SB Chapter 12: Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals

Which of the following represent situations in which the use of vitamin and/or mineral supplements may be necessary?

1. Women with excessive bleeding during menstruation 2. Women who may become or who are pregnant 3. Individuals with low calorie intakes

Adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins depends on sufficient _____.

1. absorption of fat 2. fat digestion 3. fat intake

Nutrition experts suggest that the best way to meet nutritional needs is to ______.

1. eat a diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich fruits and vegetables 2. consume a diet that includes whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and lean sources of both plant and animal protein

Two health claims that have been approved for supplements are ______.

1. folic acid's effects on neural tube defects 2. the roles of calcium and vitamin D in osteoporosis

Foods with enriched grains have less _____ compared to whole grain foods.

potassium and vitamin B-6

plant products

potassium, magnesium, and manganese

For a supplement to have the USP designation listed on that product, it must meet the standards for _____.

quality, purity, packaging, labeling strength

The need for supplements in healthy people, as well as those with diseases or health risks, can best be assessed by a ______.

registered dietician

Essential vitamins ______________.

1. may be synthesized by the body in insufficient amounts 2. cannot be synthesized by the body in required amounts

According to the World Health Organization, which global population is at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency?

Women of childbearing years and preschool children

Most water-soluble vitamins are ______.

1. not stored in the body to an appreciable extent 2. excreted from the body rapidly

Vitamins are ________.

1. nutrients that aid in the growth of body tissues 2. nutrients that aid in the maintenance of body tissues 3. not energy producing nutrients

Which populations are most at risk of developing a vitamin deficiency?

1. the elderly 2. alcohol abusers 3. those with intestinal conditions

If we require _____ mg or more of a mineral daily, it is considered a major mineral.

100

Vitamins A and D are unlikely to cause toxicities unless they are taken in amounts _______ times greater than the RDA.

5 to 10

Vitamins are ___________ in human diets because either they cannot be synthesized or they are synthesized in the body in insufficient amounts.

essential

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be ______________vitamins.

fat-soluble

Which trace minerals can be toxic when consumed excessively?

zinc and iron

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following major minerals are most likely to fall short of DRI recommendations in U.S. diets?

calcium and potassium

Excess mineral intake ___________.

can be toxic

Supplements ______ claim to prevent, treat, or cure a disease.

cannot

Once absorbed, fat-soluble vitamins are packaged for transport in the circulation by way of ______.

chylomicrons

Supplements with high amounts of zinc can interfere with which of the following?

copper

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with _____.

dietary fat

The FDA _____ closely monitor the safety of supplements consumed in the United States.

does not

The best way to meet nutritional needs is to _____.

eat a varied diet

Minerals are essential inorganic elements needed in small amounts in the diet for the normal _____ of body tissues.

function, growth, and maintenance

For most vitamins, the natural forms (isolated from foods) ______.

have the same health benefits as synthetic forms (made in a laboratory)

A substance qualifies as a vitamin because ______.

health declines when the substance is available in insufficient amounts in the body

The water-soluble vitamins include __________.

the B-vitamins and vitamin C

A _______ mineral is needed in small amounts, generally less than 100 mg per day.

trace

Excretion of the major minerals takes place primarily through the _____.

urine

Storage of different minerals in the body is ____.

varied

An essential, organic nutrient needed in small amounts in the diet is called a ____________.

vitamin

USP labeling of dietary supplements is ______.

voluntary

The B-vitamins and vitamin C are _____ vitamins.

water-soluble

The B-vitamins and vitamin C dissolve in water and are thus classified as _____ vitamins.

water-soluble

Which type of vitamin is more easily destroyed by light and heat during cooking and/or storage?

water-soluble

Increased dietary intakes of _____ have been associated with a decreased incidence of cancer.

whole grains & fiber and dairy products

which vitamins are important to red blood cell synthesis and amino acid metabolism?

1. Vitamin B-6 2. Folate 3. Vitamin B-12

Name the fat-soluble vitamins.

1. Vitamin K 2. Vitamin D 3. Vitamin A 4. Vitamin E

Which of the following are functions of certain vitamins?

1. Aid in energy metabolism 2. Important for amino acid metabolism 3. Important for red blood cell synthesis

Identify recommendations for supplement use by registered dieticians.

1. Be sure your total nutrient intake, including supplements, does not exceed the Upper Level for any nutrients. 2. Choose a nationally recognized brand.

A food's vitamin content can be decreased by exposure to _____.

1. Heat 2. Light 3. Air

Which of the following are strategies to preserve vitamin content in fruits and vegetables?

1. Minimize cooking time and reheating. 2. Keep fruits and vegetables cool. 3. Microwave, steam, or stir-fry most fruits and vegetables.

Which vitamins are especially important in energy metabolism?

1. Niacin 2. Riboflavin 3. Thiamin

Why are most vitamin deficiencies rare in North America?

1. Typical diets contain foods that have been enriched. 2. Typical diets contain ample sources of vitamins. 3. Typical diets contain varied natural sources of vitamins.

Vitamins that dissolve in organic solvents, such as _________________, are called fat-soluble vitamins.

1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin D 3. Vitamin K

dairy products

calcium

Why should you not add baking soda to vegetables?

Alkalinity destroys vitamin D and other vitamins.

Vitamin ____ participates in the synthesis of collagen.

C

Why are consumers ultimately responsible for protecting themselves when using supplements?

The FDA does not regulate supplements.

Especially in impoverished areas of Africa and Southeast Asia, women of childbearing years are at an increased risk of developing a ______ deficiency.

Vitamin A

Which vitamins are the most likely to have toxic effects?

Vitamin A and Vitamin D

High intakes of folate can mask the symptoms of a _____ deficiency.

Vitamin B-12

Which two water-soluble vitamins are stored to a greater extent than other water-soluble vitamins?

Vitamin B-6 and Vitamin B-12

Which vitamins are required for critical reactions related to amino acids?

Vitamin B-6 and Vitamin B-12

___________ tumors are noncancerous because they are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from spreading.

benign

High intakes of _____ have been associated with an increased risk of cancer.

alcohol, meat, and fried foods

Excessive calorie intake may _____ cancer risk.

increase

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which trace mineral is most likely to fall short of DRI recommendations in U.S. diets?

iron

meat products

iron and zinc

If _______ function fails, intake of minerals such as phosphorus and potassium must be controlled to avoid toxicity.

kidney

Refined grains ____ the nutrient-rich germ and bran layers.

lack

Iron is stored in the ___________ and bone marrow.

liver

After they are absorbed, fat-soluble vitamins are transported as chylomicrons first through the _______ system.

lymphatic

Sulfur, sodium, magnesium, and chloride are all examples of _______ minerals.

major

Tumors that are capable of invading surrounding structures and metastasizing to other areas of the body are called ______.

malignant

Vegans ___ supplements to prevent certain micronutrient deficiencies.

may require

Because the quantities of vitamins and minerals that we need for good health are so small, they are called ___________.

micronutrients

Which essential inorganic elements are needed in small amounts in the diet for the normal function, growth, and maintenance of body tissues?

minerals

Vitamins isolated from foods are classified as ____.

natural

Which vitamins are involved in facilitating the release of energy from macronutrients?

niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

When substance intake is insufficient to meet needs, a _____ develops, accompanied by a measurable decrease in health.

nutrient deficiency

Micronutrients include ________ that we need in very small quantities for our health.

nutrients

which of the following are major minerals?

phosphorus, potassium, calcium

Oxalic acid and ___________ acid can limit the absorption of some minerals by chemically binding to them and preventing their release during digestion.

phytic

What is the term for a constituent in wheat grain fiber that binds to minerals and decreases their bioavailability?

phytic acid

Potassium, magnesium, and manganese are more plentiful in ____ foods.

plant

Evidence supports a diet emphasizing _____ to decrease cancer risk.

plant-based foods