to the Chinese border, China sent troops into Korea and pushed MacArthur's men back to South Korea - Eisenhower ended the war with an armistice in 1953 that set the border at the 38th parallel which was the same border as when the war started. ****Q-what ended this war? answer- armistice Ends in a stalemate MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons against China but Truman said no

The Other America

- While poverty grew rapidly in the decaying inner cities, ​many suburban Americans remained unaware of it. Some even refused to believe ​that poverty could exist in the richest, most powerful nation on earth - After living among the nation's poor across America, Michael Harrington ​published a shocking account that starkly illuminated the issue of poverty, he not only confirmed that wide. There was still discrimination and civil rights issues. - ​Spread poverty existed but also exposed its brutal reality. ​​ know It was Michael Harrington

March 1939

6 months after the agreement of the Munich Conference, Hitler marches into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler could not be trusted and he broke every agreement. It was the political downfall of Neville Chamberlain as prime minister of England and he was replaced by Winston Churchill.

A. Phillip Randolph

A black labor leader who threatened to protest march on Washington over the African American's exclusion from war industry jobs. Seen by FDR as a disruption. He was trying to show unity so he didn't want African Americans marching in the national capital. He negotiated with Randolph to come up with an idea that made it illegal for defense contractors to discriminate based on race. FDR signed an executive order which satisfied Randolph and he called off his march.

Iron Curtain

A phrase said by Winston Churchill to describe an imaginary line that separated Communist countries in the Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe from countries in Western Europe He's worried of the power the soviet union might have over these eastern European countries ****Winston Churchill quote: answer- communism was beginning to spread into western Europe

America's Entry into the War

America wishes to remain neutral (isolation). When Britain was able to survive, they really started to flood Britain with equipment.

Consumer Society

Americans embraced this consumerism and set increase use of credit and big jump in the use of advertisement by business. American businesses designed products to quickly wear out or become outdated so consumers would buy new products- Planned Obsolescence.

Describe US Economy

Americans owned their own homes and bought their own cars. American economy shifted from a blue-collar manufacturing economy to one of a white collar service economy. Businesses started using franchises to expand their businesses- Holiday Inn, McDonalds.

Pacific Theatre Japanese aggression in China- in southeast asia, and several pacific islands • "island-hopping"

Americans were making slow and steady progress using the island hopping strategy. Superior air support. A way of going from less fortified islands to conquer them (with less resistance) in order to slowly make your way to launching an invasion of Japan.

Baby Boom

As soldiers returned from World War II and settled into family life, they contributed to an unprecedented population explosion In 1957, one American infant was born every seven seconds - Unforeseen sudden rise in population after the war. An explosion of consumerism. Rise of the Suburbs- white middle class families moving to the suburbs. Automobile- part of American culture. You had freedom of mobility. Pollution issues

McCarthyism

Attacks on suspected Communists in the early 1950s. The unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence; Joseph McCarthy accused people of being communists with nothing to support it. He claimed to have in his hands the names of 57, 81, and 205 Communists in the State Department.

The Battle of Britain

Britain then had to bear the brunt of the Battle of Britain intended to break the British defenses and morale before a planned German invasion. Radar and British resolve, British guts, British respect for the RAF (Royal Air Force) saved their country. After 2 months of steady air attacks, Hitler ended up postponing the invasion and lost interest in finishing off Britain. After that Hitler turned his attention back to the Soviet Union.

United Nations

Came out of the Aftermath of WWII. United Nations as a valuable peace keeping organization but also as a champion of human rights and a protector of human rights. The League of Nations failed because the United States wasn't a part of it. The US had to be a part of the United Nations in order for it to be successful. They got Stalin to agree to be a part of it as part of the founding members of the United Nations and created a security council.

Neville Chamberlain v. Winston Churchill:

Chamberlain's political adversary was Winston Churchill and he was adamant that that (the Munich Agreement) was a huge mistake. Churchill was proven correct.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941. Surprise attack by the Japanese. America is no longer neutral. The U.S. had done a couple of things to prepare for this. They had a peacetime selective service act, the first time they drafted in U.S. history. They knew it was inevitable. Now they can send equipment and England can buy equipment so they have to open up the Atlantic. They had to allow the flow of goods from the US to England to occur and the Battle of the Atlantic was what was necessary.

Japanese-American Internment

Executive order 9066- by FDR who ordered the internment of west coast Japanese Americans. He felt like he was given evidence that they were a threat to national security, yet there was no credible evidence of public danger ever found. People were so upset with what had happened at Pearl Harbor.

Although the US still stayed neutral...

FDR and Churchill agreed on many of the common post war goals that they had created during the Atlantic Charter. FDR is trying to help without violating the Neutrality acts.

Fall of China

Fallen on the lap of China. Truman did not send troops to China all he did was send 2 billion dollars to nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek supported by the Americans. That wasn't enough as communist leader Mao Zedong was able to win that Civil War with the help of the Soviet Union. It was a blackeye to Truman because he was responsible for the "Loss of China" for not doing enough. They sent money and troops.

Yalta Conferences When: Leaders Present: Purpose:

February 4, 1945,- February 11, 1945 WWII Allies- Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. Talked about the division of Germany into occupation zones

Atomic Bomb

First bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Second bomb was dropped three days later on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered shortly after the second bomb was dropped. In Truman's eyes, by using the Atomic bomb he was saving American lives and ending the war as quickly and efficiently as he could.

HUAC - - House Un-American Activities Committee

First made headlines in 1947, when it began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry. The committee believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films. The committee pointed to the pro-Soviet films made during World War II when the Soviet Union had been a United States ally. ****Investigated movies for propaganda

Blitzkrieg

First time the world had witnessed the German blitzkrieg was when Germany invaded Poland. All out offensive using infantry, artillery, error, naval (when necessary). Hitting a country with incredible force. It means "lightning war" so it strikes like lightning and completely devastates it's opponent.

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial

For the first time, individuals (a lot were involved in the Holocaust) were held responsible for their crimes against humanity. You couldn't say that my commanding officer made me do it. Tojo is held at a War trial. Some people were prosecuted, imprisoned, or executed for their crimes.

Allies

France, Great Britain, United States, and Soviet Union.

September 1, 1939

Germany invades Poland. Stalin took the eastern half of Poland. Prior to that, after the Munich agreement had been broken, both France and Great Britain declared that they would protect the sovereignty of Poland (another independent country formed from the Treaty of Versailles). Once Hitler marched into Poland that created a declaration of war from France and Great Britain.

1938

Germany marches into Austria and annexes Austria. Forced political union- The Anschluss. This is his idea of getting additional "living space". Hitler is demanding a reunification of all German speaking people.

What finally broke open the war?

Germany's invasion of Poland which created a conflict between France and Great Britain. They followed up by declaring war on Germany.

Battle of the Bulge

Germany's one last effort to try to win the war. Considered Germany's last offensive. It was their downfall. After, allied troops marched into Berlin, but the Russians got there first and they were there in time to see the atrocities of the Holocaust through Poland and into Germany where they came face to face with these concentration camps.

World War II 1939- 1945 Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Appeasement

Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor.

American Cold War Policies

Guided generally by containment — the policy of keeping communism from spreading beyond the countries already under its influence. The policy applied to a world divided by the Cold War, a struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. - Marshall Plan -Truman Doctrine

August 23, 1939

Hitler and Stalin surprised everyone and made a non aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union promising not to attack each other. Hitler breaks that treaty in 1941.

September 1938

Hitler made a demand that he also needed and wanted the Sudetenland- area of German speaking people that surrounded Czechoslovakia- the newly formed nation of Czechoslovakia after the Treaty of Versailles. Munich Conference

Nazi Aggression - what happened on each of these dates? 1936

Hitler marches his troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, a violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

Munich Agreement

Hitler said that the Sudetenland was his last territorial demand. Gave Czechoslovakia to cede over the Sudetenland to Hitler and they assumed that they had averted war. This is called appeasement- I'm giving into you something that you have asked for in the hopes that it satisfies you to the point where we don't go to further conflict.

Final Solution

Hitler trying to exterminate these people from his land.

U.S. Reaction to Sputnik

It signaled that the Soviets had surpassed US scientists in technical skill and knowledge; Americans worried this would translate into better, more accurate weaponry and prompted the US to establish a space program. - re birth for math and science in schools

Potsdam Conference When: Leaders present: Purpose:

July 17, 1945- Aug 2, 1945 Final wartime meeting between w/ Stalin, Truman, and Attlee. The United States found out that the atomic bomb worked and as long as the Soviet Union was planning on joining the war the United States was going to use it against Japan.

D-Day

June 6, 1944- Allied invasion of western Europe on the beaches of Normandy and France. Largest sea based (borne) invasion of human history. More people, troops, boats, and planes than any other conflict ever. They landed on the beaches of Normandy and they began to push back into Germany themselves

Korematsu v. United States

Korematsu challenged this finding in court. In 1944, his case was finally heard by the supreme court. The supreme court ruled the internment of Fred Korematsu and Japanese Americans was legal. He didn't get his case reviewed and set aside until much later- in the 1980s. Civil liberties on the home front were much better in WWII than in WWI with the glaring exception of these Japanese americans being interned. Japanese lacked the political power they needed to fight this.

Mao Zedong / Communists

Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China. He worked to win peasant support. They encouraged peasants to learn to read, and they helped to improve food production.

Navajo Code Talkers

Navajo Indians who used their language to be able to communicate to make sure our messages weren't being intercepted by our adversaries- the Japanese.

Holocaust

Nazi plan to exterminate the "uncleaned" people of Germany and occupied lands (Poland, Czhelosavakia) and to purify his race (the aryan race). Between 5 and 7 million Jews were murdered in death camps during the Holocaust.

Interstate Highway Act

President Eisenhower signed an act which authorized the building of a nationwide highway network—41,000 miles of expressways. The new roads, in turn, encouraged the development of new suburbs farther from the cities. Roadside businesses. Made high speed, long haul trucking possible, which contributed to a decline in the commercial use of railroads. Towns along the new highways prospered, while towns along the older, smaller roads experienced hard times. *** know what It DIDN'T do

Federal Employee Loyalty Board

Program set up by Truman to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the US government ***know this happened under Truman. Employers were trying to refuse to hire people whose names were on a communist watchlist.

"Zoot-Suit" Riots

Riot that broke out between Anglo Soldiers and Hispanic people in Los Angeles who wore these long coats that were called "Zoot Suits". This was discrimination and race riots. The military police had to come in to reestablish order.

Good Neighbor Policy

Roosevelt trying to make up for the bad policies during the progressive era. Referring to Latin America and how we were not a very good neighbor. Roosevelt is saying to Latin America that we're here to help you and we're not going to force ourselves upon you.

Second Red Scare, 1947-1950s

Some high profile espionage cases, the fall of China to the Communists, and the outbreak of the Korean War were some of the factors that contributed to American fears and the Second Red Scare. - The Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb and the U.S. intensified its efforts to develop the hydrogen bomb. - Second Red Scare centered on the fear that the U.S. would be brought down from within by American communists engaged in subversive activities. Fear of communist spies and atomic attacks (Americans buying bomb shelters for their backyards). - Both Democrats and Republicans play a role in the scare. ***Q- what is the similarity between the first red scare and Mccarthyism

Postwar Tensions in Europe Berlin Blockade / Berlin Airlift -

Stalin orders the blockade of Berlin which is followed by the Berlin Airlift from United States and Great Britain. - In an attempt to break the blockade, American and British officials started this to fly food and supplies into West Berlin. - For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes, around the clock. In 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of supplies—everything from food, fuel, and medicine to Christmas presents that the planes' crews bought with their own money. - A way to avoid war and help West Berlin ***Question- what was the US response to the Berlin Blockade answer- Berlin airlift

Hollywood Ten

Ten witnesses from the film industry who refused to testify and cooperate with the HUAC's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood because they believed it was unconstitutional; they were sent to prison - Most common way people were hurt in the Second Red Scare was through blacklisting - employers refused to hire them once their name was on a list as a "Communist."

The Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was an overriding factor in causing this war. Hitler used the treatment of Germany and played upon that with the people, wanting revenge and wanting to use that as a rallying call to unite his people. Hitler was a sole dictator. He prayed upon strong nationalist attitudes. "The needs of our country supersede the needs of what the effect it might have on any other country. Helped build his power and this rise of totalitarianism in both Italy and Germany (to a lesser extent in Japan although that was more like the military dictatorship that we saw from Tojo).

Termination Policy

The US government's plan to give up responsibility for Native American tribes by eliminating federal economic support, discontinued the ​ reservation system, and distributed tribal lands among individual Native ​ Americans. In response, the Bureau of Indian Affairs ​ began a voluntary relocation program to help Native Americans resettle in cities.

Occupation of Japan

The US occupied Japan after the war and with American aid and encouragement the Japanese economy was rebuilt and a democratic government was created. The Japanese were allowed to keep their emperor- one of the conditions of unconditional surrender. Douglas Mc Carther had a huge contribution- they still call their constitution the McCarther constitution in Japan- they became a great ally of ours.

Eisenhower Doctrine

The US would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism; gave the president the power to send troops without Congress's approval - Eisenhower used the CIA to help overthrow governments in Iran and Guatemala considered too liberal. ****when asked about this the answer is Middle East. He supplies funds and weapons to help people fight off communism.

Aftermath of World War II

The United States emerges as a superior world power. The soviet (an adversary) emerged from the war as well. They had different goals and ideas. The US suffered very little physical damage- had a good geographical location and was able to fight on multiple fronts.

Dunkirk

The attack on France brought about the armies escaping from Dunkirk. Hitler had the entire British army bottled up with their backs against the english channel. It was Churchill calling on every able bodied vessel to go to the aid of the British and French soldiers and help save them at Dunkirk. Germany made a big mistake by waiting for their units to all gather again before going in for the kill. That was enough time to allow the British and British citizens to fery the soldiers across the English channel to safety and save the majority of the English army. Saved the French and British army.

Lend-Lease Act

The government had passed a series of Neutrality Acts which prohibited the United States companies from selling goods to aggressor nations (nations at war).

1950s America

The most prosperous decade. The Gross National Product rose 250%. Real Income Increase and Americans had the highest standard of living. Led to the growth of the middle class, growth of a consumer society, materialism, conformity. Consumer spending is up. TV's have a lot of advertising directed towards housewives and teenagers. Causes of this Prosperity:

Great Society:

Johnson's dream of eliminating poverty.

1948 Election

"Dewey Defeats Truman". Presidential election between Harry Truman, Thomas Dewey, J. Strom Thurmond, and Henry Wallace (led liberal democrats); Truman won even though many Americans blamed Truman for the nation's inflation and labor unrest - Truman created a new campaign after winning this election (upset victory)

Jimmy Carter's Administration

(Democrat, 1976-1980) Path to office: He campaigned as an outsider trying to contrast the workings of the Washington Insiders and all of the corruption inside (after pentagon papers, LBJ, Nixon). He doesn't end up working very well with Congress.

Gerald Ford's Administration

(Republican, 1974-1976) Path to office: He was never elected president or vice president. He became president through the 25th Amendment.

Ronald Reagan

(Republican, 1980-1988) Path to office- Conservative, former governor of California. He gets elected by a very large margin. It signals a conservative resurgence in contrast to the New Left and some of the former liberal policies.

SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Conference

(formed out of Montgomery Bus Boycott) Organization whose purpose was "to carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship"; planned to stage protests and demonstrations. - MLK is president

Ngo Dinh Diem

- South Vietnam's president, a strong anti-communist, who refused to participate in the countrywide election of 1956 in fear Ho Chi Minh would win - He went against the U.S request of a stable government He ushered in a corrupt government that suppressed opposition of any kind and offered little or no ​land distribution to peasants -He was corrupt, a bad leader, and resisted political and economic reform for the people. He was not very popular and he felt that he would lose the election if he was allowed to continue with the Geneva Accords. Kennedy says it's ok to take him out of the election and they did.

Impacts of Television

- Golden Age of Television - 17,000 tv sets in 1946 and 40 million sets by 1957 - TV portrayed American as overwhelmingly white, middle-class, and suburban. Father went off to the office and the mother was a full-time homemaker. Sense of conformity. - Groundbreaking shows included I Love Lucy, the Honeymooners, and the Ed Sullivan Show

Birmingham Campaign (continued)

- More than a thousand African-American children marched in Birmingham. ​Police ​swept the marchers off their feet with high-pressure fire hoses, set attack dogs on ​ them, and clubbed those who fell. TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of ​ viewers heard the children screaming.

Ho Chi Minh

-communist leader of North Vietnam - founded the indochinese communist party and staged a number of revolts - Although the French condemned him to ​death for his rebellious activity, he fled Vietnam and orchestrated Vietnam's growing independence movement from ​exile in the Soviet Union and later from China. - formed the Vietminh (his followers)- to fight for independence. More of a nationalist than communist. He used communism to help get aid from the Soviet Union and China.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case which ruled that segregation was constitutional so long as the facilities were "separate but equal." In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that separate was equal and did not violate the fourteenth amendment. It was the law of the land for the next about 60 years. NAACP had fought cases in court and finally came through with Brown v. Board of Education.

Significant Events of the Vietnam War Troops first sent:

1965 by LBJ- by 1968 there were over half a million US troops in Vietnam.

1968 Democratic Convention at Chicago

1968 Democratic Convention at Chicago: - Thousands of antiwar demonstrators converged on the city of Chicago to protest here - The convention, which featured a bloody riot between protesters and police, fractured the Democratic Party and thus helped a nearly forgotten Republican win the White House.

Operation Desert Storm

1991 American-led attack on Iraqi forces after Iraq refused to withdraw its troops from Kuwait

Impact of the War

58,000 Americans were killed and 300,000 wounded. Over 3 million Vietnamese were killed. Vietnam veterans were condemned or ignored when they returned. Most Americans wanted to forget the war and the Veterans were an unpleasant reminder of it.

Pentagon Papers (1971)

7,000-page document, written for Defense Secretary Robert McNamara in 1967-1968, - It revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering the war even as President Lyndon Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Vietnam. Was leaked to the public by Daniel Ellsberg- felt he had a moral responsibility - The papers showed that there was never any plan to end the war as long as the North Vietnamese persisted. Johnson's administration had lied about the intent, extent, and the progress of America's involvement in the war.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A law that made it easier for African Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level. A majority of African Americans had become registered voters. KKK terrorized people to keep them from voting, poll taxes were used. Freedom Summer- helped push for the registration of minority voters.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance with the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites. West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO, the Soviet Union grew fearful. It formed its own military alliance, known as this. This Warsaw Pact linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European countries. ****Q- what was adopted in response to NATO answer- Warsaw pact

Ford's treatment of Nixon

A month after his presidency, Ford pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he could have committed even though Nixon never admitted to any guilt or that he was even tried for any of the crimes he could have committed.

Multinational corporations

A multinational corporation is a corporation that has set up local companies, or subsidiaries, in several countries. Today, multinationals make and sell their products in every corner of the world. At the start of the twenty-first century, multinationals controlled more than half of the industrial assets of the US and employed millions of workers here and abroad. Ex: McDonald's

Peace Corps

A program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Critics in ​the United States called the program "Kennedy's Kiddie Korps" because many volunteers were just out of college. - became a huge success. ​People of all ages and backgrounds signed up to work as agricultural advisers, teachers, or health aides or to do ​whatever work the host country needed.

Occupation of Wounded Knee

A year later, AIM led nearly 200 Sioux to the tiny village of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, where the U.S. cavalry had massacred a Sioux village in 1890. In protest against both tribal leadership and federal policies, the Sioux seized the town, taking hostages. After tense negotiations with the FBI and a shootout that left two Native Americans dead and others wounded, the confrontation ended with a government promise to reexamine Native American treaty rights.

Role of Women

Accepted role of women was wife and mother. TV shows such as Leave It to Beaver and Father Knows Best reinforced these roles. Kids are the most important thing.

Taft-Hartley Act

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) ***why did some people oppose this- gave big businesses more power and labor unions hardly any Gave power back to management and took power away from Labor Unions. Was passed over Truman's veto.

James Dean

Actor who starred in Rebel Without a Cause and other movies. He had a ​​self-confident ​indifference that ​made him the idol ​of teenagers. "Cool"

Totalitarian leaders:

Adolf Hitler- Germany Benito Mussolini- Italy Hideki Tojo- Japan Joseph Stalin- Soviet Union Francisco Franco- Spain (Fascist leader) Spanish Civil War

Sit-ins

African-American protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served. Example: Greensboro Four

Vietnam War French Indochina How does the area shift after WWII:

After the war France intended to reinstate Vietnam as a french colony. Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh wanted Vietnamese independence and began fighting the French. Ho Chi Minh was a communist but most of all he was a nationalist, something that the American military misunderstood. The French and the Viet Minh fought for 8 years.

Conditions: (Vietnam)

American prisoners would be returned and all U.S. troops would be withdrawn by March of 1973. The North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam at the time of the cease fire would stay there. The South Vietnamese government would still be in power while the US withdrawal was taking place. The South Vietnamese government lasted until April, 1975 when it surrendered to North Vietnam.

Diane Nash

An African-American woman who was very involved in the civil rights movement, including the SCLC and the founding of SNCC. Nash was involved in planning the Freedom Rides and took over when CORE (who had originally organized the rides) bailed after the riders encountered severe violence, refusing to quit in the face of adversity. Nash also helped organize the voting movement in Selma, Alabama. (Civil Rights Leader)

SNCC- Student Non- violent Coordinating Committee

An organization formed in 1960 by college students to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement. It was a national protest group for civil rights made up of white and black college students. They advocate passive resistance- non violent peaceful protests followed by the example of Gandhi in India.

Viet minh

An organization whose goal it was to win ​Vietnam's independence from foreign rule. - Ho Chi Minh helped form

Assassination of Martin Luther King

April 1969 after Fair Housing Speech in Memphis, Tennessee James Earl Ray shot MLK while he was on his hotel balcony - King's death led to the worst urban rioting ​in United States history. Over 100 cities exploded in flames. LBJ uses the riots to pass the civil rights act of 1968. - The Poor People's Campaign went ahead, but without King's eloquence and leadership, it failed to clearly express its goals and ended in disaster. The SCLC and ​ its role in the civil rights movement declined. ​​

Critics of Conformity William Whyte / The Organization Man-

Argued corporations through their emphasis on being part of a team and getting along had stripped American workers of their individuality and creativity. question- how did William Whyte paint post war America?

No Child Left Behind

As Governor of Texas, Bush had been active in promoting educational reform. As President, he introduced the No Child Left Behind Act, requiring states to test all students in English and mathematics each year from the third to the eighth grade.

Which view was shared by Governors Orval Faubus (Arkansas), Lester Maddox (Georgia), and George Wallace (Alabama) in the 1950s and 1960s? All segregationists

C. people should not be forced to mix with those of other races in public places, including schools and universities

Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954)

At this location, despite massive U.S. aid, the French could not retake Vietnam. ​They were forced to surrender in May of 1954, when the Vietminh overran the ​French outpost in northwestern Vietnam. The Viet Minh ended up winning a crucial battle at Dien Bien Phu where the French, although getting financial aid from the United States, lost to the Viet Minh.

Affirmative Action

Attempting to create equal opportunities for minorities and women in hiring and education. To help equalize education and ​job opportunities, the government in the 1960s began to promote ​this. - involve making special efforts to hire or enroll groups ​that have suffered discrimination. ​ Many colleges and almost all companies that do business with the federal government adopted such programs. Reverse discrimination: Bakke vs. University of California Davis. Race cannot be the only criteria.

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Bestseller Baby and Child Care reaffirmed the traditional view of a women's role as wife and mother who subordinated her interests and activities to her children's needs. Spock's book emphasized flexibility with children and a "child-centered' home and critics thought his methods were too permissive. question over this

Osama bin Laden

Bin Laden came from a wealthy Saudi Arabian family. His father founded a construction company in Saudi Arabia and became a billionaire. Three thousand people were killed, making 9/11 the worst attack in U.S. history. Osama bin Laden and his organization, al-Qaeda, took credit for these terrorist attacks.

Chapter 21- Civil Rights Movement Nashville began desegregation.

Black organizations provoked crisis and sometimes the federal government reluctantly intervened. Ultimately, public support and civil disobedience led to legislation that created permanent change. The movement takes moral high ground and gains public support in the North. Abolition movement and the Women's suffrage had gained the same public support around the country.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycott where Negros refused to use the bus. Protest ended after 381 days. Martin Luther King Jr. was its face. One of the first major victories in the civil rights movement when an African American community successfully forced a city to desegregate its bus service. Led by Martin Luther King Jr.

USA Patriot Act

Bush also sponsored the USA Patriot Act of 2001, which greatly expanded the government's law enforcement powers. The September 11th terrorists had been organized into four teams. Some had trained as pilots in America. They had cell phones and computers to communicate, and bank accounts funded by international terrorist groups. The new act allowed law enforcement officials and intelligence agencies the power to conduct sweeping searches and surveillance, detain immigrants and monitor bank accounts. The Act's "warrantless" wiretaps were later held to be unconstitutional.

"Read My Lips: No New Taxes"

Bush campaigned on "Read my lips no new taxes". The deficit is growing and needs to be addressed. Bush will end up addressing it later in his term. He was given a huge budget deficit and really no choice but to break his promise and sign off one of the largest tax increases in history (hurt his 1992 reelection campaign- lost to Bill Clinton). The involvement of Ross Perot in the 1992 campaign also hurt Bush's opportunity to win.

Panama Canal Treaty

Carter ends up giving the control of the canal zone and the canal itself to the Panamanians. This was during the cold war (controversial). There was a lot of instability in Central America. It was very strategic economically and militarily that the U.S had access to the canal.

SALT II Treaty

Carter told the Senate to stop negotiations on the ratification of the SALT II Treaty that he had negotiated with the Soviet Union also due to the invasion of Afghanistan. Under Carter relations with the Soviet Union generally deteriorated.

Olympic Boycott

Carter withdrew the U.S. from the Olympics after the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. He imposed grade embargos and a halt to technology being shared with the Soviets. All in reaction to that move to invade Afghanistan.

Little Rock Nine

Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Orval Faubus had first been on the side of integrating the school then switched over and used his own national guard to prevent the integration of Central High. Nine negros. Orval Faubus wanted to prevent integration of Central High. Eisenhower intervenes to enforce federal law. Schools became integrated then Faubus closed the public schools, then they opened as integrated schools in 1959.

Reforms of the Warren Court- Warren Court-

Chief Justice Earl Warren led the way with a wave of liberal reforms that had an impact on American society. Viewed as an activist court because of all of these monumental changes, all were creating new laws to protect the rights of the excused. Law enforcement did not like many of these laws.

Economic recovery (Clinton)

Clinton made it easier to export computers and other high-tech goods abroad by eliminating Cold War restrictions. Clinton's policies and the achievements of the nation's growing computer-related industries helped to restore the nation's economy. A reduction of military spending and the closing of military bases at the end of the Cold War also boosted the civilian economy. By the end of Clinton's Presidency, unemployment was down, consumer spending was up, and business profits were at all time highs.

WWII Home front

Civilians bought war bonds, planted victory gardens, supported rationing women worked in factories to support the U.S. military effort during WW II.

Fidel Castro

Communist leader of Cuba who welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

Congress and the federal courts did make some reforms on behalf of Native Americans. In 1972, Congress passed the Indian Education Act. In 1975, it passed the Indian Self-Determination and Education ​Assistance Act. These laws gave tribes greater control over their own affairs and over their children's education. Basically their own government- casino gambling these days.

Equal Rights Amendment

Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972. The amendment then needed ratification by 38 states to become part of the Constitution. First introduced to Congress in 1923, the ERA would guarantee that both men and women would enjoy the same rights and protections under the law. It was, many supporters said, a matter of "simple justice."

Phyllis Schlafly

Conservative Phyllis Schlafly, along with conservative religious groups, political organizations, and many anti-feminists, felt that the ERA would lead to "a parade of horribles," such as the drafting of women, the end of laws protecting homemakers, the end of a husband's responsibility to provide for his family, and same-sex marriages. Schlafly said that radical feminists "hate men, marriage, and children" and were oppressed "only in their distorted minds." Against ERA as the whole new right was against it. Leads new right movement.

Innovation

Consists of two steps: First, inventing a product or process; second, producing it or putting it into effect. The first step requires creativity, while the second demands resources and organization. Americans developed the transistor, integrated circuit, computer, Internet, light emitted diode (LED), Global Positioning System (GPS), and UNIX computer operating system.

Tet Offensive

Convinced many Americans that Vietnam could not be won. Turning point (Jan 1968). - Vietnamese equivalent of New Year's Eve, is known as Tet -On Tet, villagers streamed into cities across South Vietnam to celebrate their new year. At the same time, many funerals were being held for war victims. The coffins, however, contained weapons, and many of the villagers were Vietcong agents. - That night the Vietcong launched an overwhelming attack on over 100 towns and cities in South Vietnam, as well as 12 U.S. air bases. - It continued for about a month before U.S. and South Vietnamese forces regained control of the cities. It was a military victory for the US. They killed 45,000 Viet Cong and Viet Minh soldiers. American press portrayed this as a defeat.

SEATO - Southeast Asian Treaty Organization-

Countries in Southeast Asia formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to prevent communism from gaining ground around the region ****q- why was the US ok with the formation of this? answer- fight communism

William (Bill) Clinton

Democrat, 1992-2000 Former Governor of Arkansas The Presidential election of 1992 saw Clinton successfully unite different groups within the Democratic Party as well as attract independent voters. The criticisms of a third-party candidate, Ross Perot, further weakened Bush's authority

Barack Obama Path to office

Democrat, 2008-2016 A young Senator from Illinois, Obama, emerged as the Democratic nominee after a close primary contest with former First Lady Hillary Clinton.

Demographic changes in the U.S.

Demography is the study of population. Since WWII, there have been significant changes in the demography of the United States. First, the size of the total population has more than doubled since the end of World War II. The center of population of the United States has shifted away from the Northeast and Midwest and towards the Sun Belt.

Hungarian uprising

Dominated by the Soviet Union since the end of World War II, the Hungarian people rose in revolt in 1956. They called for a democratic government. Imre Nagy, the most popular and liberal Hungarian Communist leader, formed a new government. He promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact, and demanded that all Soviet troops leave Hungary. ​​The Soviet response was swift and brutal. In November 1956, Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed approximately 30,000 Hungarians.- Quickly stopped The US didn't do anything to help in the Hungarian uprising.

Vietnam War French Indochina How does the area shift in WWII:

During WWII, Japan controlled Vietnam.

Domino Theory:

During a news conference in 1954, Eisenhower explained the ​domino theory, ​warning that if Vietnam fell to communism, other Southeast ​Asian countries would soon follow, just like dominoes toppling.

The Feminine Mystique

During the 1950s, writer Betty Friedan seemed to be living the American dream. She had a loving husband, healthy children, and a house in the suburbs. According to the experts—doctors, psychologists, and women's magazines— that was all a woman needed to be fulfilled. Why, then, wasn't she happy? In 1957, after conducting a survey of her Smith College classmates 15 years after graduation, she found she was not alone.

Early U.S. Involvement - what occurred under each administration? • Eisenhower:

Eisenhower did refuse the French request for US military intervention at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and consequently it was a defeat for France. It forced them to the negotiating table, French withdrawal from Vietnam and turned over the issue to the Geneva Peace Conference. Through the Geneva Accords, Vietnam was temporarily divided (17th parallel) until North Vietnam and South Vietnam were to hold an election. Election results would unite the country under one side or the other. Election never took place and Dien refused to take part in the election because he knew he would lose. Eisenhower refused to intervene in Dien Bien Phu but supported the domino theory. He gave support and military force, not soldiers. He was still unwilling to commit a military force. Instead, he confined the US role to a few hundred military advisers.

14th Amendment

Equal protection under the law. It was the basis for this idea of Brown v. Board of Education.

Medicaid

Extended health insurance to welfare recipients. People in poverty

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Federal agency that has established rules and regulations that further interpret the practices affected by federal law; for example, HUD distributes an equal housing opportunity poster. To build low cost housing to help with people's cost of living. - was formed to administer federal housing programs

Impacts of Rock n Roll

First appeared in the 1950s and combined country and western, rhythm and blues, gospel, and jazz. In the beginning most of the performers were blacks and their audience was white.- Disc jockey Alan Freed started the term "rock n roll." Most adults saw the music as rebellion against conventional society and conformity.

Bay of Pigs

First real foreign policy issue. The CIA planned to overthrow Castro. It was signed off on during the Eisenhower Administration but brought to Kennedy after the election. Kennedy made a crucial error and withdrew air support. It was a disaster. Fidel Castro (Cuban revolutionary leader) stayed in command of Cuba and we ended up breaking all ties with Cuba and Castro declared himself a communist and welcomed the aid of the Soviets after that.

Social Change Counterculture:

Forman was part of the Counterculture—a movement made up mostly of white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s. Instead of challenging the system, they turned their backs on traditional America and tried to establish a whole new society based on peace and love. Although their heyday was short- lived, their legacy remains.​ In the late 1960s, the historian Theodore Roszak deemed these idealistic youths the counterculture. Rock music and drug use. Previously the culture of the 1950s was the idea of conformity, working for the man, etc.

Watergate

Former CIA agents were caught breaking into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate building. During Senate hearings, a Presidential aide admitted that Nixon knew of the cover-up. It was revealed that President Nixon secretly tape-recorded conversations in the White House. Nixon refused to hand them to Congress, claiming Executive Privilege.

Freedom Riders / Freedom Rides

Freedom Riders rode buses across the South to test the Supreme Court decision banning segregated seating on interstate bus routes and segregated facilities in bus terminals. Freedom Riders were attacked.

The Feminine Mystique (continued)

Friedan eventually wrote a book, The Feminine Mystique, in which she addressed this "problem that has no name."​ This book was counter to Dr. Benjamin Spock's idea that women should be at home and a good housewife and mother. Friedan said it was ok to not find fulfillment in this housewife role and want to go to college and have a career.

WTO

GATT, or the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, was formed in 1947 to further trade by reducing tariff levels on many commodities. In 1994, GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization, an international organization that establishes rules for global trade and helps to settle trade disputes. Formation of the WTO has accelerated globalization.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Gave Lyndon Johnson the authority to escalate and wage war in Vietnam with no further consent of Congress. While not a declaration of war, it ​granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam. Some felt it altered the U.S. ​Constitution's system of checks and balances by allowing the executive branch to ​wage war without a declaration of war from the legislative branch. ​

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama. He was in favor of segregation. All wanted to stop integration in public facilities.

Orval Faubus

Governor of Arkansas. He called out the Arkansas National Guard in an effort to defy a federal court order to desegregate the all-white Central High School.

Lester Maddox

Governor of Georgia who refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant in defiance of the Civil Rights Act.

Characteristics of the Vietnam War - strategies, physical geography, weapons used, etc.

Guerilla warfare, fought in the jungles, mountains of Vietnam, South Vietnamese government was corrupt. Inactive and lacked support of the Vietnamese people. The US tries but fails to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people. Large forces and ground technology was of limited use and effectiveness. Viet Minh got crushed by the US and realized that they can't conduct a war like that. Both sides enter into this war of attrition. North Vietnamese and Viet Cong were willing to take more casualties. Westmoreland- body counts to convince Americans that they were winning the war because there were no territorial gains.

Lee Harvey Oswald

He assassinated JFK. The ex-Marine had a suspicious past. After receiving a dishonorable discharge, he had briefly lived in the ​ Soviet Union, and he supported Castro. Gunned down by Jack Ruby.

Elvis Presley

He brought rock 'n' roll to a frantic pitch of ​popularity among the newly affluent teens who bought his ​record.He was the unofficial "King of Rock 'n' Roll," first ​developed his musical style by singing in church and listening to gospel, country, and blues music on the radio in ​Memphis, Tennessee. answer

Why did Kennedy have trouble getting his legislation passed?

He faced a coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats who kept his legislation from being passed. He won election at a slim. Opposition from Southern Democrats- Dixiecrats didn't like him or civil rights ideas. He was hesitant to even push for civil rights. Slim majority in Congress- He had conservative democrats. 1962- Gets more support in Congress. Southern Democrats are of less involvement.

Civil Rights (continued)

He submitted legislation to congress that would guarantee equal access to public facilities, end segregation in education, and provide federal protection of the right to vote. Kennedy saw it more as a moral issue more than a political issue.

Newt Gingrich

He was an American politician who served as a speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1995-98). He was the first Republican to hold the office in 40 years. He later sought the party's nomination for president in 2012.

Supreme Court Appointments

Hearings held for Iran-Contra Affair: Oliver North and John Poindexter pretty much take all responsibility. Reagan did not acknowledge that he authorized it or knew anything about it.

Stagflation

High unemployment combined with inflation. President Ford faced the new problem of stagflation- inflation (rising prices) and stagnation (sluggish economy). Brought on by OPEC. Rising oil prices contributed to the problem. The embargo of oil brought a big jump in oil prices, fueling inflation.

More on Nixon

His family assistance plan was designed to reform welfare but never passed the senate. He cut some social programs and others used to impound and keep funding for some of the other social programs. Nixon endorsed a law and order program to stop urban violence and to temper some of the anti-war protests. He believed wage and price controls were necessary to help stop inflation. Recession continued.

To reduce tensions

Hot line and limited test ban Treaty.

1968 Election Who are the 3 Candidates/Party affiliation:

Hubert Humphrey: considered an extension of LBJ's policies. Hubert Humphrey gets the nomination as the democratic party. Riots break out in Chicago. George Wallace- segregationist from Alabama who ends up winning 5 states and campaigns on anti- bussing (favored segregation) Republicans nominate Richard Nixon- "peace with honor" plan to get the US out of the war. Appealed to the silent majority- wanted them to support his candidacy. There was enough Anti- LBJ sentiment that allowed Nixon to win.

WMD's

Hussein had used chemical weapons against the Kurds in the 1980s. Although Hussein denied that he possessed "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), he at first refused to allow U.N. inspectors to search in Iraq. Later, U.N. inspectors found no WMDs, but some questioned whether their inspection was thorough enough. The United States, Britain, and Spain warned Iraq to surrender its WMDs or face invasion. In March 2003, Bush gave Hussein 48 hours to leave Iraq or face invasion. When Hussein rejected the ultimatum, coalition forces took military action.

Supply side economics

If the government cut taxes then people or businesses would save or invest that extra money creating more jobs and products stimulating the economy. Increase in supply would bring about a drop in prices and ultimately increase prosperity. Would allow the government to collect additional revenue, to offset the loss of revenue from the original tax cuts. It was a radical idea.

Chicano Movement United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC):

In 1962, Chávez and Dolores Huerta established the National Farm Workers Association. Four years later, this group merged with a Filipino agricultural union (also founded by Huerta) to form the UFWOC.

3 vital cases that expanded the rights of the excused: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

In 1963 the justices of the supreme court required criminal courts to provide free legal counsel to those who could not afford it. Must provide an attorney for the defendants who could not afford one.

Free Speech Movement

In 1964, the Free Speech Movement ​​(FSM) gained prominence at the University of California at Berkeley. The FSM grew out of a clash between students ​and administrators over free speech on campus. Led by Mario Savio, a philosophy ​student, the FSM focused its criticism on what it called the American "machine," ​the nation's faceless and powerful business and government institutions. They wanted a real right to voice an opinion.

3 vital cases that expanded the rights of the excused: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

In 1966 the Supreme Court ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning- right to remain silent, right to an attorney. Protect rights of the excused.

Feminist Movement Betty Friedan / The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan:

In 1966, 28 women, including Betty Friedan, created the National Organization for Women (NOW) to pursue women's goals. Most of all, the women's movement helped countless women open their lives to new possibilities. "For we have lived the second American revolution," wrote Betty Friedan in 1976, "and our very anger said a 'new YES' to life."​ This 1960s pin displays a slogan used by Betty Friedan at the National Women's Political Caucus: "Women make policy not coffee".

NOW (National Organization for Women)

In 1966, 28 women, including Betty Friedan, created the National Organization for Women (NOW) to pursue women's goals. "The time has come," the founders of NOW declared, "to confront with concrete action the conditions which now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity . . . which is their right as individual Americans and as human beings." NOW members pushed for the creation of child-care facilities that would enable mothers to pursue jobs and education. Largest women's organization in America today.

National Women's Political Caucus

In 1971,Steinem helped found the National Women's Political Caucus, a moderate group that encouraged women to seek political office. In 1972, she and other women created a new women's magazine, Ms., designed to treat contemporary issues from a feminist perspective. Second wave of feminism- separate from women getting the right to vote

Ms. (Women's magazine)

In 1972, Gloria Steinem and other women created a new women's magazine, Ms., designed to treat contemporary issues from a feminist perspective. Second wave of feminism- separate from women getting the right to vote

Camp David Accords

In 1977, President Carter invited Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, and Menachem Begin, the Prime Minister of Israel, to the Presidential retreat at Camp David in Maryland. An agreement between the two leaders was reached. Under the Camp David Accords, Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt which Israel had taken in the Six-Day War in 1967. In exchange, Egypt offered a peace treaty and the establishment of normal diplomatic relations with Israel- ending thirty years of warfare.

Department of Homeland Security

In 2003, President Bush created a new Cabinet post, the Department of Homeland Security. Its mission was to keep the United States secure from all threats. Its activities range from nuclear detection and intelligence coordination to the protection of high-level government officials.

Financial Crisis 2008-2008

In 2008, America suffered a severe financial crisis. The crisis began when many homeowners could not pay their mortgage after interest rates rose. Mortgage-backed securities then lost much of their value, threatening banks and investors. The Bush administration provided $700 billion in emergency relief, making the U.S. government a partner to many private businesses.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In October 1979, the Shah entered the United States for medical treatment. Fundamentalist students wanted the Shah back, the U.S. refused. Two weeks later, angry Iranian students seized the staff of the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran (held for 14 months). The hostages were blindfolded, tied up and accused of working for the CIA. The embassy staff was held hostage for more than a year. Negotiations finally led to their release on the day that Carter left office and Ronald Reagan became President. Carter was seen as an ineffective president.

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008)

In October, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008) authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to spend up to $700 billion to buy distressed investments and to provide funds to banks to prevent them from failing. The Treasury and Federal Reserve provided emergency funding to the insurance giant AIG, several brokerage houses, and the nation's largest banks.

The New Right

In order to combat the ERA and the pro-abortion supporters, conservatives built what they called a new "pro-family" movement. In the 1970s, this coalition—which focused on social, cultural, and moral problems—came to be known as the New Right. Phyllis Schlafly became a leader within the New Right movement. The group also uses donations to support conservative political candidates. Throughout the 1970s, the New Right built grassroots support for social conservatism. It would later play a key role in the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980. Reagan became the face of this new conservatism.

"White Flight"

In the 1950s, millions of middle-class white Americans left the ​cities for the suburbs, taking with them precious economic resources and isolating themselves from other races and classes. Between the end of World War II and 1960, nearly ​ 5 million African Americans moved from the rural South to urban areas.

Health care reform

In the election campaign, Clinton had promised to reform health care. He proposed to give every American guaranteed health insurance. Clinton appointed his wife, Hillary, to head a task force on health care. Ms. Clinton established herself as a leading advocate for better health care for uninsured and underinsured Americans. Many alternative plans were proposed, but no single plan was passed by Congress. The failure to pass health care reform in Congress was a major defeat for Clinton.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)-

In this case, the father of eight-year-old Linda Brown had ​charged the board of education of Topeka, Kansas, with ​violating Linda's rights by denying her admission to an all white elementary school four blocks from her house. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional to have segregation in schooling- Landmark 1954 Supreme Court case which said segregation in schools was unconstitutional. Said that separate but equal was unconstitutional and called for integration of all public facilities including schools.

Early U.S. Involvement - what occurred under each administration? • Kennedy:

Increased economic aid to South Vietnam and increased the number of military advisers. He was not committed to US combat role at the time of his assassination. Kennedy and CIA gave unofficial consent by the South Vietnamese Army to commit that Ku de ta and overthrow Dien. Ended up with the death of Ngo Dinh Diem.

Robotics

Innovations can spur workplace productivity. New ways of managing human and natural resources can have the same effect. For example, many companies now use robotics to aid in manufacturing. Technology dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots in automation

(Operation) Rolling Thunder

In​ response to a Vietcong attack that killed eight Americans, Johnson unleashed ​this - the first sustained bombing of North Vietnam. Given by LBJ as he extended the war. Lasts over three years. Did not bring North Vietnamese to the negotiation table- not effective. - In ​March of that year the first American combat troops began arriving in South ​Vietnam. By June, more than 50,000 U.S. soldiers were battling the Vietcong. The ​ Vietnam War had become Americanized.

Hispanic and African American Indian movements

It was harder for both of these groups to organize and unify movements than it was for the African American civil rights movement because latinos tended to identify with their national heritage and Indians identified with their tribal heritage. They didn't really have that unifying factor that brought their fight together. Both movements were a reaction against the melting pot theory of assimilation. They wanted to be recognized as being different and not assimilating.

Challenges and Changes in the Movement Malcolm X-

Islamic black leader who preached Elijah Muhammad's views that whites were the cause of the black condition and that blacks should separate from white society. Joined nation of Islam in 1952. Urged African Americans to take complete control of their communities- believed in a more aggressive nature. He converted to Orthodox Islam in 1964 and began to reach out to all races. Nation of Islam had him assassinated in 1965.

The New Frontier

JFK's legislative program which included proposals to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas, to aid education, to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program

Water Quality Act (1965)

Johnson passed 206 pieces of legislation. Required states to clean up their polluted rivers and discovered who the worst chemical polluting industries were in America. Triggered the environmental movement in America which was carried on by Richard Nixon (EPA).

Conservative backlash against the social changes of the 1960s

Jerry Farwell and Pat Robertson are prominent in it. Groups such as the moral majority and the heritage foundation are also a part of this New Right movement. They oppose abortion, feminism, the ERA amendment, bussing, gay rights. They pride themselves on being supportive of the family.

Chicano Movement Cesar Chavez:

Jessie Lopez de la Cruz's life changed one night in 1962, when Cesar Chavez came to her home. Chavez, a Mexican-American farm worker, was trying to organize a union for California's mostly Spanish-speaking farm workers. Chavez said, "The women have to be involved. They're the ones working out in the fields with their husbands."

John F Kennedy and "The New Frontier" Election of 1960- Televised Debates

John F. Kennedy (Democratic) vs Richard M. Nixon (Republican- Eisenhower's vice president last 8 years) ​- John Kennedy promised active leadership "to get America moving again." His Republican opponent, Vice President Richard M. Nixon hoped to win by riding on the coattails of ​Eisenhower's popularity.

War on Poverty

Johnson declared "unconditional war on poverty in America" - Office of Economic Opportunity - In 1964 Congress had approved nearly $1 billion for youth, job training, and anti-poverty programs. The OEO oversaw programs such as the Job Corps Youth Training Program, VISTA, Head Start, and Community Action Program

Part of Economic Opportunity Act

Johnson establishes the Office of Economic Opportunity as part of the Economic Opportunity Act in 1964 setting aside one billion dollars for youth programs, job training, and anti- poverty programs. Things like the Job Corps, VISTA, Head Start, and community action programs were all part of this economic opportunity act and part of building that Great Society.

Special Forces

Kennedy created a special forces department and division under each of the services, which was important. soldiers who trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars.

The Camelot Years

Kennedy had a youthful appearance and projected a lot of energy. He had a glamorous wife and a beautiful small family. ​​Kennedy was the youngest president ever elected. He surrounded himself with the best and the brightest of the young talent in the country. With JFK's youthful glamour and his talented advisers, the Kennedy White ​House reminded many of a modern-day Camelot, the mythical court of King ​Arthur. Coincidentally, the musical Camelot ​had opened on Broadway in 1960. ​Years later, Jackie recalled her husband and the vision of Camelot.

Kennedy and Civil Rights

Kennedy supported civil rights in principle but he kept telling Martin Luther King Jr. to be patient, he had to be very careful of how to maneuver that because he needed the southern votes in order to pass any kind of legislation. The Kennedy Administration was very reluctant to react to the crisis caused by the GrassRoots movements of the marches from Martin Luther King and his group and he was very hesitant. Kennedy's opinion evolved and he saw this more as a moral issue as opposed to a political issue.

Space Race

Kennedy's domestic policy was built around his idea of the New Frontier: He saw space exploration as an extension of the Cold War. He wants to surpass the soviets and send a man to the moon by the end of the decade. He increases funding to NASA and NASA constructs new facilities in Florida and Houston, Tx. Many of the technological advances in the space administration (space race) filtered down to the common man- names like fabrics, ready to eat foods, dry foods, microwave ovens. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon- July 20th, 1969.

Kennedy and Foreign Affairs

Kennedy's foreign policy followed that of his predecessors. That was a policy of containment of the communists. He pushed for this and talked about it in his inaugural address. Rather or not other countries wish us good or bad, we're gonna be there to stop them if they do something bad. He wanted a more flexible response to policies which lead to him creating more emphasis on regular weapons of war- tanks, airplanes, etc.

Impact of Great Society

LBJ extended the power and reach of the federal government. Conservatives felt that the government was too big and played too big of a role and questioned the effectiveness of some of the Great Society programs. Many felt these programs created a class of people who were becoming too dependent on the government- welfare class. Johnson's mastery in handling congress and the scope of the Great Society was overshadowed by his role in the Vietnam War.

SALT I Treaty

Landmark Treaty negotiated with the soviet Union. It was the first true attempt to limit arms.

The US combat role (in Vietnam) really started under...

Lyndon Johnson and under the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Hippies

Members of the counterculture, known as hippies, shared some of the beliefs of the New Left movement. Hippies also turned to Eastern religions such as Zen Buddhism, which professed that one could attain enlightenment through meditation rather than the reading of scriptures. Hippies donned ragged jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, military garments, love beads, and Native American ornaments. Thousands grew their hair out, despite the fact that their more conservative elders saw this as an act of disrespect. "Tune In, Drop Out".

Information Technology (IT)

Much of the increased productivity of the American economy in the last few decades has been due to advances in information technology (IT). Computers are machines that use a binary system to store and manipulate information.

Supporters (Reagan)

New Right: primarily evangelical christians but also conservative think tanks like the moral majority, the heritage foundation, the national rifle association all got behind the conservatism preached by Ronald Reagan.

China relations

Nixon became the first American president to open up relations with communist China. He tried to establish diplomatic relations with China by visiting it.

New Federalism

Nixon wanted to cut the size and the influence of the federal government. Division of power from top down. To give some of the powers of the federal government to the state and local levels.

Revenue Sharing

Nixon was going to achieve this by giving state and local governments more freedom to determine how to spend their money.

Pentagon Papers (continued)

Nixon was worried there was more out there about him. Ellsberg's charges were eventually dropped and the Pentagon Papers were published in major newspapers in the US. Henry Kissinger- Nixon's top adviser- helped him negotiate the Paris Accords.

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice president during the 1972 election. He had already been forced to resign over bribery charges and income tax evasion as governor of Maryland. Gerald Ford replaced Spiro Agnew as vice president.

Invasion of Cambodia (and Laos)

On April 30, 1970, President Nixon announced that U.S. troops had invaded Cambodia to clear out North Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers. This info was not disclosed to the public. Upon hearing of the invasion, college students across the country burst out in protest. In what became the first general student strike in the nation's history, more than 1.5 million students closed down some 1,200 campuses. Kent State University- students got killed at the protest

9/11

On September 11, 2001, Islamic Fundamentalist terrorists hijacked commercial airliners and flew them into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. A third plane crashed into the ground in Pennsylvania. Osama bin Laden and his organization, al-Qaeda, had carried out these acts of terror.

Televised Debates effect on 1960 Election

One event in the fall determined the course of the election. Kennedy ​and Nixon took part in the first televised debate between presidential ​candidates. On September 26, 1960, 70 million TV viewers watched the ​two articulate and knowledgeable candidates debating issues. Nixon, an ​expert on foreign policy, had agreed to the forum in hopes of exposing ​Kennedy's inexperience. However, Kennedy had been coached by television producers, and he looked and spoke better than Nixon. ​Kennedy's success in the debate launched a new era in American ​politics: the television age.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

One of the more controversial positions that NOW and other feminist groups supported was a woman's right to have an abortion. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade (1973) that women do have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. Some thought the ruling might "bring to an end the emotional and divisive public argument. . . ." However, the issue still divides Americans today.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Opened the door for many Non- European immigrants to settle in the United States. This law changed the face of immigration. 90% of the immigrants every year had come from Europe but when this act passed only 10% did.

NAFTA

Originally negotiated by President Bush, Clinton pushed NAFTA, or the North American Free Trade Agreement, through Congress. It created a new trade association with Mexico and Canada, which is gradually phasing out tariffs between the three countries. Most economists believe that free trade between nations actually helps to stimulate the economies of the nations involved. Each nation is able to produce those goods it makes best and import others.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed segregation in public accommodation such as theaters, restaurants, hotels. It withheld federal funds from segregated public schools. Law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces. Women were protected. Created an equal opportunity commission to prevent discrimination in the workplace. President Johnson played a vital role in getting it passed. Didn't include anything about housing or protecting voting rights. It was the strongest civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.

Domestic Policies

Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress- got young Americans looking to serve- they could go work in third world countries. They were all there to help stabilize their countries economically, so they could fight the spread of communism in those third world countries and in Latin America.

Hot line

Phone line directly linking Moscow to Washington DC. A communication link established in 1963 to allow the leaders of the US and the Soviet Union to contact each other in times of crisis.

Chapter 21- Civil Rights Movement

Primary purpose was to end segregation in the south. Secondary Goal: extend voting rights for blacks in the south. Much of the movement was GrassRoots local organizations working on a local level. Marches, sit-ins- Examples of GrassRoots organizations.

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

Provided over one billion dollars in federal aid to public schools- textbooks, library materials. First time the federal government is getting involved on a large scale with education financing. The Act is an extensive statute which funds primary and secondary education. This allowed the government to help those who cannot achieve a good education

TSA

President Bush also took steps to curb terrorism at home. A new federal agency, the Transportation Security Agency (TSA), took over security at U.S. airports, and all passengers and luggage were subjected to a thorough screening.

War in Iraq

President Bush next turned his attention to Iraq. Bush and his top advisors feared that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein might provide biological, chemical, or even nuclear weapons to Islamic terrorists like Osama bin Laden. After a conflict regarding whether Hussein had WMDs or not, the US government gave Hussein 48 hours to leave Iraq or face invasion, but he rejected this ultimatum the US started its capping with a series of air strikes in April, the US forces entered Baghdad and Hussein's dictatorship quickly collapsed and he was captured he was later executed by Iraqis in 2006 even though Hussein was defeated, the war was still going on Shiite radicals who had supported Hussein along with Iraqis angry at foreign intervention soon gained power differences in the battling ethnic groups and torture conducted by the US troops led to more conflict end of 2006--as many as 1000 people were being killed every month in Iraq so Bush announced a new surge strategy, which meant he would send 20,000 additional US troops to Iraq to secure local neighborhoods

Balkan Wars-Bosnia & Kosovo

President Clinton helped negotiate a peace in Bosnia and afterwards spearheaded the use of NATO air strikes against Serbia to stop attacks in Kosovo. Clinton's intervention led to a compromise peace and an end to the bloodshed and killing.

Foreign Affairs Détente:

President Nixon believed in pursuing a policy of détente- a relaxing of tensions. Nixon introduced the policy of détente to relations with the Soviet Union (and China). Nixon and Kissinger especially wanted to halt the build-up of nuclear weapons.

"Vietnamization"

President Nixon's strategy with help of Henry Kissinger - Called for the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops in order for the South Vietnamese to take on a more active combat role in the war. Turning the war over to the Vietnamese Army (ARVN).

Sonia Sotomayor

President Obama pushed health care reform and the reform of banks and credit card lenders through Congress. He also appointed Sonia Sotomayor as the first Hispanic to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Bay of Pigs (continued)

President ​Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly ​train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. The​ CIA and the exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro. - Kennedy ​learned of the plan only nine days after his election. Although he had doubts, he approved it. - Nothing went as planned. An air strike had failed to ​knock out the Cuban air force.

Economic Problems faced in office (Jimmy Carter)

Problems aggravated by the OPEC Oil Embargo lead to extremely high federal spending between 1980 and into 1996 (large debt).

Title IX (9) (1972)

Prohibited any school that got federal funds from discriminating based on sex. This especially helped women athletes. Their participation rates in athletics got much higher. Prior to 1972, women did not have a lot of things for them to do. If you had a male sport you had to have a female sport. Women should have the same opportunities that the men have.

Medicare

Provided hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 or older.

Black Panthers

Providing meals and healthcare then becomes more radical. A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. Became radical when they drew their guns to stop police brutality. - militant African American political organization formed to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto.

March on Washington

Purpose- to get popular support to persuade Congress to pass the civil rights act. On August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 people converged on the nation's capital and listened to speakers demand the immediate passage of the civil rights bill; MLK made his "I Have a Dream" speech. They were marching for equality, jobs, and freedom. - thousands gathered to hear MLKs "I have a dream speech"- calling for peace and racial harmony. He turned the march into a major historical event.

Up for his own reelection in 1964 (Johnson)

Ran against Barry Goldwater- Goldwater was an extremist- one that might use nuclear weapons. Commercial with little girl and bomb- too extreme for America. Johnson wins by a landslide.

1984 Election

Reagan (Republican) was reelected. He ran against Walter Mondale (Democratic). More overwhelming victory for Reagan and the Conservative movement. It was the first time a major party (the democrats) had chosen a woman to be a vice presidential candidate: Geraldine Ferraro. Republicans nominated Sarah Palin in 2008 as a vice presidential candidate.

Reagan nominated 3 new Justices most important:

Sandra Day O'Connor: the first woman nominated to be a justice on the Supreme Court.

Deregulation

Regan fights stagflation with lower taxes and his deregulation policies. Lead to a drop in oil prices. The Federal Reserve brings a big drop in inflation because of them lowering interest rates. Medicare and social security were left untouched. This combination with a big jump in defense spending resulted in national debt tripling during Reagan's presidency. The idea of cutting taxes but still allowing the government to grow through defense spending.

Nixon's Administration

Republican, 1968-1974 Foreign Affair expert Inherits a divided country. The silent majority helped get him elected.

George H. W. Bush

Republican, 1988-1992 Path to office: Defeats Michael Dukakis (Democratic). He accused the caucus of being soft on crime.

George W Bush Republican, 2000-2008

Republican, 2000-2008 The son of former President George H.W. Bush The Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. In November 2000, Bush became President after winning a majority of the Electoral College in the closest Presidential election contest in U.S. history.

Carter ran for reelection against...

Ronald Reagan.

Hernandez v. Texas (1954)

Ruled that Mexican Americans could not be excluded from juries- violation of equal protection under the 14th amendment.

Edgewood ISD vs. Kirby (1984)

Ruled that Texas had to make changes in school financing so poorer school districts had more funding. Texas put in place a Robin-hood program (financing plan).

Key Legislation Delgado v. Bastrop ISD (1948)

Ruled that segregation of Mexican Americans students was illegal in Texas and that it was a violation of the 14th Amendment. This was before the brown decision. Mexican American students must go to school with whites.

Characteristics of the Vietnam War - strategies, physical geography, weapons used, etc. 2

Search and Destroy missions- US seeking out Viet Cong who would use Guerilla tactics. Soldiers would burn villages. Primary issue: Credibility Gap between the American government and the American people- particularly during the Lyndon Johnson Era. People felt like Johnson wasn't telling them the truth. By 1968, the war had polarized the American people into hawks who supported the war efforts of Johnson and the doves who were very anti war

Beat Movement / Beatniks

Small group of writers and artists who were vocal critics of mainstream culture of conformity. This group celebrated personal freedom, which often included drug consumption. - They rejected regular work and preferred communal living (living together). Many were influenced by Zen Buddhism. - One of the leaders of the movement was Jack Kerouac whose book On the Road became a handbook for the Beat Generation -answer

Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviet Union was secretly giving Cuba nuclear missiles; American planes took photographs that revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba and some contained missiles that were ready to launch; this caused the world to live in fear of a nuclear war; Khrushchev removed missiles for an American pledge not to invade Cuba.

US Supreme Court/Bush v. Gore

State officials certified Bush as the winner of Florida's electoral votes. Gore appealed to the Florida Supreme Court, which demanded a statewide recount. Bush appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court ruled, by a narrow 5 to 4 vote, to order an end to the recount.

Alliance for Progress

Targeted Latin American countries. Fighting the spread of communism in third world countries. A US foreign aid program of the 1960s, providing economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries - The United States invested almost $12 billion in Latin America, ​in part to deter these countries from picking up Fidel Castro's ​revolutionary ideas. While the money brought some development to the region, it didn't bring fundamental reforms.

Technology

Technology is the use of tools and techniques to meet human needs. Modern technology, based on science, has led to many changes in manufacturing and productivity. Modern technology is often based on the application of scientific discoveries to solve problems.

Televised debates

Television and the civil rights issues is why John Kennedy won Televised debates turned out to be the key to Kennedy winning. Those who watched thought Kennedy looked like he had won the debate. Those who listened thought Nixon was more presidential. It was a close race. John F. Kennedy was not very good at working with Congress. He was inexperienced in foreign affairs and foreign policy.

2000 Presidential Election

The 2000 Presidential Election was the closest in U.S. history. George W Bush's Democratic opponent was Bill Clinton's Vice President, Al Gore. Al Gore won the popular vote, but the winner in the Electoral College depended on who won Florida. Many Florida voters had failed to correctly punch in their ballots. The Florida Supreme Court demanded a recount. The U.S. Supreme Court overruled it by a 5 to 4 decision, making George W. Bush President.

Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)

The First Gulf War was Bush's greatest single foreign policy success. In August 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, capturing its vast oil wealth and extending Iraq's borders. Hussein refused requests by the United Nations to withdraw. In response, U.N. forces, under U.S. leadership, launched an attack against Iraq. The invasion succeeded in only a few days. In February 1991, Hussein agreed to remove all Iraqi troops from Kuwait and to pay Kuwait for damages. The U.S. saw this as a threat to their national security. Bush invaded Kuwait and moved out the invader of Kuwait.

Iran-Contra Affair (1986-1987)

The Iran-Contra Affair arose out of a secret foreign policy operation by officials in the Reagan White House. In 1986, officials in the Reagan Administration acted against the policy of refusing to negotiate with terrorists by secretly selling arms to Iran as part of a deal in exchange for the release of American hostages in Lebanon. Profits from the sales of the arms to Iran were then diverted to support the anti-Communist "Contra" rebels fighting the Communist government of Nicaragua (of the Sandanistas). Reagan maintains it happened without his authorization, but a memo linked the White House to the affair. Hurts Reagan's credibility. He was known as the teflon president (things don't stick to him). Reagan wanted to "roll-back" communism (not just contain it).

Social issues of the 1980s The New Right:

The New Right became part of this conservative resurgence. Basically a backlash against affirmative action, the feminist movement, the ERA amendment, counterculture, and the gay rights movement. AIDS became an epidemic. The federal government did not really intervene with anything. Abortion continues to be a battle ground between conservatives and liberals. Roe v. Wade (1973): Supreme court decision

OPEC

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had been formed by oil-producing countries in 1960. Most OPEC members were Arab countries. In 1973, the Arab nations of OPEC used oil as a political weapon by imposing an oil embargo on the United States and Western Europe for siding with Israel in the 1973 war.

al-Qaeda

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 stirred bin Laden to recruit Islamic soldiers from around the world to resist the Soviets. This organization later became the basis of al-Qaeda.

Equal Rights Amendment (continued)

The amendment scared many people, and a Stop-ERA campaign was launched in 1972. The ERA was passed by both houses of Congress, signed by the president, and sent to be ratified by the states. The states on two different occasions failed to ratify this so it never became law or part of the constitution. It was never ratified by enough states to be part of the constitution.

Watergate (continued)

The U.S. Supreme Court ordered Nixon to hand over the taped conversations to Congress. Faced with impeachment, Nixon resigned the Presidency on August 8, 1974. Nixon had no direct involvement in the wiretapping or break in. He was obsessed with stopping leaks. No one is above the law, not even the president. The disillusionment continued of American people with their government. The cynicism- the government is lying and is corrupt.

1990 recession

The United States gradually moved back into a recession by 1990. Economists blamed the economic downturn on reduced spending by consumers, corporations, and federal and state governments. In addition, greater foreign competition led to less demand for some American products. This resulted in lay-offs in several key industries.

Globalization

The emergence of multinational corporations has contributed to globalization. This has had a serious impact on government policies.

U2 Incident - Eisenhower

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.***this did NOT happen under Truman. Pilot was found guilty.

Breakup of Soviet Union (1989-1991)

The most important event of the Bush Presidency was the end of the Cold War. During Reagan's presidency, Mikhali Gorbachev had initiated reforms that set in motion a series of key events. From 1989 to 1991, Eastern Europe moved from Communism to democracy, the Berlin Wall was torn down, and Germany was reunited. In 1991, the Soviet Union itself dissolved and was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States. Bush recognized Russia and the other newly independent republics and offered them economic assistance.

Birmingham Campaign

The thing that threw Kennedy over the edge. That's when he sends his civil rights bill to Congress. It didn't get passed until after his death (really pushed forward by Lyndon Johnson). 1. To attack Birmingham as the most segregated city in the South. You would get the press that you need and a reaction out of Bull Connor. 2. Famous letter from Martin Luther King Jr.- we are fighting unjust laws- no one should be following an unjust law- he justifies his position 3. When things were about to crumble the children stepped in. The Children's March in Birmingham led that campaign to success. 4. A nonviolent movement organized by the SCLC in response to the racial segregation in public accommodations.

La Raza Unida (political party)

There to help fight for Mexican American rights- lead movement for equality. Others, like Texan José Angel Gutiérrez, sought to create an independent Latino political movement. In 1970, he established La Raza Unida (The People United). In the 1970s, La Raza Unida ran Latino candidates in five states and won races for mayor, as well as other local political offices.

Power alley in Moscow was putting nuclear missiles in Cuba (just 90 miles off the coast of Florida).

This created a problem. Tension between Soviet Union and United States. The US insisted they remove those missiles. Khrushchev was playing chicken with Kennedy and he backed down and they began to remove their missiles under UN sanction. The US pledges never to invade Cuba. They made a private, secret pledge that 6 months later they would remove American missiles from Turkey. Prior to this the Berlin Wall was being erected in Berlin to prevent the flow of workers from East Berlin to West Berlin.

Limited Test Ban Treaty

Treaty in which the US and the Soviet Union agreed not to conduct nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere.

Chemical Weapons

U.S. planes dropped napalm, ​a gasoline-based ​bomb that set fire to the jungle (to help clear out Viet Cong tunnels). They also sprayed Agent Orange, ​a leaf-killing (to kill off jungle terrain) ​toxic chemical. The saturation use of these weapons often wounded civilians and ​left villages and their surroundings in ruins. Years later, many would blame Agent ​Orange for cancers suffered by Vietnamese civilians and American veterans. ​

My Lai Massacre

U.S. platoon under the command of Lieutenant William Calley, Jr., had massacred innocent civilians in the small village of My Lai in northern South Vietnam. (search and destroy ideas) William Calley- kills a lot of the ppl - Calley was searching for Vietcong rebels. Finding no sign of the enemy, the troops rounded up the villagers and shot more than 200 innocent Vietnamese—mostly women, children, and elderly men.

Vietnam War French Indochina- Colonized by which country:

Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia under French control. By the late 1800s Vietnam was a french colony and part of the french Indochina holdings.

Early U.S. Involvement - what occurred under each administration? • Truman:

US involvement began as an attempt to follow the Truman Doctrine and contain communism (domino theory- if Vietnam fell to communism then all of southeast Asia would fall). Example of Cold war competition b/w the U.S. and the Soviet Union which involved other countries not direct conflict. Just as in Korea, Congress never formally declared war in Vietnam. Harry Truman viewed the fight between the French and Viet Minh as a fight against communism. The idea that his containment policy would intervene. He continued to give financial aid to the French.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009)

Under President Obama's leadership, Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, pumping more federal money into the economy. More than $700 billion was to be spent by the federal government in a bailout package designed to create new jobs, save existing ones, spur economic activity, and invest in long-term infrastructure development. Obama also gave financial relief to the leading automobile manufacturers to prevent them from going bankrupt.

Job Corps Youth Training Program VISTA

Volunteers in Service to America; often called "domestic peace corps"

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Reaganomics

We were in an economic recession so... Reagan slashed federal programs, cut taxes on businesses, and reduced federal regulations to encourage private competition. He believed that if producers were encouraged, the supply of goods would increase, prices would drop, employment would increase, and stagflation would end. Economists called his strategy '"supply-side" economics, or Reaganomics. Budget cuts, social programs, tried to deregulate business. He increased defense spending.

"Sexual Revolution"

While the counterculture movement faded, its casual "do your own thing" philosophy left its mark. American attitudes toward sexual behavior became more casual and permissive, leading to what became known as the sexual revolution. During the 1960s and 1970s, mass culture—including TV, books, magazines, music, and movies—began to address subjects that had once been prohibited, particularly sexual behavior and explicit violence. There is more birth control available.

Role of Women

Women played a vital role in war industries and many more thousands worked than in WWI. Were still paid less than men and it was expected that women would give up their jobs when the war was over.

Gloria Steinem

a journalist, political activist, and ardent supporter of the women's liberation movement, made her voice heard on the subjects of feminism and equality. Gloria's grandmother had served as president of the Ohio Woman's Suffrage Association from 1908 to 1911; Steinem had inherited her passion and conviction.

Job Corps Youth Training Program Head Start

a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services

1968 Election

a referendum on the war. Nixon wins a narrow victory. His plan was Vietnamization.

"just-in-time" production

a system in which the parts needed for a product arrive at the precise time in the manufacturing process. The ability of computers to track inventory has made this technique, which requires precise communication, possible. "Just-in-time" production was first developed by Toyota.

George Keenan

an American diplomat argued the Soviet Union was different from other world powers and would be satisfied with nothing less than world domination. He said the U.S. had to contain the Soviet Union from further expansion. - He said to use force on Soviets and not back down (this is why did not give up on Berlin) Eastern Europe was a soviet sphere of influence- not an area of containment

Eugene McCarthy and George McGovern

anti war candidates.

3 vital cases that expanded the rights of the excused: Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

attorney must be present in questioning. You cannot question someone who has requested to have an attorney present.

Contract with America

book-length contract proposed by Gingrich that argued that the federal government was too large and was no longer responsive to the people it served. Gingrich claimed that federal programs had taken away personal responsibilities from families and individuals; this contract sought to restore the balance between government and its citizens. It was essentially a promise by Republican candidates to the American people, stating what they would do if they were elected

New Deal Republican (Lyndon B. Johnson)

came into congress as part of a democratic election wave during the New Deal- supported FDR policies. He believed that you should use federal power to improve social conditions, which was what the New Deal was all about- Gave rise to his belief in the Great Society. He was a master politician and good at getting his legislation passed. He was instrumental in getting Kennedy's civil rights bill passed to Congress.

Southern Democrats in Congress

condemned the Brown decision and pledged to fight desegregation and urged other Southerners to do the same. They wanted to stop the integration of public facilities

Savings and Loan Crisis

deregulation of savings and loans allowed them to invest in commercial real estate and businesses. Ended up costing taxpayers about 150 billion dollars in bailout.

Community Action Program

encouraged ​ poor people to participate in public-works programs.

Progressivism, New Deal, and Great Society:

expanded power of the federal government.

Hispanics

fastest growing minority in the US by the 1980s- grew from 3 million to over 9 million in the 60s. Mostly lived in segregated neighborhoods and the jobless rates nearly 50% higher than that of whites.

Flying Tigers

flying supplies into China. China was our ally at the time and we were trying to help them survive the Japanese attack.

Chicano Movement Cesar Chavez (Dólares Huerta) & UFWOC Chavez:

forms the UFWOC- idea was to eliminate discrimination against Mexican Americans- fight for their equality and civil rights.

Social issues of the 1980s Drug Abuse:

growing concern. Whites and businesses continued to move to the suburbs. Nancy Reagan- "Just Say No" to drugs campaign. Reagan is regarded as one of those great American presidents and does a lot to help in the Cold War by fighting the evil empire of the Soviet Union.

Warren Commission

investigated and concluded that Oswald had shot the president while acting on his ​own and he was not part of a conspiracy. Later, in 1979, a reinvestigation concluded that Oswald ​was part of a conspiracy. Investigators also said that two persons may have fired at the president. Numerous other people ​have made investigations. Their explanations have ranged ​from a plot by anti-Castro Cubans, to a Communist-sponsored attack, to a conspiracy by the CIA. ​

Chiang Kai-Shek / Nationalists

leader of the nationalist forces in China who fought against the communists. Chinese Communists had struggled against the nationalist government of him.

Black Power Movement

led by Stokely Carmichael- called for blacks to lead their own organizations. Snik- all black organization. Created idea of Black Pride and Identity.

War Powers Act

limited the powers of the president. The president must inform congress within 48 hours if troops are sent overseas and the troops cannot be kept overseas more than 90 days without congressional approval.

Kennedy Assassination

occurs on November 22nd, 1963 in Dallas, Tx

Hurricane Katrina

one of the worst hurricanes in American history, occurred during Bush's second term. The artificial banks along the sides of the Mississippi River near New Orleans, known as levees, broke and the city was flooded. This hurricane led to the evacuation and flooding of almost 80% of New Orleans and other parts of the Gulf Coast. Some felt the federal government was too slow in reacting.

American Indian Movement

outspoken in trying to create identity and awareness for their plight. Began in 1968 as a self defense group against police brutality. Emerged as an organization to help bring awareness to the poverty, terrible living conditions, and alcohol and drug abuse within the Native American population. Occupation of Alcatraz Island: In San Francisco. Brings awareness to their situation

Paris Accords- peace treaty b/w the United States and the North Vietnamese. It created a cease fire between the US, South Vietnam and North Vietnam effective in January of 1963

peace treaty b/w the United States and the North Vietnamese. It created a cease fire between the US, South Vietnam and North Vietnam effective in January of 1963

Dixiecrats

people who wanted to keep segregation. Hated Truman's civil rights ideas, but they liked his confrontational attitude towards the Soviets. Liberal Democrats (within Truman's own party): liked his civil rights plan, but not his confrontational attitude in the Truman doctrine. Dewey should have won. Eisenhower: Sputnik happened during Eisenhower's administration. He warned us about the military industrial complex. That a too close relationship between the military defense contractors and congress will lead to catastrophe- over supply of weapons.

Civil Disobedience

protesting the law that you feel is unjust- bring about legislative changes. It led to legislation that created permanent change. There was a high level of violence against blacks and white supporters of the movement in the South during these days. Primary violence was against the blacks and whites, they're still using nonviolent civil disobedience as a primary tactic.

Major Accomplishment (Ford)

signing of the Helsinki Accords: Ford continued Nixon's policy of détente with the Soviet Union. In 1975, the U.S., Canada, the Soviet Union, and most European countries signed an international agreement known as the Helsinki Accords, recognizing post- World War II borders and promising respect for human rights. No Arab nation signed because there was no recognition of Israel's right to exist.

GI Bill of Rights

soldiers were given opportunities by the government to pay for their education, give them a home loan, mortgage, job training.

Antiwar Movement

streets were filled with members of the new left- the youth movement of the 60s that wanted dramatic changes in American society. The new left agrees on their opposition to the Vietnam war. Part of New Left- Students for a democratic society (the SDS) the SDS urged changes in American society, claiming that the society was controlled by large corporations and large government bureaucracy. Participatory democracy

Great Society and the New Deal both believed

that government legislation could help the poor and help them out of their social condition.

Neville Chamberlain

the prime minister of England that was very proud of himself for having negotiated with Hitler.

Cuban Blockade

the us had U-boats to block Cuba from importing any additional parts for missiles

Nixon- EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

to address environmental issues with big business.

Progressivism and New Deal:

using legislative actions to address social problems.

Passage of the 26th Amendment

voting age from 21 to 18.

Because of Vietnam

we had a future reluctance to get involved in overseas conflict. Due to the fear of getting stuck in another Vietnam. Future wars most have clear and winnable goals and the media should not have as much unlimited access. The American public must support the war and casualties must be low. American cynicism about trusting the government. Vietnam had a disastrous impact on our trust in our government.

Betty Friedan / The Feminine Mystique

women and society in the 1950s; talked about an identity crisis women were having concerning having a job and the role they were meant to have ***she was angry women were given no option other than to stay at home. She advocated that it was ok to seek a career or an alternative to fulfill life.

Draft (Vietnam War)

⅔ of the troops were volunteered and ⅓ were drafted. Drafts fueled anti- war protests. Troops were well trained but young (avg age 19) many were working class whites. African Americans were at a disproportionate number to the population living in the US. Men attending college could not be drafted.