School Counseling Exam
The correct stages of Jean Piaget's theory are:
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperations 3. Concrete operations 4. Formal operations
Kohlberg lists ___ stages of moral development which fall into ___ levels:
6;3 1.Preconventional, 2.Conventional, 3.Postconventional 1.punishment/obedience 2.naive hedonism 3.good boy/good girl orientation 4.authority, law, and order orientation 5.democratically accepted law/social contract 6.principles of self-conscience and universal ethics
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
A 13-year old male middle school student Conformity seems to peak in the early teens
Freud: Adolescence
Age: 12-18 years old Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion Important Events: Social relationships Outcome: Fidelity
Freud: Young Adulthood
Age: 19-40 years Conflict: intimacy vs. isolation Important Events: relationships Outcome: love
Freud: Early Childhood
Age: 2-3 years Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Important events: toilet training Outcome: Will
Freud: Preschool
Age: 3-5 years Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt Important Events: Exploration Outcome: Purpose
Freud: Middle Adulthood
Age: 40-65 years old Conflict: generativity vs. stagnation Important Events: work and parenthood Outcome: care
Freud: School Age
Age: 6-11 years old Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority Important Events: School Outcome: Confidence
Freud: Maturity
Age: 65-death Conflict: ego integrity vs. despair Important Events: reflection on life Outcome: wisdom
Freud: Infancy
Age: Birth to 18 months Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust Important events: feeding Outcome: hope
Who was the pioneer of using a one-way mirror for observing children?
Arnold Gessell Maturationist
Manifest content means:
Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as
Empiricists
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was:
Erik Erikson
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erikson
Trust versus mistrust is:
Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general
Girls, grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2, girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is:
Harry Harlow
_________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
The zone of proximal development was pioneered by:
Lev Vygotsky
DBT focuses heavily on:
Mindfulness being aware of your own state of mind and the environment
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered:
Object permanence AND representational thought
What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
Organicism
Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are:
PsychoSOCIAL
What is Hedonism?
Pursuit of pleasure --> If I'm nice to others, they will be nice to be and I'll get what I want
The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of:
Sigmund Freud (who created psychodynamic theory)
What are Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
What did Kohlberg use to determine the level of moral development in children?
Stories
In the general U.S. population:
Suicide rates tend to increase with age
What does Piaget mean by egocentrism?
a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by:
a desire to conform AND a desire to live up to society's expectations
Conservation
a substance's weight, mass and volume remain the same even if it changes shape
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg theory as:
a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage:
abstract thinking emerges AND problems can be solved using deduction
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing:
an apparatus known as a visual cliff
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life:
appeared to be autistic
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and
assumes 3 things : 1. the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes 2. hereditary characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes 3. genes composed of DNA hold genetic code
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _____ a given psychosexual stage.
become fixated at
The concept of maturation hypothesis suggests that:
behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest until necessary stimuli are present in the environment individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity to unfold
A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
An empiricist view of development would be:
behavioristic
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with:
bonding and attachment
In terms of parenting young children:
boys are punished more than girls
Realistic thinking
can perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist per situation; more than one way to view the world
Kohlberg: Preconventional
child responds to consequences reward & punishment greatly influence the behavior
Kohlberg: Postconventional
concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights ex: Ghandi or MLK Jr.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as:
concrete operations - ages 7-11 years
John Bowlby asserted that:
conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by:
consequences
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered:
conservation
Freud and Erikson:
could be classified as maturationists
What is the zone of Proximal Development?
describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher VS. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor
What does Epigenetic mean?
each stage emerges from the one before it. process follows a given order and is systematic AND environmental factors can influence genetic expression
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of
egocentrism
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
generativity versus stagnation
Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual:
has self-imposed morals and ethics
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles:
has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development is in the post conventional level of self-accepted moral principles
Development is cephalocaudal, which means:
head to foot
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as:
his findings were often derived from observing his own children
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean:
how much heredity or environment interact to influence development
behaviorists feel:
if it can't be measured, then it doesn't exist
Kohlberg: Conventional
individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation
Robert Kegan
individuals construct reality throughout the life span
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage:
integrity vs. despair
The Eriksoninan stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is:
intimacy versus isolation--- ages 23-34 years
Development:
is a continuous process which begins at conception
The fear of death:
is the greatest during middle age
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level
Freud's Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage)
is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur (occurs during the phallic stage)
Comparative psychology
laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is:
latency
The ego is:
logical, rational, and utilizes reasoning and control
In adolescence:
males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
Did Vygotsky and Piaget agree on developmental stages taking place naturally?
no. Vygotsky insisted the stages unfold due to educational intervention
What is it called If the bond between a child and an adult is severed at an early age?
object loss
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is:
oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
Stage theorists assume:
qualitative changes between stages occur
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers (prefer contact)
Latent content means:
refers to the hidden meaning of the dream
In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists:
refute the concept of the superego
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the:
sensorimotor stage
The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the:
sensorimotor stage -- birth to 2 years
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as:
the Electra complex
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkey's:
the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a Terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
The id is also called:
the pleasure principle
Heritability
the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
What are the three levels of morality? (Kohlberg)
the preconventional conventional postconventional **each level can be broken down into to stages**
The ego is also known as:
the reality principle
The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to
the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment
Positive Psychology
the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, and happiness
Dualistic thinking (Robert Perry)
things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong; black and white thinking; ideas related to adult cognitive development (college students)
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:
three levels of morality
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is:
true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to:
volume or mass
An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that
watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
In Freudian theory.. attachment is a major factor of
which evolves primarily during the oral stage