SB 18

What is the recommendation for alpha-linolenic acid (the essential omega-3 fatty acid) during pregnancy?

1.4 grams/day

All infants (formula and breastfed), should receive a supplement of 10mg of vitamin _____ every day from birth until the infant consumes enough of the vitamin from food. Multiple choice question.

10 mcg

What is the recommendation for vitamin D set by the American Academy of Pediatrics for both formula-fed and breastfed infants?

10 mg per day from birth until this amount is consumed through food sources. 10mcg?

Cow's milk should never be used in infant feeding until the infant is at least ___ months old.

12

Recommendations for omega-6 fatty acid intake during pregnancy are increased to ____ grams per day.

13

During the first trimester, the pregnant woman's weight should increase by _____ to ______ pound(s).

2 to 4

Caffeine intake during pregnancy should be limited to less than

200 milligrams per day.

A gestation period of at least ______ is one criterion for a successful pregnancy.

37 weeks

Low-birth-weight (LBW) infants are those weighing less than ______ pounds at birth.

5.5

Micronutrient needs during pregnancy increase by up to ______% during pregnancy.

50%

What are the energy needs for human milk production and the Estimated Energy Requirement for breastfeeding women, respectively?

800 kcal/day; 400-500 kcal/day

There is no scientific evidence that the use of prenatal vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy poses any significant health risks, except from the combined amounts of dietary and supplemental use of vitamin

A

What is physiological anemia?

An increase in blood volume that dilutes red blood cell concentration

What are some strategies a pregnant woman can use in order to reduce morning sickness?

Avoid large fluid intake in the morning Avoid fried or greasy foods Eat saltines prior to getting out of bed

For a man who would like to change his diet to improve fertility, which of the following would be the best choice for dinner?

Baked salmon and brown rice

Which foods should be increased in a vegan diet to meet the nutritional needs during pregnancy?

Beans Seeds Grains Nuts

What are some alternative treatment options for pregnancy-induced hypertension that can be used if it is too soon to deliver the infant?

Bed rest Magnesium sulfate treatment

What are some adverse health effects associated with administering supplemental water to exclusively breastfed infants during the first six months of life?

Brain disorders Low blood sodium

Which statement is true about breastfeeding?

Breastfeeding education can help new mothers initiate and continue breastfeeding.

When is low-birth-weight most likely to occur?

Closely spaced births Multiple births

What poses risk to the organ systems of the developing fetus?

Exposure to radiation

What are some nutritional deficiencies and other health insults that pose risk to the organ systems of the fetus?

Exposure to radiation Adverse reaction to medications Maternal intake of excessive vitamin A

True or False: Breastfeeding education usually focuses on proper nutrition.

F; Breastfeeding education usually focuses on problems to expect and proper technique.

Which of the following could result from poor maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy?

Gestational hypertension Gestational diabetes Immune deficiency

Which factor contributes to the increased occurrence of heartburn during pregnancy?

Hormones from the placenta relax GI tract muscles.

Which factors contribute to edema during pregnancy?

Increased blood volume Placental hormones

What are the adverse health effects associated with iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy?

Increased risk for fetal death Low-birth-weight infants Preterm delivery

What is the negative effect of ketone bodies on fetal development?

Ketone bodies are poorly used by the fetal brain for energy and may potentially slow fetal brain development.

What are the infant health risks associated with excess maternal body weight during pregnancy?

Macrosomia Increased risk of birth defects

What are some nutritional problems experienced by infants that are born before 37 weeks' gestation?

Poor ability to suck and swallow Insufficient iron and calcium stores Insufficient fat

Choose the advantages of breastfeeding for the mother.

Potential for a quicker return to prepregnancy weight Decreases the risk of chronic diseases later in life Quicker return of the uterus to its prepregnancy state

Why is delivery the most reliable treatment for eclampsia or preeclampsia?

Pregnancy-induced hypertension resolves once the infant is delivered.

High intakes of which of the following types of fats may promote insulin resistance and therefore impair ovulation?

Saturated fatty acids Trans fatty acids

What are the maternal health risks associated with excess body weight during pregnancy? Multiple select question.

Spontaneous abortion Hypertension Diabetes Blood clots

Before and during pregnancy, how does weight status of teenage mothers differ from the weight status of adult mothers (i.e., 20 to 35 years of age)?

Teenagers are more likely than adult women to be underweight at the start of pregnancy. Teenagers are more likely than adult women to gain less than optimal weight during pregnancy.

What is the purpose of the difference in caloric needs between milk production and the recommended energy intake for a breastfeeding woman?

The difference creates a safe daily caloric deficit to promote weight loss of extra body fat gained during pregnancy.

Which of the following are considered to be important indicators of a successful pregnancy?

The mother's physical and emotional health are protected. Infant birth weight is greater than 5.5 pounds.

Why is low birth weight most likely to occur among multiple births and closely spaced births?

There may be a lack of nutrients available due to increased fetal needs or diminished stores from the earlier pregnancy.

True or false: Pregnant women are at greater risk of experiencing heartburn than nonpregnant women.

True

Excess body fat tends to impair fertility among

both men and women.

Which two supplements should not be taken together to avoid competition for absorption?

calcium iron

When it comes to carbohydrate choices, women with PCOS should

choose whole grains instead of refined grains. consume fewer sugar-sweetened beverages.

A deficiency of vitamin _____ is implicated in serious complications of pregnancy, including higher rates of diabetes and hypertension and poor fetus growth.

d

Calorie intake during the first trimester should be

essentially the same as for a nonpregnant woman.

Carbohydrate intakes of most women, pregnant or not, ______ the RDA.

exceed

True or false: Although vitamin needs increase during pregnancy, mineral needs remain the same.

false

During breastfeeding, a woman may meet her daily needs for omega-3 fatty acids by consuming ______ twice per week. Multiple choice question.

fish

Physiological anemia during pregnancy is also referred to as

hemodilution.

______ intakes of saturated and trans fats are associated with impaired fertility.

high

High body fat can impair fertility in women due to

increased oxidative stress. increased insulin resistance.

Preterm delivery, low-birth-weights, and increased risk of fetal death are outcomes of

iron-deficiency anemia.

To improve fertility among women with PCOS, research most clearly supports the benefits of

loss of excess body weight.

Inadequate prenatal care is associated with a three times greater risk of delivering a(n) _____ ________ __________ infant.

low birth weight

Infants born to mothers with a prepregnancy BMI of 25 or higher are ______ to experience health problems compared to infants born to mothers of BMI in the range of 18.5 - 24.9.

more likely

Increasing consumption of ______ fatty acids may improve sperm quality in men.

omega-3

Consuming fish two times per week will help a breastfeeding mother meet her recommendation for

omega-3 fatty acids.

Adequate folate intake at least 8 weeks prior to conception helps prevent

premature birth. neural tube defects.

The use of a vitamin and mineral supplement during pregnancy gives the woman

protection from nutrient deficiencies.

Many women already consume enough _____ in excess of their needs and therefore do not need to focus specifically on increasing or decreasing intake.

protein

Edema becomes a concern if it is accompanied by

protein in the urine. hypertension.

Babies that are exclusively breastfed _____ be given supplemental water and juice.

should not; Excessive water can lead to brain disorders, low blood sodium, and other problems.

Illicit drug use during pregnancy is harmful to the fetus because

the fetus's detoxification system is immature.

Most women are physically capable of breastfeeding their infants.

true

True or false: Many nonpregnant women consume excess protein daily and do not need to increase their protein intake during pregnancy.

true

It is ______ to eat raw meats or other raw animal products during pregnancy. Multiple choice question.

unsafe

Taking megadoses (10 to 25 milligrams three or four times per day) of ______ may alleviate nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy.

vitamin B-6

Adequate intake of ______ at least 8 weeks before conception and during pregnancy improves pregnancy outcomes

vitamins minerals

Compared to the needs of nonpregnant women, the RDA for ______ is increased during pregnancy.

zinc iron iodine

When a couple is trying to increase the chances of conceiving a child, what is an ideal level of alcohol intake?

0

What is considered healthy weight gain for a pregnant woman during the second and third trimesters?

0.8 to 1 pound per week