School Mafia #3 *****, School Mafia #4 180 ***** (3 & 4). NEW NEW
- *More school days* a year - Focus on *rote learning & memorization* - Cultural belief that all children are capable of learning - Intense *pressure* from National system of *entrance exams*
characteristics of *Japan's school system* (has high academic achievement)
Why are males 6x more likely to succeed at committing suicide than females?
They are much more likely to use LETHAL means (guns, strangulation) whereas females are more likely to use non-lethal means, like drugs.
An example of White privilege discussed in class
They do not experience microaggressions, for example if they are not accepted in the job hunt, they do not have to consider if it is because of the color of their skin. As a White person, you never have to worry if anything was against your favor because of who you are.
Uses and Gratifications Approach
This approach to media's influence on teens recognizes that the role media plays is more complex than cause and effect. Emphasis is on viewing people as active media consumers. Based on: People differ in multiple ways that make them have different preferences for media. People consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending on their individual characteristics.
women & girls
childcare & *housework* is mainly the responsibility of .. in *traditional* cultures (meal preparation can be *labor intensive* in pre-industrial cultures)
what are factors that are possible early contributions to adhd
cigarette and alcohol exposure, low birth weight, high levels of maternal stress during pregnancy
Experimental Substance Use
Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity
Marlboro and Camel Cigarette Ads
Two of the brands most popular among adolescents, Marlboro smoked by half of 12-17 yr. old smokers. Newport 25% Camel 13%. These are the three most heavily advertised brands; cig advertising one of influences that lead them to smoke.
How are work and psychological functioning related?
UP TO 10 HOURS: not related to any psychological symptoms, little effect on adolescent development. BEYOND 10 hours: Anxiety, Depression, Less sleep; Disruptive to eating and exercise habits; More likely to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes. BEYOND 20 HOURS: Problems become considerable worse; Likely using alcohol, drugs, and/or cigarettes; Vandalism, driving while intoxicated, getting into physical fights.
How do adolescents around the work spend their time?
US adolescents spend about 40% less time on schoolwork than East Asian adolescents. The largest amount of US adolescents free time were spent ON MEDIA (like video games) and UNSTRUCTURES AND UNCHALLENGING LEISURE ACTIVITIES.
Which countries use comprehensive high school as main from of secondary education?
USA, Canada, Japan
Most of the problems reported for adolescents from a lower-SES background were _____, ______ behaviors.
Undercontrolled, externalizing
Postformal thought
Understanding that the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and can vary situationally.
Hunting, Fishing, Gathering: Traditional Cultures
Undertaken by men; teen boys learn how it is done by accompanying fathers on trips. Females rarely do this, but sometimes help by holding nets. Success at fishing includes navigation and boating skills, South Sea Island natives used compass. Nomadic way of life associated w/ hunting, not well-suited to a global economy. Women gather, contribute more than hunting.
will turn into a career (*identity-based work*)
Unlike adolescents, most *emerging adults* are looking for a job that..
Abundant Leisure and School Success Rates
Unstructured socializing is negatively related to academic performance, while structured leisure in organized activities appears to have positive effects. Sternberg.
Work and Psychological Functioning (for adolescents)
Up to 10 hours per week Not related to any psychological symptoms Little effect on adolescent development Beyond 10 hours per week Anxiety, Depression, Sleep per night declines Disruptive to eating and exercise habits More likely to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes Beyond 20 hours per week Problems become considerably worse Likely using alcohol, drugs, and/or cigarettes Vandalism, driving while intoxicated, getting in to physical fights
Work Hours and Psychological Functioning
Up to 10 hours per week, work has little effect on psychological functioning, or amount of sleep teens get. Beyond this, amount of sleep declines as work hours increase. Beyond 20 hours a week, problems become increasingly significant (anxiety, worsening grades). HOWEVER, working a job that gives new skills is positively correlated to psychological well-being. Teens who work more likely to use drugs, cigs, especially if over 10 hours per week.
Work and psychological functioning for adolescents
Up to 10 hours per week: Not related to any psychological symptoms; little effect on adolescent development. Beyond 10 hours per week: Anxiety, Depression, Sleep per night declines; Disruptive to eating and exercise habits; More likely to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes. Beyond 20 hours per week: Problems become considerably worse; Likely using alcohol, drugs, and/or cigarettes; Vandalism, driving while intoxicated, getting into physical fights.
Secondary Education/College percetanges: Developed vs. Nondeveloped countries
Virtually 100% of adolescents in developed countries go to secondary school. 50% attend college. 50% of adolescents non developed countries attend secondary school, while 10% attend college.
What types of careers are good for low self-monitors?
WHATEVER THEY CHOOSE, because they know themselves and have a strong understanding of what they want, they are capable of being good at any career they put their mind to.
Cultivation Theory
Watching TV gradually shapes or cultivates a person's worldview so it becomes like the worldview frequently depicted on TV/Mean World Syndrome
Cultivation Theory of Media's Influence
Watching TV gradually shapes or cultivates a person's worldview; over time it comes to resemble the views that are on the TV. Ex: Ado girls who watch soap operas are more likely to believe single mothers have easy lives, because they are portrayed as such on the soap opera shows.
What is the job market looking like as times continue to change?
We have become more service and information focused which has led to a higher education being more necessary.
friendships are important throughout life, but during adolescene, two categories of peer groups become more important: _________ and crowds
cliques
in which of the following ways do cliques generally form
club or sports team, friendships with other individuals, through shared activities
another term used to describe conglomerate strategies is______
coaching
Social ________ involves thoughts about social matters.
cognition
What is a mindset?
cognitive new individuals develop for themselves , two mindsets- fixed and growth
research has shown participation in extracuriciullar activities in high school is a predictor of __________ enrollment
college
student' family SES
college *Retention* is positively related to..
many high school graduates are poorly prepared for ____- and for the demands of the modern high performance_______-
college, workplace
factors that decrease depression
combination of antidepressant and cognitive therapy
When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, it is referred to as:
comorbidity
what is affectionate love
companionate love, occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep caring affection for the person, more characteristic of adult love
WEIRD
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
the function of _________ is shown when someone is willing to spend time with them and join in collaborative activities
companionship
- High sense of *personal competence*, tend to have higher educational goals & performance - *Want to help others* & gain personal satisfaction - Become more concerned about *political & social issues*
What effects does *volunteering* have on adolescents?
Addictive Substance Use
When a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically or psychologically
Delinquency
When juveniles commit crimes
What is the impact of expectations from parents and teachers on adolescents?
When parent and teachers have high expectations for them and provide the necessary support for them to meet those expectations, then adolescents benefit and prosper. TOO OFTEN parents attempt to protect their children's self-esteem by setting low standards which can have a consequence of the children not feel challenged and thus establish low standards for themselves as well.
Parents effects on Middle School
When parents are aware of and sensitive to adolescents' needs and developmental characteristics, the adolescents are less likely to have self-esteem decrease.
When do major life changes have the most negative health impact?
When the changes are painful such as a family death, job loss, or heart attack; When the changes occur in a cluster and are too many to handle at once.
Fundamental Attribution Error
When we go too far in assuming that a person's behavior is caused by their personality. Ex: Seeing someone trip and think it's because they are clumsy, but then tripping yourself and considering its bc of the environment.
Apprenticeship
Where an adolescent "novice" serves under contract to a "master" who has substantial experience in a profession. Very common in Germany where 60% of all 16- to 18-year-olds are in an apprenticeship program
What is the most common theme in evaluating satisfaction with college classes?
Whether or not personal growth was achieved.
adolescents say they depend more on friends than parents to satisfy which of the following needs
companionship, intimacy, reassurance of worth
what are the six categories of the functions of friends
companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, intimacy/ affection
- Inexperience (small part of problem) - Risky driving behavior in young people - *Parental Involvement & Monitoring* (reduces risk) - Friends' Influence - *Sensation-seeking* personality - Adolescent *egocentrism* (optimistic bias) → personal fable
Why does *Risky Automobile Driving* (Externalizing Problem) happen? Why are car accidents the leading cause of *death in adolescents & emerging adults*?
What are criticisms of the constructivist approach?
You don't know if the student has learned what he/she needs for the next step in education; the student may be lacking in other basic skills
what are developmental cascades
connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
developmental cascades
connections across domains over time to influence developmental pathways and outcomes encompass connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and social processes, including many social contexts
If joe is conscientious as a pre schooler, it is likely that as an adolescent he will be:
conscientious
According to Jessor and colleagues, the underlying cause of externalizing problems during adolescence is "unconventionality," which includes all of the following, except:
conservative views
binge drinking
consuming five or more drinks in a row on one occasion, an indicator of alcohol abuse
peer________ refers to the type of peers adolescents interact with or the situation of location where they are
contexts
peer_______refers to the type of peer adolescents interact with or the situation or location where they are
contexts
secondary control strategies
coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor
criminal behavior
crimes that are dealt with in the criminal justice system, regardless of the age of the offender
the Multisystemic Approach
a *Successful* approach to preventing *crimes & delinquency* that involves intervening in the *home, school, & neighborhood* (Reduced arrests AND reduced out-of-home placements among adolescent offenders)
diathesis
a *pre-existing vulnerability* for a mental disorder - Often genetic basis - could be Prenatal environment
ADHA (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
a biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity inattentiveness, and restlessness, often in school situations
identity-based work
a career that involves *money* plus *personal fulfillment*
dual-career life
a career w/ both *In-home & out-of-home* occupations, led by most *women* in western societies
The "twice-exceptional" learner
a child who is identified as gifted and has another disability o Students who have the ability to think, reason, and problem-solve at very high levels but also have an identified disability
Media Practice Model
a circular model of the *Uses & Gratification Approach* in which: -->Each adolescent's *identity* motivates the *selection* of media products --> Paying *Attention* to certain media products leads to *interaction* w/ those products (*evaluation, interpretation*) --> Adolescents engage in *Application* of the media content - they may *incorporate* this content into their identities or *Resist* it (incorporation/resistance) --> Identity
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
a class of antidepressant medications that have proven to be effective with adolescents suffering from internalizing problems, such as depression
lack of adequate financial support
a common reason for *leaving college* before obtaining a degree
antisocial personality disorder
a disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others
oppositional-defiant disorders
a disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive under, spite and stubbornness
research suggest that adolescents involved in prosocial behaviors at 9 years of age have _______ level of self control at age 10
a higher
oxytocin
a hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others
emerging adulthood
a key period for the expression of *resilience*
School performance
a measure of achievement based on an individuals grades in school
Occupational attainment
a measure of achievement based on the status or prestige of the job an individual holds
Need for achievement
a need that influences the extent to which an individual strives for success in evaluative situations --many come from families in which parents have set high performance standards, have regarded achievement success during childhood, and have encouraged autonomy and independence. -warm parent child relationships and forms of close identifications with their parents.
dopamine
a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of pleasure
National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
a periodic testing of American 4th, 8th and 12th graders by the federal government used to track achievement
definition of ADHD
a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
lack strong parental support
*unemployed emerging adults* are at a higher risk for *depression*, especially those who..
Self-Directed Speech
a personality designed by Holland and used to help individuals better understand their vocation interests
diathesis-stress model
a perspective on disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition
Education placement of students with LD
-Educational Placements of Students with Learning Disabilities o Regular Classroom: 66.2% o Resource Room: 25.1% o Separate Class: 6.8%
What is the difference between externalizing and internalizing problems?
-Externalizing - create difficulties in a person's external world --More common among males --Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily underlying unhappiness or psychopathology (usually because bored to death) --"Undercontrolled" (tend to come from families where not taught to be self-controlled, mom and dad are not present --externalizing problems= delinquent in school, use substances, more likely to do risky driving -Internalizing - primarily affect a person's internal world (within person's own mind) --More common in females- females more likely to hold it in --Associated with experiencing distress (experience distress but hold it in) --"Overcontrolled" (feel stress but don't let it out, come from families usually with tight psychological control, always control yourself so own personality becomes overcontrolled, have to be perfect which can lead to depression and eating disorders -Most of the problems reported for adolescents from a lower-SES background were __undercontrolled_____, __externalizing_______behaviors.
Alcohol
-In 2012, 37.4% of U.S. college students reported having five or more drinks in a row at least once in the last two weeks. • Drinking alcohol before going out is called __pregaming___, and drinking games have become common among college students. • Higher levels of alcohol use have been consistently linked to higher rates of • 1.__sexual risk taking (going out and having sex without a condom)__ • 2.__sexual assaults__
Well-established ADHD treatments
-Stimulant medications: Methylphenidate (ritalin, concerta); Dextroamphetamine (adderall, focalin) -Behavioral interventions: •Behavior parent training •Behavioral classroom management •Intensive summer treatment programs
How do adolescents around the world spend their time?
-U.S. adolescents spend about 40% less time on schoolwork than East Asian adolescents. The largest amounts of U.S. adolescents' free time was spent _using media____ and __engaging in unstructured, unchallenging leisure activities___. -U.S. adolescents may have too much unstructured time for optimal development. When adolescents are allowed to choose what they do with their time, they typically engage in unchallenging activities.
depression
a psychological disturbance characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness and difficulty in finding pleasure in formerly pleasurable activities
conduct disorder
a repetitive and persistant pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others
Why do adolescents drop out of school?
1. Approx. 1/3 of girls drop out for personal reasons (e.g., pregnancy, marriage.) 2. Low SES 3. Sensation-seeking PERSONALITIES which lead to school-related problems 4. Parents or friends who dropped out
What are the four subcultures of college life?
1. Collegiate 2. Vocational 3. Academic 4. Rebel
What are two issues with the claims that working as an adolescent CAUSES poor school performance?
1. Self-esteem: might want to work because they suck at school and they want to be in a field where they can be good at something 2. Low SES
Higher levels of alcohol use have consistently been linked to higher rates of
1. Sexual risk taking (like not using contraceptives 2. Engaging in casual sex (which could lead to multiple partners) 3. Sexual assault
What is the double disadvantage of being an ethnic minority
1. Stressful effects of growing up in poverty 2. Prejudice and discrimination based on their ethnic minority status
Bill approaches new tasks with the attitude that he can master them, and he tries to do so because he wants to gain new skills. Bill is motivated by:
A) intrinsic forces
According to surveys conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation regarding media use
Adolescent media use has increased dramatically in the last decade Media use increases dramatically in adolescence The largest increases in media use in early adolescence are for TV and video game use DAILY MEDIA USE: More than 60 hours a week by 11- to 14-year-olds Almost 56 hours a week by 15- to 18-year-olds
Performance orientation
Adolescents with this orientation are focused on winning, rather than achieving.
Mastery orientation
Adolescents with this orientation re task-oriented; instead of focusing on ability, they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome
Helpless orientation
Adolescents with this orientation seem trapped by the experience of difficult; attribute their difficulty to lack of ability (attribute their trouble to THEMSELVES, thus they give up on themselves. Enhances LOW self-esteem)
Helpless orientation
Adolescents with this orientation seem trapped by the experience of difficult; attribute their difficulty to lack of ability.
Rebel (College Subculture)
Aggressively nonconformist/Critically detached from professors and skeptical of expertise/Selectively studious
External Problem: Substance Abuse
Alcohol: 40% of US high school seniors used alcohol, 31% binge drink in the past month. 19% of US high school seniors smoked cigarettes 23% of US high school seniors smoked weed. Besides cigarettes, alcohol, and weed, other substance frequent use is very low. Highest in early 20s, then declines late 20s. Substance use highest in college students in 20s.
Hallucinogens
Also called psychedelic drugs which modify an individual's perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations; includes LSD,. MJ, and Spice
what are friends
a subset of peers who engage in mutual companionship, support, and intimacy
Social control theory
a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions
Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents have set unrealistically high standards for their children's achievement and react very negatively to failure are most likely to develop:
B) a fear of failure
Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence?
B) authoritative
John and Mary want their children to develop a strong need for achievement. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should:
B) encourage their children's successes
According to the text, Asian children tend to attribute success to:
B) hard work
High school dropout rates would be expected to be highest:
B) in large schools that group students according to ability
The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as:
B) need for achievement
overt antisocial behavior
a type of antisocial behavior characterized by aggression toward others
authority conflicts
a type of antisocial behavior characterized by stubbornness and rebelliousness
Greg, a 17-year-old, has gotten his girlfriend pregnant. If he is typical of other males who impregnate adolescent women, we would expect him to have all of the following problems, except: A) low self-esteem. B) school or work problems. C) physical ailments. D) problems with alcohol and other drugs.
C) physical ailments.
Marlene has had many sexual partners over the last 5 years but has been monogamous within each relationship. What is this pattern called? A) abstinence B) permissiveness C) serial monogamy D) semirestrictiveness
C) serial monogamy
what is anxiety
a vague, unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension
According to the textbook, how is puberty connected to achievement?
D) both A and B are correct
Research on the interaction of the influence of parents and peers suggests all of the following, except:
D) peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.
In the Mandingo tribe, boys and girls are separated until they have completed their religious instruction. This separation also occurs because sexual contact before marriage is strictly forbidden. According to Ford and Beach, this society would be characterized as: A) semi-restrictive. B) permissive. C) prohibitive. D) restrictive.
D) restrictive.
Generalizing from the text, Marge is most likely to have her first sexual encounter with a: A) younger partner. B) classmate. C) casual acquaintance. D) steady boyfriend.
D) steady boyfriend.
Native americans, Whites, Latinos & African Americans
Ethnic differences in *Suicide* from *Most to least* common
Investigative Personality
High on conceptual and theoretical thinking/Thinking problems/Low on social skills/Scholarly fields such as math and science/Thinkers
Type A
Impatient, verbally aggressive, always pushing themselves and others to achieve
Drive for Mastery (Gifted Student)
Intense drive to master the area of their gifts/Capable of focusing for long periods on topic or challenge
common components of Prevention and Intervention programs?
Intensive individualized attention responible attentive adult Community-wide, multiagency collaborative approaches Programs that include policy changes and media campaigns are more effective when they are coordinated with family, peer, and school components Early identification and intervention
effort
Most people in *Asian countries* believe that success or failure in school depends on..
Juvenile delinquency:
Refers to a broad range of behaviors, from socially unacceptable behavior (such as acting out in school) to status offenses (such as running away) to criminal acts (such as burglary)
Gender in Occupation/Employment
Substantial influence on job choice/Some jobs are held by men and others by men/Women-service sector:teacher, nurse, secretary, child-care worker, low paying and low status/Men-engineer, chemist, surgeon, computer software designer,high paying and high status
Critics argue that the NCLB legislation is doing more harm than good. Because it
Teaches are "teaching to the test" Treating learning like an IQ test States setting up their own standards: Mississippi vs. Massachusetts
Intrinsic motivation
The DESIRE to perform a behavior well for ITS OWN SAKE.
*Cumulative effect* of multiple stressors (rather than an additive effect)
according to the Diathesis-Stress Model, what is the effect of *multiple stressors*?
state mandated test were designed to increase
accountability from schools
academic achievement
achievement that is measured by standardized tests of scholastic ability of knowledge
the term peers can be used to describe
acquaintances, members of a clique, neighborhood associates, friends, and participants in an activity group
self confidence, self-discipline, leadership skills, ability to work w/ others
additional benefits of *military service*
in one research study, the delay in peak thickness in the cerebral cortex in children with________ was more prominent in the areas of the brain involved in attention and planning
adhd
their parents
adolescent *girls* are more likely to feel *academically* supported by..
who are most to conform to peers
adolescents who are uncertain about their social identity , low self esteem and high social anxiety, also when they are in the presence of someone with higher status
adolescents who are gifted
adolescents who have above-average intelligence (usually defined as an IQ OF 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in some domain, such as art, music, or mathematics.
what did harry stack sullivan's theory about friendships state
adolescents without close friendships will experience loneliness and lower self worth, friends are important in shaping the development of adolescents, friendships are necessary our basic social needs
affectionate love is more characteristic of ________ love rather than ________ love
adult, adolescent
Unsocialized delinquents
The ones you want to look out for; usually have few friends and commit crimes ALONE; have very little empathy for other people. Ex: the kids who are willing to kill animals.
School Climate
The quality of interactions between teachers and students, including how teachers interact with students, what sort of expectations and standards they have for students, and what kinds of methods are used in the classroom
what was the best predictor of whether rejected children would engage in deliquent behavior or drop out of school
aggression in elementary school
What is the most widely abused drug among adolescents?
alcohol
Which of the following is a gateway drug?
alcohol
Which of the following is considered to be the drug of choice by American adolescents?
alcohol
Rank the following substances in the likelihood that a high school senior has ever tried it (with the first one being the substance that the most American high school seniors have tried).
alcohol, marijuana, steroids
which is one of the recommendation for keeping underchallenged students more engaged in the classroom
allow them to take advanced classes in their area of expertise
what is romantic love
also called passionate love or eros, has strong sexual and infactuation components and often predominates in early part of love relationship , important for college students
what are conglomerate strategies
also known as coaching, use a combination of techniques rather than a single approach to improve adolescents social skills . demonstration of appropriate social skills, discussion, and reasoning, also uses reinforcement for enactment
what is the individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
amended in 1997, made in 1990, public law 94-142, reauthorized in 2004 and renamed this , broad mandates for services to children with disabilities of all kinds
_______ students are more likely than _____ students to put pressure on their peers to resist parental influence
american, japanese
for which of the following cultural groups are peer groups most important in adolescence
americans
Alcohol & Cigarettes
among 15 year olds, *weekly* use of these substances among *American adolescents* is relatively *LOW*
Marijuana
among 15 year olds, *weekly* use of this substance among *American adolescents* is relatively *HIGH*
stress
an *environmental condition* that is required for the expression of a pre-existing vulnerability - Family - peers
Alternative school
an *intervention* for potential high school *dropouts* w/ caring, involved staff, counselors, & social workers
Depressed mood
an Internalizing problem w/ *higher rates among adolescents* compared to children & adults
covert antisocial behavior
a type of antisocial behavior characterized by misdeeds that are not always detected by others, such as lying or stealing
Monitoring the Future
an annual survey of a nationwide sample of American eighth, tenth, and twelfth graders, mainly known for its data on adolescent substance use
primary prevention
an approach to health promotion that emphasizes teaching all adolescents certain behaviors, values and information
secondary prevention
an approach to health promotion that is specifically aimed at adolescents believed to be at high risk for a particular disease or disturbance
what is anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
what age are social skills training programs effective
children 10 years of age or younger
____________- refers to living together in a sexual relationship without being married
cohabitation
juvenile offending
an externalizing problem that includes delinquency and criminal behavior
What is major depressive disorder?
an individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics such as lethargy and hopelessness, 2 weeks or longer
What is prejudice?
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
*part-time schooling* (curriculum closely *connected* to the apprenticeship training)
during *apprenticeships* in Europe, adolescents continue..
the most important goal of multicultural education is
equal educational opportunity for all students
in its 2004 recommendations for improving us high schools, the national research council especially emphasized
getting students more engaged in learning
students who have above average intelligence and or a superior talent for something are called _________ students
gifted
which of the following is not one of the criteria identified by ellen winner to charecterize gifted children
gifted children are more introverted than other children (they are driven to understand the domain, learn in a qualitatively different way, they are precocious)
a child who seems to constantly be in motion and shows high levels of physical activity is illustrating what characteristic of adhd
hyperactivity
Psychological factors
identity, personality traits, decision making, and self-control
girls
in *developing countries*, __ are *less likely to attend secondary school* & less likely to work outside of the home
Family life, arts, music, PE
in *mid 20th century* America the curriculum *expanded* to include..
- Playing sports & competition - Open displays of romantic relationships
in studies on *Inuit (Eskimo) of the Canadian Arctic* after introduction of Western *TV* many had increases in..
premarital education provides several benefits, including which of the following
increased commitment to a spouse, higher level of marital satisfaction, less destructive marital conflict
the number of other sex relationships _______ in early adolescence
increases
Growth mindset:
individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort
what is the definition of peers
individuals who are about the same age or maturity level
psychopaths
individuals who are not only antisocial but also are manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive and indifference to the feelings of others
life-course-persistent offenders
individuals who begin demonstrating antisocial or aggressive behavior during childhood and continue their antisocial behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood
Underachievers
individuals whose actual school performance is lower than what would be expected on the basis of objective measures if their aptitude or intelligence
(1) Personality (2) Gender
influences on *occupational goals*
Which of the following intervention/prevention strategies is not very effective at reducing antisocial behavior?
interventions that group antisocial youth together
self disclosure to a friend is also known as ________ in friendships
intimacy
adolescents who use fairness and justice to work through issues with peers will develop a foundation of later ________ relationships
intimate, dating, and marital
the constructivist approach is ________ centered
learner
east asian parents are _______ involved in their childrens and adolescents learning than are us parents
more
African American & Latino adolescents
more likely than white adolescents to be arrested
characteristics of inattention
oCareless mistakes oDifficulty with sustained attention oFollow through/completion difficulties oDistractibility oLoses things necessary for tasks and activities oDoesn't seem to listen when spoken to
What is helpless orientation?
seem trapped by the experience of difficulty and they attribute their difficulty to lack of ability
Emerging Adults
the *highest unemployment* is among..
Joan exercises excessively, counts calories and diets obsessively, and is 20 pounds underweight. she is suffering from:
anorexia nervosa
adolescence-limited offenders
antisocial adolescents whose delinquent or violent behavior beings and ends during adolescence
Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?
anxiety
Index offenses
are criminal acts, whether they are committed by juveniles or adults, including such acts as robbery, aggravated assault, rape, and homicide
what is performance orientation
are focused on winning, rather than on achievement outcome and believes happiness results from winning
what are rejected children
are infrequently nominated as someones best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
no
are older adolescents in the US typically close to an adult role model in their jobs?
suicidal ideation
thinking about ending one's life
The typical adolescent who smokes cigarettes begins in what grade?
around seventh or eighth grade
when adolescent relationships end, they are more often difficult since they are often linked to_____
arousing emotions
according to research on parental involvement which parents self worth is likely to be contingent on his or her childs achievement in school
arpita, a chinese mother
Family SES
as ... *increases*, adolescents' *grades & test scores increase* --> highest level of education ultimately attained
economic development
as ... continues, the number of adolescents receiving an *education* will *rise*
christa is an adolescent who has many friends, she shows concern for her peers and is willing to listen and reinforce their needs. according to research on peer status, christa would be classified
as popular
- GPA, time spent doing homework, & sleep *decrease* - Psychological symptoms & class cutting *increase*
as work hours increase..
how is sociometric status measured
assesed by asking children to rate how much they like or dislike each of their classmates or asking them to nominate the peers they like the most and the least
Intellectual Disability
when *intelligence* (IQ) is below what is expected
suicidal thinking/behavior occurs
when depression begins to lift, increased..
stimulant medication can be an effective way to help improve _______ in children with adhd
attention
Which disorder is characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness?
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
how can neglected children and adolescents be trained to interact more effectively with peers
attract attention in positive ways and to hold peers attention by asking questions and listening in a warm and friendly way, and by saying things about themselves that relate to the peers interests
the us and ________ are among the few countries in the world in which sports are an integral part of the public school system
australia
the ________ strategy of classroom management is restrictive and punitive
authoritarian
mrs smith engages her students in frequent give and take and shows a caring attitude toward them, however she still sets and enforces limits when necessary. mrs smith is a _______- teacher
authoritative
the ______________ strategy of classroom management encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring
authoritative
Understanding behavior in the context of the "ABC" model (as discussed in class)
***
(1) Entertainment (2) Identity Formation (3) High Sensation (4) Coping (5) Youth Culture Identification
*5 uses* of Media by Adolescents according to the *Uses & Gratification Approach*
volunteer work
*Americans* are more than *twice as likely* as people in other developed countries to take part in..
middle-class (gap widens more as they age)
*BEFORE entering school*, .... children score higher than lower-class children on tests of basic academic skills
Farming, care of domestic animals, preparing food, housework (similar to developing countries now)
*Before industrialization* in the US, adolescent work consisted of..
earnings, occupational status, & career attainment
*College grads* have *higher* ... over the long run compared to those who do not attend college
in a group
*Crimes* committed by *young men* in their teens & early 20s usually take place..
males
*Externalizing* problems are more common among..
*socialization sources* that correlate with *individual risk factors*
*Externalizing* problems correlate with..
rare
*Frequent use* of other substances incl. amphetamines, inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, Ecstasy among *American adolescents* is..
pay & status
*Gender* typical jobs tend to *differ* in..
sexual exploitation of women, violence, racism
*Hip Hop* is considered controversial for its themes of..
- Gender (males more likely) - Ethnicity - Aggressiveness - High sensation seeking - Cognitive Deficits (learning disabilities or low IQ) - Low Impulse Control - Optimistic Bias (egocentrism)
*Individual risk factors* that correlate w/ *Externalizing* problems
American media
*Local* media are *coexisting* w/ ... in most places
unemployed
*Over HALF* of high school *dropouts* aged 18-21 are..
*cultural beliefs* about what is valuable & important (disengagement factor)
*School methods & attitudes* of parents, peers, & adolescents are rooted in..
Residential mobility
*Socialization source* that correlates w/ *Externalizing* problems: *neighborhoods* in which people are coming & going a lot --> tend to be higher in crime
- Family Structure - Family Process (conflict & instability) - Parenting Styles - Friends' Influence - School (poor climate) - Neighborhood (high in Residential Mobility) - Media - Legal System - Cultural Beliefs (Broad socialization)
*Socialization sources* that correlate w/ *Externalizing* problems
*rise* through high school
*Substance use* (Externalizing problem) rates typically..
*adolescents'* violent behaviors (Already aggressive adolescents prefer aggressive TV programs)
*Violent television* & ... are *correlated*
more likely
*girls* are ... to attend college & graduate, tend to enjoy the school environment more
less likely
*girls* are ... to have learning disabilities, be held back a grade, drop out of high school
African Americans
*lack of adequate financial support* is the most common reason this ethnic group *drops out of college*
- *Asian American* parents tend to believe academic success = *Effort* - *Other ethnic groups* believe academic success = *Ability*
*parental expectations* that lead to *ethnic differences* in academic achievement
- Less leisure time - Lower grades - Less time for homework - Think about work during class - Fatigue
*problems w/ work* on adolescent development
Job Corps
*small-scale apprenticeship* program offered in the US for educational & occupational training - serves people in *low income areas* - tend to have higher earnings, improved skills
- IQ - Nutrition & health care - Major & day-to-day stresses
*social class* (SES) represents what other *family characteristics* that relate to academic achievement?
boys
*twice* as likely to be diagnosed w/ *Learning disabilities* (including ADHD)
What are the 3 main stressors we experience?
-1. Catastrophes - Ex: earthquake, floods, hurricanes, wildfires war/combat - it can be one single event or chronic harmful conditions Short-term effects include: increased heart attacks on the day of the event Long term effects include depression, nightmares, anxiety, and flashbacks. Bonding: both the trauma and the recovery are shared with others (group therapy) 2. Major life changes. Even supposedly happy life changes, such as marriage, starting college or a new job, or the birth or adoption of a child, can bring increased challenge and stress. Change is often challenging. New roles, new priorities, and new tasks can put a strain on our The challenge, and the negative impact on health, increases when: the changes are painful, such as a death in family, loss of job, or heart attack. the changes are in a cluster, and there are too many at once -any event that changes your life in any way is stressful -Here we see that the definition of stress is change 3. Chronic daily hassles. (worst of all- chronic daily stuff wears us down the most) Daily difficulties can be caused by facing too many tasks, too little time, and too little control. -Daily difficulties can be caused by the lack of social power and freedom for adolescents: -being bullied -living in poverty -Acculturative stress: negative consequences that occur when two cultural groups clash in some way (many immigrants to US have gone through this kind of stress)
College Life: Four subcultures
-1. Collegiate Pursues fun - want the experience, frats or sororities, love sports events, social events, and usually courses come second to college experiences, used to be #1 but today falling bc too much at stake and spending too much money 2. Vocational Pursues a degree- seeing rise in this, practical view of courses, not as concerned about learning and exploring ideas as they are about just getting by, normally at community colleges and normally have jobs working 20+ hours, ant to do coursework and get out, get degree and get job 3. Academic Pursues knowledge - tend to find these ppl in larger universities, there solely to pursue knowledge, engage with ideas, study hard, get very good grades, professors know them, very excited about material they learned (this is a privilege) 4. Rebel Pursues an Identity - can become engaged in subject matter but when realize it is frivilous they get pissed, aggressively non-conformist, enjoy learning but very selective about which courses they hang on to and care about, not pursuing perfect grades but when find right subject and professor they like they go for it but otherwise don't care about their grade -ppl seek different types of experiences when going to college
Children and adolescents who extensively play violent electronic games are
-1. More aggressive. 2. Less sensitive to real-life violence. 3. More likely to engage in delinquent acts. 4. More likely to get lower grades in school.
The Four characteristics of giftedness:
-1. Precocity: parents and other ppl will note this at a very young age, 2 or 3 years old doing math and reading, advanced for age, the skill or talent was evident early in life, if it is not there in childhood, it is unlikely to ever be there 2.Independence- prefer to work alone, cannot stand working with others, especially hate working in groups because everyone else is slow and you end up doing most of the work at the end 3. Drive for Mastery: can focus for long periods and feel a need to master their girfts find an area or subject that you love, won't give up on it and keep going no matter how frustrated until you master it and fully understand it, won't sleep, won't eat until get it 4. Excellence in Information Processing: one part of IQ test looks at performance and ability to do something quickly, complex math problem: if you are gifted you will get it done more quickly than someone who isn't-> come to solutions faster than others can, process info faster and learn more quickly, make fewer errors and use and develop their own learning strategies -Traditional criterion = IQ of at least 130. Today, there is no specifically accepted definition of "gifted." Many end up in Advanced Placement (AP) classes which include higher level material in specific subjects.-> gifted tend to get really bored in school and can get lower test scores bc can't stay focused -Issues with regular classrooms: • Gifted adolescents may become bored • Challenges in defining giftedness have implications for gifted education. In some schools, nearly half the students are "gifted"-> problem with this is that AP classes become just like any other class bc anyone can get into them and for those who are truly gifted (5%) they are not getting the education that they need bc class shifts for those who actually aren't gifted -Problem with this: Like the issues with multiple intelligences, giftedness has become so broad that nearly half the students are labeled as gifted in some schools. It becomes very difficult for schools to implement programs for the students who are truly exceptional. Plus, when you label half the students as gifted, the others feel really bad. Therefore many schools have capped it at 5%.
Today, it takes a student 5-6 years to complete a 4-year Bachelor's degree. Why?
-1. Tuition rates are now 4 times higher than they were in the 80's 2. Has shifted from primarily grants to loans 3. to pay for all of it, students are working more and taking fewer classes 2.used to be you could get a long of grants, now loans -3. bc of soaring costs of college we are working to not take out extra loans - extra job means not as many courses and takes you longer to get it done, more likely to be working now
Recent national surveys revealed dramatic increases in adolescents' use of social media and text messaging found that
-75% of U.S. 12- to 17-year-olds had a cell phone. -50% of the adolescents sent 50 or more text messages a day. -1/3 sent 100 or more text messages a day. -Adolescent girls 14 to 17 years of age sent the most text messages— an average of more than 100 a day. -girls spend more time texting than boys -when receive text message our brain releases dopamine which makes us feel good
Depression and Suicide
-According to a national study, females were more likely to attempt suicide than males, but males were more likely to succeed in committing suicide. • In emerging adulthood, males are 6 times more likely to commit (succeed) suicide as females. • Why?__males use more lethal methods_____________ -Ex: use gun whereas women more likely to use pills (men use more violent means) • African American and non-Latino White males reported the lowest incidence of suicide attempts.
Adolescent girls differ from boys in their responses to stress. They tend to
-Adolescent girls are more sensitive to relationship stress; they report higher levels of relationship stress and are more likely to use coping strategies that maintain relationships. -no differences in the type of stress but differences in responses -1. Adolescent girls are more sensitive to relationship stress (boys deal with arguments with friends better than girls do on average) 2. they report higher levels of relationship stress 3. More likely to self-medicate (to deal with stress) -A study of 12- to 19-year-olds revealed that perceptions of having stress decreased in late adolescence, and that active and internal coping strategies increased as adolescents got older.-> feeling most stressed in early adolescence, stress decreases in later adolescence
Anorexia
-Anorexia nervosa: An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. • Three main characteristics are: • Weighing less than 85% of what is considered normal for age and height. • Having an intense fear of gaining weight. • Having a distorted image of body shape. • Anorexia typically begins in the early to middle teenage years, often following an episode of dieting and some type of life stress. • It is about 10 times more likely in females than males. • Most individuals with anorexia are • 1._from high achieving families____ • 2._upper class women____ • 3.__ over exercising___ -5-10% will die with organ failure without help -easier to notice bc ppl losing weight -major problem in US especially among adolescents -basically starve themselves and no matter what still feel fat -work out a lot and eat a very little each day -The fashion image in U.S. culture contributes to the incidence of anorexia nervosa non-Latino White adolescents or young adults from well-educated, middle- and upper-income families that are competitive and high-achieving. The fashion image in U.S. culture contributes to the incidence of anorexia nervosa non-Latino White adolescents or young adults from well-educated, middle- and upper-income families that are competitive and high-achieving. -Anorexia: It also involves an intense fear of weight gain, disturbed body perception, and absence of menstruation for females. -Most common among your high-achieving, upper class women. -The main behavioral cue for anorexia is self-starvation, via voluntary under-eating and over-exercising.
Bulimia
-Bulimia nervosa: An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern. • As in anorexia nervosa, most individuals with bulimia are preoccupied with food, have a strong fear of becoming overweight, and are depressed or anxious. • Unlike anorexia nervosa, people who binge and purge typically fall within a normal weight range. • Bulimia typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. • About 90% of cases are women. • About 1-2% of women are estimated to develop bulimia. • As with anorexia nervosa, about 70% of individuals who develop bulimia eventually recover from the disorder with therapy. -more difficult to notice -eat thousands of calories in one sitting and then purge it (laxatives or throwing it up) -tend to have more average weight so harder to notice it is happening -Bulimia, 3 times as common as anorexia -involves binge eating and purging at least once per week for 3 months. -Over eat thousands of calories and and then purge themselves of the calories via vomiting or laxatives. -Unlike anorexia many bulimics are close to normal size, so many go unnoticed longer.
List the order in which Occupational Development stages occur
-Crystallization (age 14 to 18): fantasizing about jobs and careers- athlete, movie star -Specification (age 18 to 21): get more realistic about jobs, decide what we actually want to be (teacher, engineer, etc.), usually will follow course where we go out and get our education -Implementation (age 21 to 24): out and actually doing our job -Stabilization (age 25 to 35) - may have switched jobs a few times until find right fit for you, stabilization all about settling into the career that is the right fit for you -Consolidation (age 35 and up): finally figure out right job/career so now seriously start working on become better/ an expert -1. This initial phase is about fantasizing about the types of skills and talents they have and what kinds of occupational goals exist. Still think they might be actors and start athletes, or have very broad ideas like "I want to work with children" 2. Here we get realistic. If they decided they want to work with children, they they decide if they want to be a teacher or day care worker or child psychologist. It usually involves beginning to pursue education to follow the choice 3. Finish education, head out in to the real world. Have to reconcile with the fact that they may not get their ideal job. A wannabe teacher may become a social worker or a child psychologist finds themselves doing research rather than therapy. 4. Established and settle in to career 5. Gaining more experience and seeking advancement
Chronic Daily Difficulties
-Daily difficulties can be caused by facing too many tasks, too little time, and too little control. -worst of all is the chronic daily difficulties -we don't consider this -chronic daily stuff wears us down the most -Daily difficulties can be caused by the lack of social power and freedom for adolescents: 1.being bullied 2.living in poverty 3.Acculturative stress= negative consequences that result when two cultural groups clash in some way (many who immigrate to US have experienced this)
Delinquency & Crime: Definitions
-Delinquency - when "juveniles" commit crimes: 1. Status Offences - only a violation of the law because committed by juvenile ((drinking if not 21, dropping out of school before age 16)) 2. Index Crimes - serious crimes at any age (murder, rape, robbery, assault) 3. Non-index Crimes - less serious offenses (getting n trouble for gambling, disorderly conduct) -Because crime becomes more pervasive with the development of modern cities, crime is one of the oldest and most studied studies topics in the social sciences. And what we've found it the great majority are committed by young people between the ages of 12 and 25. There are 3 types of criminal acts. 1. Truancy, buying alcohol, cigarettes, leaving home without parental consent 2. Violent Crimes; Property Crimes - rape assault murder 3. Gambling, disorderly conduct
youth organizations are important for youth development in which of the following areas of interest
career, ethnicity, politics
what happens between the ages of 14 and 16 with dating
casual dating emerges, and gossip dating is common. friends act as third party facilitators or potential dating relationships
Depressants
-Depressants: Drugs that slow down the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behavior. • Among the most widely used depressants are alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers. • Barbiturates - decreased since 1975 (basically not in use anymore) • Opiates - morphine and heroin - low use among adolescents (continuing to rise in US) • Prescription painkillers - 18% have used in 2004 survey • Anabolic steroids - declined from 2004 to 2014 (most likely due to increased testing and knowledge) -prescription drug use rising and alcohol stays high as well -Barb: are depressant drugs that induce sleep or reduce anxiety. Since the initial surveys in 1975, use of depressants by high school seniors has decreased. Opiates, which consist of opium and its derivatives, depress the activity of the central nervous system. Opiates are commonly known as narcotics. Many drugs have been produced from the opium poppy, among them morphine and heroin. The opiates are among the most physically addictive drugs. The rates of heroin use among adolescents are quite low. An alarming trend has recently emerged in adolescents' use of prescription painkillers. Many adolescents cite the medicine cabinets of their parents or friends' parents as their main source. A 2004 survey revealed that 18% of U.S. adolescents had used Vicodin at some point in their lifetime, whereas 10% had used OxyContin. These drugs fall into the general class of drugs called narcotics, and they are highly addictive. Anabolic steroids: Drugs derived from the male sex hormone, testosterone, which promote muscle growth and increase lean body mass. Nonmedical uses of these drugs carry a number of physical and psychological health risks. Both males and females who take large doses usually experience: Changes in sexual characteristics. Psychological effects including irritability, uncontrollable bursts of anger, severe mood swings, impaired judgment, and paranoid jealousy. The rate of use by 12th-graders declined from 2004 to 2014.
Mastery Motivation and Mindset
-Developmental psychologists Valanne Henderson and Carol Dweck found that adolescents often show two distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances -Mastery orientation: Adolescents with this orientation are task-oriented; instead of focusing on ability, they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome.-> most preferred, instead of ability concentrate on strategies to do better, not whether or not can get an A but whether or not master the material-> they learn how to do it even if it seems difficult or impossible -Helpless orientation: Adolescents with this orientation seem trapped by the experience of difficulty; attribute their difficulty to lack of ability. -> taking 4 or 5 courses and it is just like everything drops because you have too much on your plate you attribute your difficulty to your lack of ability which isn't the case, you are just really busy-> any failure attributed to innate inability -Performance orientation: Adolescents with this orientation are focused on winning, rather than on achieving. -> adolescents are focused on winning, performance and mastery usually go together for the most part but don't have to, mastery tend to also want to get an A or win but focus on mastering material over just the outcome of the performance-> competitive student -Fixed mindset: Individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.-> helpless orientation -> a lot of students in US tend to have this mindset -Growth mindset: individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.-> more likely to have mastery orientation -> this mindset more common in other countries -Students can be both mastery- and performance-oriented, and researchers have found that mastery goals combined with performance goals often benefit students' success. -Dweck and her colleagues recently found that a growth mindset can prevent negative stereotypes from undermining achievement. In a longitudinal study of university students, a nonlimited mindset predicted better self regulation. Further, a recent meta-analysis found that having a malleable, growth-oriented mindset predicted whether individuals would have a higher level of self-regulation, which in turn was associated with goal attainment.
Why are students in the US behind most students in Asian countries?
-Differences in schooling: Class time spent on math (more amount of time spent on math in asian countries than in US), Average days per year in school (240 days for asian students vs. 178 days for US students -Differences in parenting: Expectations of achievement (american parents tend to have lower expectations than asian parents), Differences in the attribution of success (if asian student does well say because my parents supported me -Educational psychologists recommend getting adolescents to attribute their poor performance to lack of effort rather than to bad luck or blaming others.-> in US tend to think it is innate so give up more easily when fail, fixed mindet about our abilities in US, whereas in other countries it is as long as I work hard I can achieve -The longer students are in school, the wider the gap between Asian and American students. Asian teachers spent more of their time teaching math than American teachers. Asian students were in school an average of 240 days a year compared with 178 days in the United States American parents have much lower expectations for their children's education and achievement than Asian parents American parents were more likely to attribute their children's math achievement to innate ability, whereas Asian parents were more likely to say that their children's math achievement is the consequence of effort and training 2American parents were more likely to attribute their children's math achievement to innate ability, whereas Asian parents were more likely to say that their children's math achievement is the consequence of effort and training.
Cross-cultural Research
-During the 20th century, the study of adolescents and emerging adults was primarily ethnocentric, emphasizing WEIRD samples (viewing adolescents across cultures from ethnocentric idea and weird sample) • Ethnocentrism: tendency to favor our own group over others groups, when make up measurements have ideas about certain traits and certain behaviors that ppl may have • WEIRD: western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic -> US normally used as culture of comparison, how does every other country compare to US • Cross-cultural studies: compare one culture with one or more other cultures, and provide information about other cultures and the role of culture in development. • Often the US is used as the culture of comparison • We still lack data from many countries -Lots of data on certain countries like China, Japan, Germany
What is the difference between culture and ethnicity?
-Ethnicity or ethnic group refers to a category of people who regard themselves to be different from other groups based on common ancestral,cultural, language, and social experience. That being said, ethnicity is primarily an inherited status. One must share a common cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language/dialect, mythology, ritual, cuisine, art, religion, and physical appearance to be considered as a member of an ethnic group. -Culture is the way of life that consists of the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. It generally means the non-biological or social aspects of human life which is basically anything that humans learn in a society.-> the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation (Ex: millennials)
Emerging Adults: College
-Every nation has increased the number of students enrolled in college. • Lead to massification which is the idea that college could benefit everyone (the masses) • The US was the first country to endorse this idea • Today the US ranks 12th for number of college graduates. (we keep dropping in ranking) ---why? 1. the cost of education continues to rise 2. very low rate of students who graduate from college in 4 years (now more than ever difficult to graduate in 4 years, more like 6 years) -30 years ago many wealthy and capable developing nations travelled west to earn degrees, often returning home as professors. Today, hundreds of new universities have opened in Asia and Africa and the Middle East, where now most undergraduates remain to earn their degrees. Among the concerns are soaring costs of attending college and A low rate of students who graduate from college in four years, with many taking more than six years or never graduating. -Russia has the largest percentage of 18-to-21 year olds enrolled in college
Common characteristics of children with emotional or behavioral disorders
-Externalizing behaviors (most common): noncompliance, lying/stealing, temper tantrums, property destruction, threats of violence or violence toward peers and/or teachers -Internalizing behaviors: overly shy or immature, withdrawn, hypochondria, easily upset and difficult to calm -academic achievement: low GPA, high absenteeism, at risk for school failure -Social skills: difficulty making/keeping friends; less participation in extracurricular activities
Adolescent Female and Male Stress Responses
-Females: In response to a stressor such as the death of a loved one, girls may tend and befriend : nurture themselves and others, and bond together (try to make up with friend). (tend and befriend= refers to protection of offspring (Tend) and group for mutual defense (befriending) -- The bonding hormone oxytocin may play a role in this bonding.-> when we are stressed we release this and this makes us go towards the person we are trying to work things out with -- Females show behavioral and neurological signs of becoming more empathetic under stress. -> can see when other ppl are suffering when we are suffering too -males: Boys under stress are more likely to socially withdraw to become aggressive under stress. -- In either case, males' behavior and brains show LESS empathy and less tuning in to others under stress. (not as connected to others when under stress) --opposite of female adolescents -According to evolutionary theory, why might these differences exist? if a woman is in trouble and runs and fights she might leave baby behind and baby won't survive, so women learned to bond together to keep baby alive-> males more likely to fight when the stress is around, predatory, enemy, fight and can fight it of or if run can get away -> WHY? the adaptive value of fighting or fleeing may be lower for females, who often have dependent young and so risk more in terms of reproductive success if injured or dislocated. And females of many species form tight, stable alliances, possibly reflecting an adaptive tendency to seek out friends for support in times of stress.
Issues defining cultures based on individualism and collectivism
-For example, in Japanese culture we see the phenomena of: • Hikikomori (He-kee-ka-more-ee) = adolescents pull away from society, lock self in room and do not come out, very common so parents prepare meals, knock on door and slide in food • Amae (Ah-may)= behavior where you will act like a child toward your spouse, friends, parents (baby talk) to try to get ppl to help take care of you when you need to be taken care of, expressed when you feel like you need something from someone around you (do this in US too but don't have a name for it) • 2. Adolescents need both autonomy and connectedness (Across all cultures) - From 1990 to 2009, 18- to 65-year-olds in China have increasingly been using trait terms to describe themselves, Using individual trait terms rather than terms that connect them to a group. - Ex: I am talkative, introverted, agreeable, focus more on self vs. saying I am a mother, daughter, sister, place within family. think due to globalization -variation within culture is more different than variation between cultures
Individualism and Collectivism values
-Four values reflect the beliefs of parents in individualistic cultures about what is required for children's and adolescents' effective development of autonomy (parents try to raise kids with sense of autonomy, why put baby in another room bc wants kids to be autonomous and why in western cultures we use cry it out method but not in collectivist cultures: • Personal choice= believe this is important - go off to college but parents have little say in your major • Intrinsic motivation- believe this is important, we do things because we like them, not because someone else wants us to do them • Self-esteem, we value feeling good about yourself • Self-maximization- have lived out your full potential, figure out what you are good at and have pursued it -Collectivist cultures emphasize three values that will help their children and adolescents become contributing members of society (not about you as an individual but how you can connect to your family and maintain close relationships): • Connectedness to the family and other close relationships • Orientation to the larger group (not just about you but about society, esp. the family) • Respect and obedience - especially to one's elders, including parents, teachers, grandparents
Influences on occupational goals: gender and personality characteristics
-Gender has a substantial influence on job choice and how much money one earns. • *Why do gender differences in job choice persist despite the fact that women now exceed men in terms of overall educational attainment? 1. second shift- in general women do tend to do more housework and are more involved in child care than men, even if are working a full time job, women more likely to be taking maternity leave whereas men don't have to walk away fromt heir jobs 2. gender socialization- women more likely to be teacher, working at day care, and picking up jobs that pay less than some of the more difficult career choices, sometimes refuse to go into other careers because feel out of place -men are in more positions of power -Personality Characteristics • People seek occupations that they judge to be consistent with their interests and talents (high or low self-monitoring)
Alternative schools work best when
-Good attention from staff -Low student-teacher ratios -Starting early - the most effective programs provided early reading programs, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring. -Because drop out rate predicts a host of problems, money has gone in to preventing kids from doing so. Alternative: the staff is usually made up of counselors and social workers; so each student receives a substantial amount of attention. By high school it is usually too late. Otherwise, you'll find they do pretty well. -IHAD: Local project administrators "adopt" a class where dropout rates are high. Help them along, and then pay for the students' college. Eugene Lang was speaking to a class of inner city 6th graders in NY when he spontaneously offered to pay anyone's way to college if they graduated from high school with at least a B average. The dropout rate in that area was 75%. Lang's class only 10% dropped out and 60% went to college. -Since then 160 projects in 28 states have been implemented to help over 12,000 students -alternative schools and night schools
Hallucinogens
-Hallucinogens: Also called psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs; drugs that modify an individual's perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations. • LSD - declined after 1990 • Marijuana - increases from 2008 to 2012 (continues to rise) • Spice - decreased from 2011 to 2014 (synthetic marijuana)
Culture and Adolescence - culture, race, ethnicity
-If the study of Adolescence is to be relevant in the 21st century, ethnic and cultural differences must be addressed as we become more globalized. • Culture: The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. (can be really broad or specific) • Example: Millennials • Race: A group of people identified as distinct from other groups because of supposed physical or genetic traits shared by the group. (is a social construct, usually refers to physical attributes that differ across ppl • Example: Caucasian • Ethnicity: ____ancestral, cultural, and usually includes language, some kind of social experiences you go through, some king of cultural heritage, history, can even boil down to religion, most of the time includes race but it doesn't always _______________ • Example: French or German -1. Race: refers to a group of people who possess similar and distinct physical characteristics 2. Ethnicity or ethnic group refers to a category of people who regard themselves to be different from other groups based on common ancestral, cultural, language, and social experience. That being said, ethnicity is primarily an inherited status. One must share a common cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language/dialect, mythology, ritual, cuisine, art, religion, and physical appearance to be considered as a member of an ethnic group. 3. Culture is the way of life that consists of the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. It generally means the non-biological or social aspects of human life which is basically anything that humans learn in a society. A bit similar to ethnicity, but is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other. -That being said, ethnicity has nothing to do with John's place of birth, but more to do with the place of birth of his parents or ancestors
Individualism and Collectivism
-Individualism: Involves giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; it emphasizes values that serve the self, such as feeling good, personal distinction and achievement, and independence. --- priority to being unique, distinct, personal achievement, independence to survive, mostly western cultures including US and Canada -Collectivism: Emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of the members, and harmonious relationships. Values security and obedience. --value harmony, good relationships, security and obedience to parents, about the group, say succeed not because of myself but because of help from others, close-knit families, family support, interdependence (never fully walk away from family which is a good thing) -Classical examples of individualistic cultures: • Many Western cultures, such as the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. • Classical examples of collectivist cultures: • Many Eastern cultures, such as China, India, and Thailand, Mexico -Differences in attribution (a conclusion about the cause of observed behavior/ event) have lead to the most well- established dimensions of culture
Rewards and Motivation
-Intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake. The reward is internalized as a feeling of satisfaction. - don't want anything from it, just enjoy doing what is it -Extrinsic motivation refers to doing a behavior to receive rewards from others. - do something because you are getting paid for it or some kind of reward -students are more motivated to learn when they: 1. are given choices to how they can learn (choose the paper you want to do, broader guidelines) 2. absorbed in challenges that match their skills ->when you are adequately challenged in your classes (not too easy, not too hard) 3. when receive rewards that have informational value (they learn something new) but are not used for control or payment (walk away from class every day learning something new) -One view of intrinsic motivation emphasizes that students want to believe that they are doing something because of their own will, not because of external success or rewards. Students' internal motivation and intrinsic interest in school tasks increase when they have opportunities to make choices and take responsibility for their learning.
The classroom experience
-Large vs. small classes: Students report higher satisfaction with smaller classes. • In the Princeton review (2016), • Small colleges rank highest in the positive measures (e.g., "Professors make themselves accessible," and "Professors bring material to life." • Large universities rank highest on the negative measures (e.g., "Professors make themselves scarce," and "Professors suck all life from material." • Large classes: • The professor is a speck on the stage • Class periods are heavily lecture-based -Students learn much better with active engagement of the material, and they enjoy those classes more Large classes: 1. usually the students don't know the professor and vice versa. Typically professor is devoted to research and not teaching 2. students mostly take notes and little engagement from professor to students usually occurs
What is the difference between a Life-course-persistent delinquent and an adolescent-limited delinquents
-Life-course-persistent delinquents (LCPDs) --Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult temperament, Learning disabilities) --Likely to grow up in high risk environment --not many fall under this --something wrong usually from birth so pattern of problems goes on from birth. Usually have ADHD or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -tend to have neurological deficits and raised in poor environments --highly prone to engage in criminal activity -Adolescent-limited delinquents (ALDs) --No signs of problems in infancy or childhood --Period of occasional criminal activity between ages of 12- 25 (e.g. vandalism, illegal drug use) --many fall under this --adolescence falls in with wrong crowd --start once hit adolescence and usually ends after -Life- course: Pattern of problems from birth on up, often have ADHD (or FAS which is often mistaken for ADHD). Their parents usually have a variety of problems, coupled with neurological deficits and poor environments, they are highly prone to engage in criminal activity. -Adolescent-limited: Show no problems in childhood or in their late 20's. Usually diminishes by 26, but they still have more substance abuse and financial problems in adulthood than do others who never engaged.
Preventing crime and delinquency and why bootcamp type programs don't work
-Males are more likely to engage in delinquency than are females. Percentage of delinquency caseloads involving females increased from 19% in 1985 to 27% in 2005. (adolescents in US are much more violent than adolescents in Canada) • Prevention programs for children who show signs of risk for LCPD and for adolescents engaging in serious delinquency • Popular Strategy: • Scared Straight "Boot Camp" type programs: -bootcamp programs are not successful -why don't typical crime prevent strategies work? 1. participation is not voluntary - against the adolescent's will 2. by the time we get to point where think we have to send our adolescents to bootcamp, it is too late
Self-handicapping
-Managing how we perceive ourselves and/or how others perceive us when we fail at something • 2 Types: • Behavioral- person actually creates impediments to performance. (Neglects to study) -> happens lest frequently than claimed Ex: taking difficult course and exam the next day and this person will deliberately go out the night before and show up for exam not prepared so when fail say I failed because I went out all night partying so saves their self-esteem because don't have to say I failed bc I couldn't understand the material, I failed because of going out and because of my behavior • Claimed- person claims something else impedes performance. (Didn't get enough sleep; had other exams in mind)-> something happened to them that impeded their performance, make excuse: didn't get enough sleep, had other exams, difficult questions • Why do adolescents self-handicap? begins in adolescence, because they are trying to protect their self-esteem, individuals will deliberately self-handicap so they can say these other circumstances rather than their lack of ability was the cause of poor performance -Behavioral: neglects to study so he can blame it on that, and not his lack of ability; actor who drinks before an audition -Claimed: making excuses before or after; didn't get enough sleep; have other exams on mind -Efforts to avoid failure often involve self-handicapping strategies (Urdan & Midgley, 2001): individuals deliberately handicap themselves so that if their subsequent performance is at a low level, these circumstances, rather than lack of ability, will be seen as the cause.
Occupational Development: not following Super's stages
-Many people do not follow Super's stages. For those who don't, why? 1. Education has stretched out further and further, and many do not begin implementation until mid-twenties. 2. Today many people tend to have 2 or 3 careers in a life time. Change career directions 3. Didn't really consider women as the primary caregivers for their children, and how that would fit in to the theory
Basic information from the slide depicting the educational placement proportions of students with OI, OHI, deaf-blindness, TBI, and multiple disabilities
-Orthopedic impairments: 54% in regular classroom -Multiple disabilities: 46.2% in separate class -Traumatic Brain Injury:54% in regular classroom -Students with Other Health Impairments: 63.4% in regular classroom -Deaf-Blindness: 32.5% in separate class, 27% in the regular classroom
The difference between peer and friend groups in achieving in high school/secondary is
-PEERS: if surrounded by high-achieving peer group, adolescents have lower academic self- concept and expectations -In schools with lower achievement levels, adolescents have better academic self- concepts and expectations "Big Fish in a little pond effect"-> almost better off being in school where are big fish in a little pod -FRIENDS: Even low-achieving adolescents with high-achieving friends are likely to have higher expectations and aspirations -flips for friends: high achieving friends will boost you and help you to do better -does it matter who you associate yourself with? yes -Friends are different from peers! Adolescents who are more accepted by their peers and have good social skills often do better in school and have positive achievement motivation
Expectations from parents and teachers
-Parents and teachers • Adolescents benefit when both parents and teachers have high expectations for them and provide the necessary support for them to meet those expectations. • Too often parents attempt to protect children's and adolescents' self-esteem by setting low standards. (and doing the work for the child) • Children and adolescents who are not challenged may develop low standards for themselves. - much better to let someone do it themself and fail then do it for them, fragile self-esteem here because parents doing too much work for their children • The fragile self-confidence they develop from reaching these low expectations can be shattered the first time they encounter more challenging work and are held to higher standards, or they may begin self-handicapping
Does college advance critical thinking and postformal thought?
-Post-formal thought = Understanding that the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and can vary based on the situation. • Depends on several factors: • Status (freshman, senior)- freshman less likely to have post-formal thought, seniors more likely-> freshman prefer info given to them and to memorize it, seniors want more freedom • Type of major - liberal arts vs. business (Arum & Roksa, 2011)-> liberal arts are better critical thinkers • Style of professor (fact-based vs. question-based) - just talk at you not as likely to engage in your own thought vs stop and ask you questions • Course materials (active learning activities/paper writing) - writing papers is most imp. for you to have post-formal thought -Courses that demand more reading and writing tend to advance critical thinking more, and those tend to be liberal arts courses
What is poverty?
-Poverty is defined by economic hardship. -Its most common marker is the federal poverty threshold, originally based on the estimated cost of food multiplied by 3. -In 2013, almost 20% of children under 18 years of age were living in families below the poverty line and is much higher than figures from other industrialized nations, which is why it is important. -poverty contributes to lower scores, especially in low-income areas
What is the difference between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping?
-Problem-focused coping means reducing the stressors, such as by working out a conflict, or tackling a difficult project. - Risk= magnifying emotional distress, especially if trying to change something that's difficult to change like another person's traits -Ex: exam for a very difficult class, instead of running away will sit down and study more, as much as you can all day and night -Emotion-focused coping means reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others.- Risk= ignoring the problem. We might focus on this style of coping when we perceive the stressor as something we cannot change -> emotion-focused is adaptive! -Ex: adolescents say stress is too much so instead of studying for exam decide to go out with friends, play video games, ignore it so I feel better
School Climate
-School Climate: Includes the quality of interactions between teachers and students in the classroom, expectations of standards, methods used in the classroom. -> school climate is important for achievement • One effective strategy for creating positive classroom environments is to use the authoritative strategy. • This strategy encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring. However, some schools are too 1. Authoritarian: too strict, impede ability to learn, very restrictive, punitive, focus on order in classroom and controlling behavior rather than instruction and learning 2. Permissive: everyone loves them bc you get As no matter what you do, classroom can get a bit out of control, students learn the least with permissive teachers, love them but you walk away with least amount of knowledge -1. Authoritarian strategy of classroom management: Restrictive and punitive, with the focus mainly on keeping order rather than on instruction and learning. 2. Permissive strategy of classroom management: Offers students considerable autonomy but provides them with little support for developing skills or managing their behavior.
Self-monitoring
-Self-monitoring is a personality trait that refers to an ability to regulate behavior to accommodate social or work situations. High self-monitors choose careers by how well they can "fit in" to the situation. Low self-monitors choose careers in line with their own strengths and values. -if you are a high self-monitor you will adjust behaviors to fit into situation, will be able to work lots of different jobs -low self-monitors can't change who they are and have to pick careers that are in line with who they are -High: talkative, initiates humor, expressive, socially skilled • flexible: adjust behavior according to the situation and the behavior of others in a work setting • can appear unpredictable & inconsistent (ppl realize you are changing who you are depending on the situation and see you as fake) • Low: distrustful, perfectionist, introspective, independent • act from internal states rather than from situational cues • show consistency • less likely to respond to work group norms or supervisory feedback --less popular ppl, not really concerned with being liked and having lots of friends and can only do things that align with who they are -show consistency so when make choice make the right one -What types of careers are good for high self- monitors? anything dealing with other ppl, managerial type positions -What types of careers are good for low self- monitors? any job that best reflects their own interest -over time who is more successful?low self-monitors because pick the job that is right for them and high self-monitors pick whatever comes their way -most low self-monitors don't get with anyone, are very picky and wait for the right person -low self-monitor stay in career they like and are still in their marriage -High: these are considered to be chameleons - and tend to change themselves depending on the situation and people they are with -High: managerial positions. To retain valued high self-monitors, therefore, employers may need to actively manage the external environments that help define the selves that these employees project. High self-monitors are likely to value such prestige-builders as public awards for striking achievements and are likely to be enjoy the challenge of moving between quite different well-defined roles. -Low: go in to careers for their own interests. By contrast, low self-monitors tend to value the freedom to pursue work compatible with their own interests rather than work that is prestigious or well-defined. These individuals may, therefore, tend to ignore directives from upper management if these interfere with what they consider to be important tasks. They need to be left to their own devices more
the belief of adolescent girls that being slim will increase their popularity is:
based on reality
What is the difference between Situational and Dispositional Attributions?
-Situational Attribution (factors outside the person doing the action, such as peer pressure) - situation causing the behavior -Dispositional Attribution (the person's stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions)- person themself causing the behavior -attribution= a conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/ event -Attribution Theory: We explain others behavior with two types of attributions: -Adolescents raised in Western cultures tend to make the Fundamental Attribution Error more so than in non- western cultures -The Fundamental Attribution Error: When we go too far in assuming that a person s behavior is caused by their personality.-> go too far in western cultures saying behavior caused by disposition and not situational -Ex: friend fails in class, in western culture say that person is stupid rather than the class was hard - more likely/ over emphasize dispositional attributions -western cultures overemphasize dispositional and underemphasize situational -they also tend to blame the situation for their failures and take personal credit for their successes
Socialization and Delinquency
-Socialized delinquents: Rarely commit crimes on their own. Example___kid in a gang____ --adolescent limited: get involved with wrong ppl such as a gang, usually don't see crimes they commit as wrong bc trying to fit in and survive in group-> grow up in wrong enviro and get involved with wrong crowd • Unsocialized delinquents: Usually have few friends and commit crimes alone. Example_killing animals_____ --life-course persistent delinquents --usually diagnosed with ASD when older and harder to change -Socialized: Usually these kids commit crimes because they grew up around it. Most likely your Adolescent-limited delinquents. Gang members often fit this profile. They don't see the crimes they commit as wrong, but instead see it as a way to express their courage and loyalty to the group. Unsocialized: The behaviors that are associated with the unsocialized delinquent are usually present in infancy and childhood (e.g., killing animals).
Trends in overall drug use in adolescents
-The 1960s and 1970s were a time of marked increases in the use of illicit drugs. • Increases in adolescent and emerging adult alcohol consumption during this period were also noted. • In 2014, a study surveyed more than 46,000 secondary school students in more than 400 public and private schools. • In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, the proportion of secondary school students reporting the use of any illicit drug has been_declining______. • __marijuana______ is the illicit drug most widely used in the United States and Europe. (although not really illicit anymore
Approaches to Student Learning
-The direct instruction approach is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by: --- Teacher direction and control ---high teacher expectation for students' progresses (teacher tests quite a lot) ---maximum time spent by students on academic tasks ---efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum ---most common type: structured, teacher-centered approach (like college lecture class), but professor hanes believes this isn't the best way to learn -The constructivist approach is a learner-centered approach which emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. ---students are expected to do the work ---"flipped" classrooms are highly successful ---Professor Hanes believes this may be better, approach, more time having students do task than professor lecture at them, figure out what students are good at and allow them to run with it, usually used in smaller class sizes, watch something before class and then do activities in groups during class ---highly successful in that students walk away and remember what they learned -Critics of the direct instruction say: feel that we don't wind up with ppl who are adequate critical thinkers, you are just memorizing things the teacher is talking about rather than thinking for yourself- turns students into passive learners and passive thinkers -critics of the constructivism approach say: not rigorous enough, ppl don't learn as much as they should -Today, constructivism may include an emphasis on collaboration - students working with each other in their efforts to know and understand. 1. Students should be encouraged to explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically with careful monitoring and meaning guidance from the teacher. Advocates of the constructivist approach argue that the direct instruction approach turns students into passive learners and does not adequately challenge them to think in critical and creative ways. The direct instruction enthusiasts say that the constructivist approaches do not give enough attention to the content of a discipline and that constructivist approaches are too relativistic and vague.
Obesity
-The percentage of overweight adolescents and emerging adults increased dramatically in the 1980s, 1990s, and early into the 21st century. • National data indicated that the percentage of overweight U.S. 12- to 19-year-olds increased from 11% in the early 1990s to nearly 21% in 2011-2012. (continue to see a rise) • Both heredity and environmental factors are involved in obesity. • Strong evidence of the environment's role is the doubling of the rate of obesity in the United States since 1900, as well as the significant increase in adolescent obesity since the 1960s. • This increase is likely due to • 1._greater_availability of food in our culture (Fast food)___ • 2._declining physical activity (spend more time in front of screens)____ • 3.__energy saving devices (motorized scooters)___ -Eating patterns established in childhood and adolescence are strongly linked to obesity in adulthood. -This increase is likely due to greater availability of food, energy-saving devices, and declining physical activity. -The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not have an obesity category for children and adolescents because of the stigma the label obesity may bring. -They have categories for being overweight or at risk for being overweight, determined by body mass index (BMI). -Overweight: Adolescents at or above the 95th percentile of BMI. -At risk for overweight: Adolescents at or above the 85th percentile of BMI.
What is the difference between a constructivist approach and a direct approach?
-Today, constructivism may include an emphasis on collaboration - students working with each other in their efforts to know and understand. Students should be encouraged to explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically with careful monitoring and meaning guidance from the teacher. Advocates of the constructivist approach argue that the direct instruction approach turns students into passive learners and does not adequately challenge them to think in critical and creative ways. The direct instruction enthusiasts say that the constructivist approaches do not give enough attention to the content of a discipline and that constructivist approaches are too relativistic and vague. Some experts in educational psychology believe that many effective teachers use both approaches rather than either exclusively. Some circumstances may call more for a constructivist approach, others a direct instruction approach. -The direct instruction approach is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by: • Teacher direction and control. • High teacher expectations for students' progress. (teacher tests quite often) • Maximum time spent by students on academic tasks. • Efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum. --most common type: structured, teacher-center type of approach (like lecture in college), professor hanes believes this isn't the ebst way to learn -The constructivist approach is a learner-centered approach which emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. • Students are expected to do the work • "Flipped"classrooms are highly successful --may be a little bit better, more time having students do task then professor lecture at them, learner centered approach, figure out what the students are good at and allow them to run with it, watch something before class and then do activities in groups, highly successful in that students walk away and remember what they learned -critics of direct instruction say that don't wind up woth ppl who are adequate critical thinkers, you are ust memorizing things the teacher is talking about rather thann thinking for yourself - turns students into passive learners and passive thinkers -critics of the cinstructivist approach say: problem is that it is not rigorous enough, ppl don't learn as much as they should -teacher leans towards consstructivist bc thinks will remember more
The Adolescent Workplace
-U.S. has the highest rate of adolescent employment in any other developed country in the 2000s • What kinds of jobs are U.S. adolescents working at today? • About 21% of U.S. 12th-graders who work do so in __restaurants_____ • Another 23% work in ____retail stores______ • On average, in high school: • Sophomores work 15 hours a week • Seniors work 20 hours per week
Secondary Education in Industrialized Countries
-USA, Canada, Japan: • Comprehensive High School: students have classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training (everything put into one, thought this would be good but since intro of this we saw a decline in math and science scores in the US, think that schools were trying to do and teach too much and students got sampling of everything but no one became master of anything • The Comprehensive High School lead to a decline in math and science scores in the US • Started declining in the 1980's • In other words, schools were trying to do too much, and we not excellent in anything -Comprehensive classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training. A variety of classes like music and physical education. The comprehensive high school: By the 1980's high schools were encouraged to develop programs that would focus on training for the workplace. Meanwhile scores on math and science continued to fall. In the 1990's a "back to basics" movement occurred, and now students are required to take an exit exam before leaving high school.
Work and Psychological Functioning (for adolescents)
-Up to 10 hours per week Not related to any psychological symptoms Little effect on adolescent development -Beyond 10 hours per week Anxiety, Depression, Sleep per night declines, Disruptive to eating and exercise habits, More likely to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes -Beyond 20 hours per week Problems become considerably worse, Likely using alcohol, drugs, and/or cigarettes, Vandalism, driving while intoxicated, getting in to physical fights-> think ppl who inclined to use drugs and alc need the money to pay for these things
Working adolescents
-What are at least two issues with the claims that working as an adolescent causes poor school performance? 1. self-selection: students may work more bc already doing poorly in school and hate school 2. low SES background where have to work to survive so more likely to do more poorly in school- may be the causal factor
School Plan and Structure
-Which plan has the best results?_______ Plan Explanation 6-3-3 6 years elementary; 3 years junior high; 3 years high school 5-3-4 5 years elementary; 3 years middle school; 4 years high school 8-4 8 years elementary; 4 years high school (this plan is pretty rare in US, much more common in Europe (teacher stays with student longer, class stays the same longer, creates less anxiety) School Size: Large schools Offer diverse courses and extracurricular activities Small schools Less diversity in offerings; students more likely to participate in extracurricular activities (also more likely students will make friends with each other) -both can be good in different ways -best results (Students with highest test scores and happiest is 8-4 plan -8-4 plan is most successful in producing the highest test scores and students report highest well-being -major differences in results with the plans -way you get edu impacts your test scores and knowledge -depending on where you went to school went through one of these three paths -Which plan has the best results?_______ Plan Explanation 6-3-3 6 years elementary; 3 years junior high; 3 years high school 5-3-4 5 years elementary; 3 years middle school; 4 years high school 8-4 8 years elementary; 4 years high school School Size: Large schools Offer diverse courses and extracurricular activities Small schools Less diversity in offerings; students more likely to participate in extracurricular activities
What is "White Privilege"?
-White privilege (or white skin privilege) is a term for societal privileges that benefit people identified as white in Western countries, beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances There are many types of privilege: economic privilege, gender privilege, heterosexual privilege, and of course... racial privilege. -if white then don't have to consider skin color, if get ulled over don't consider it because of your skin color -When you don't get the job, you don't have to wonder if it were due to your race.
IDEA definition of learning disabilities
-child does not achieve at expected age and ability levels -A severe discrepancy is present between a child's achievement and potential (IQ) in one or more of the following areas: o Oral expression o Listening Comprehension o Written expression o Basic reading skills o Reading Comprehension o Mathematics calculation o Mathematic reasoning
DSM-5 information on Specific Disorder
-diagnostic -specifiers Reading: word reading accuracy, reading rate or fluency, reading comprehension Written Expression: spelling accuracy, grammar and punctuation accuracy, clarity or organization of written expression Mathematics: number sense, memorization of arithmetic facts, accurate or fluent calculation, accurate math reasoning
High Achieving Friends vs. Peers
-it matters who you surround yourself with -If surrounded by high-achieving peer group, adolescents have lower academic self-concept and expectations-> makes you feel bad about yourself -In schools with lower achievement levels, adolescents have better academic self- concepts and expectations "Big Fish in a little pond effect"-> almost better off being big fish in little pond around peers -opposite for friends though -Low-achieving adolescents with high-achieving friends are likely to have higher expectations and aspirations-> high achieving friends boost you and help you -Friends are different from peers! -Adolescents who are more accepted by their peers and have good social skills often do better in school and have positive achievement motivation
Ethnic Differences in dropout rate
-lowest for whites -highest for latinos -latinos have much higher chance of dropping out than any other group we are testing -why? for latinos for the most part english is their second language so it is the language barrier they are struggling with -U.S. schools are doing an especially poor job of meeting the needs of America's fastest-growing minority population—Latinos. The high school graduation rate for Latinos lags behind that for any other ethnic minority group, except Native Americans. What explains these differences? Because of language. Some differences are intertwined with issues of social class, parenting practices, friends' influences Systemic prejudice and discrimination as well.
Levels of depression among adolescents
-most of us will go through some type of depressed mood, sadness but no real symptoms -Depressed mood: enduring period of sadness without any related symptoms • Depressive syndrome: enduring period of sadness with symptoms such as frequent crying, feeling guilty, lonely or worry (one step beyond depressed mood) • Major Depressive Disorder: episode includes five or more symptoms during a two-week period and disrupts functioning -symptoms= weight loss or weight gain, sleeping too much or not enough -if feel this for two weeks will be diagnosed with MDD, probably receive drugs and probably see therapist -if syndrome continues on for a while then get MDD -symptoms= Depressed mood most of the day Lack of pleasure Weight loss or gain Insomnia or oversleeping Slowed motor movements Low energy Worthlessness or guilt Difficulty concentrating Suicidal ideation
Critics argue that the NCLB legislation is doing more harm than good. Because it
-no child left behind 1. Teaches are "teaching to the test" -> not exploring creativity, forced to make sure students have certain tests scores 2. Treating learning like an IQ test-> ignoring unique ways ppl can be successful in life, all about math, science, and vocab scores 3. States setting up their own standards: Mississippi vs. Massachusetts -> biggest problem, states able to set up own standards so not same level of edu across states -common core implemented in response to this in order to implement more rigorous state guidelines for educating students -1. Instead of creating good thinkers, we are creating good memorizers. 2. Ignores the unique ways that students may be successful in life - creativity, motivation, flexible thinking, social skills. Using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence presents a very narrow view of students' skills. 3. Every 4th grader in Mississippi knows how to read, but only half of students in Mass do. Why? Different standards of what constitutes reading. Some critics stress that NCLB reflects social policy that focuses only on academic reforms and ignores the social aspects of school. Each state is allowed to have different criteria for what constitutes passing or failing grades on tests designated for NCLB inclusion. -In 2009, the Common Core State Standards Initiative was endorsed by the National Governors Association in an effort to implement more rigorous state guidelines for educating students. The Common Core Standards specify what students should know and the skills they should develop at each grade level in various content areas. Common Core has generated a great deal of controversy because it further pushes the idea that everyone should be on the same developmental path -The US must improve math and science scores among adolescents • Since the 1990s, the U.S. public and governments at every level have demanded increased accountability from schools. • This approach became national policy in 2002 when the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation was signed into law.
Flow
-used to describe optimal experiences in life (in work, lucky enough to find right job/career) -flow occurs most often when individuals 1. develop a sense of mastery 2. are absorbed in a state of concentration while they engage in an activity (that they care about) 3. are engaged in challenges they find neither too difficult nor to easy -perceived levels of challenge and skill can result in different outcomes -flow is most likely to occur in areas in which adolescents are challenged, and perceive themselves as having a high degree of skill
Apprenticeship
-very common in western europe -do exist in US but don't hear about it much -Apprenticeship is where an adolescent "novice" serves under contract to a "master" who has substantial experience in a profession -> older person who helps them and guides them through -The German example: 60% of all 16- to 18-year-olds are in an apprenticeship program-> start really young, do program during the day and take classes at night and get degree -Common features of apprenticeship programs are: • Entry at age 16 • Apprenticeship lasting 2 to 3 years • Continued part-time schooling while apprenticing • School curriculum closely connected with training • Training that takes place in the workplace • Preparation for a career in a respected profession that provides an adequate income -how do they work in the US? usually start by recruiting high school grads, pay during day for work, school at night paid for, get associates degree -unfortunately not many of these programs in US but very common in western europe -Right now, college grads under 25 have a 50% chance or being under or unemployed. Why are apprenticeships going down in the US? bc it costs the company money- have to invest a lot in you so a large upfront cost for these companies
Stressors
-within biopsychosocial approach look at stressors -Stressors refer to the events There may be a spectrum of levels of intensity and persistence of stressors. -We can also see stressors as falling into one of three categories: --Catastrophes, Major life changes, andChronic daily hassles -there may be a spectrum of levels of intensity and persistence of stressors
The Multisystematic approach
-works for preventing crime and delinquency -have problematic adolescent, intervene at every level possible, change schools, talk to teachers, send therapists for parents, give therapy to adolescent -in certain neighborhoods construct programs so kids have something to do when school is out -this costs a lot of money and time so doesn't happen a lot but does work -has happened in places in NY and arrests and delinquency among adolescents drops dramatically -To intervene at all levels including home, school and neighborhood, the Multisystemic Approach has been met with some success MST includes parent training, job training, vocational counseling, development of neighborhood activities and centers - directing the energy of delinquents in positive directions. We see arrests go down considerably.
middle-class
... *parents* are more likely to be Authoritative & involved in adolescent's education
unstructured socializing
... is *negatively* related to academic performance (abundant leisure)
poor school achievement
... is a *predictor of later delinquency* (comes before delinquency) related to *cognitive deficits*
Achievement attention for many reasons
1) adol. is a time for preparation for adult work roles raises questions about the nature of the preparation young people receive and the processes through which they sort themselves into the occupational roles that may influence the remainder of their lives. --many of the factors that narrow an individuals educational options and vocational alternatives are prominent during the high school and college years. 2) not until adol. of they begin to appreciate fully the implications of these differences for immediate and future success. Make the choices based on their talents, abilities, opportunities and the performance of those around them 3) the educational and occupational decisions made during adol. are more numerous and the consequences of such decisions are more serious.
What ethnicity is most likely to engage in sexual intercourse at the youngest age?
black male
6 Basic Skills
1)Reading at a 9th grade level or higher 2)Doing math at a 9th grade level or higher 3)Solving semi-structured problems 4)Communicating effectively orally and in writing 5)Using a computer for word processing and other tasks 6)Collaborating in diverse groups
ADORE (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in Europe)
1,500 children and adolescents in 10 countries/Observational data at seven points over 2 years - diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes/Parent's assessments matched pediatrician
why are aggressive peer rejected boys have problems in social relationships
1-more impulsive and have problems with sustaining attention, more disruptive, 2-emotionally reactive 3- fewer social skills
Drop out Prevention Programs
1. Alternative schools, kids here half as likely to drop out than control group. School is successful if: low student to teacher ratio, attention from caring workers, starting program in middle school. 2. Privately sponsored dropout programs: offer incentives to staying in school: IHAD: New York: by Eugene Lang; for any kid who made Bs in high school, he would pay their full college tuition. Drop out rate in that area was 75%, but in this group, only 10% dropped out and 60 % attended college.
What are interventions available for dropouts?
1. Alternative/night schools 2. I Have A Dream (IHAD)
By the year 2010, 8% of young people had not obtained a high school diploma by age 24. Why?
1. Approx. 1/3 of girls drop out for personal reasons (e.g., pregnancy, marriage.) 2. Low SES 3. Sensation-seeking PERSONALITIES which lead to school-related problems 4. Parents or friends who dropped out (which is correlated with a host of other issues)
By the year 2010, 8% of young people had not obtained a high school diploma by age 24. Why?
1. Approximately 1/3 of girls drop out for personal reasons, such as pregnancy or marriage 2. Low SES 3. Sensation-seeking personalities which lead to school-related problems 4. Parents or friends who dropped out, which is correlated with a host of other issues
By the year 2010, 8% of young people had not obtained a high school diploma by age 24. Why?
1. Approximately 1/3 of girls drop out for personal reasons, such as pregnancy or marriage 2. Low SES- Parents' education and income are strong predictors. Correlated with poverty which also predicts dropping. 3. Sensation-seeking personalities which lead to school-related problems -More likely to have repeated a grade, have low grades, display behavior problems. Low score on achievement and IQ tests. The more active and aggressive the personality, the more difficult it is to sit in a typical classroom. - can't sit still in class and focus 4. Parents or friends who dropped out, which is correlated with a host of other issues - parents do serve as a model
Why is it that although the US was the first nation to introduce the idea of massification, it ranks 12ths for number of college graduates?
1. Capitalism - the prices of college continue to SOAR; this makes it hard for students to be able to graduate in for years and just continues to increase the cost. 2. Many people who may have come here for school have decided to stay in their own countries instead
What 3 factors make students more motivated to learn?
1. Choices 2. Feeling of being challenged 3. Informational value
European Countries: 3 Types of Secondary Schools
1. College-Prep school; similar to American comprehensive high school, offers variety of courses to provide a general education. Does not include music, gym. About 1/2 of adolescents attend this school. 2. Vocational School; Adolescents learn the skills needed to be in a specific occupation (plumbing). About 1/4 of students attend this type of school. 3. Professional School; Devoted to teacher training, the arts, or another specific purpose. 1/4 of adolescents attend this. *Germany & Switzerland apprenticeships*
which of the following criteria are recommended for effective schools for young adolescents
boasting students health and fitness, the involvement of parents, lower student to counselor ratios
Four College Student Subcultures: Clark and Trow 1960
1. Collegiate: centered around frats, dating, drinking, big sporting events, campus fun. Grades/classes as second priority. Main purpose is fun, mostly at big schools 2. Vocational: Purpose of college is to gain skills that will enable them to get a job they couldn't have without college. Resist professors demands for engagement in ideas. Typically work 20-40 hours a week to support themselves. Mostly community college students. 3. Academic Subculture: Drawn to world of ideas and knowledge. They study hard, do their assignments and get to know their professors. Excited/engaged. 4. Rebel: Deeply engaged with the ideas offered in their courses, however aggressively non conform. Typically detached from professors and skeptical of their experiments. Selectively studious to info they deem relevant.
What are the three values emphasized in collectivist cultures to help their children and adolescents become CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS OF SOCIETY?
1. Connectedness to the family and other close relationships 2. Orientation to the larger group 3. Respect and obedience****
What are the ways friends influence adolescents more than parents in terms of school?
1. Consistency of class attendance 2. Time spent doing hw 3. How hard they try 4. Grades
What are Donald Super's five stages of Occupational Development?
1. Crystallization 2. Specification 3. Implementation 4. Stabilization 5. Consolidation
in adolescence, _____ relationships tend to demonstrate more cooperatives and excitement
boy
Why do gender differences in job choice persist despite the fact that women now EXCEED men in terms of overall educational attainment?
1. Gender socialization: women tend to choose jobs that pay less money (e.g., daycare vs construction). 2. The SECOND SHIFT: women end up doing a lot of the work at home/chores - end up doing more work overall than men.
_________ are more likely to be bullies
boys
adhd occurs as much as four to nine times more often in ______ than in _____-
boys, girls
from kindergarten onward, _______ are more likely than ______- to participate in larger group activities
boys, girls
What are the two types of delinquency?
1. Life-course-persistent 2. Adolescent-limited
What are two issues with defining cultures based on "individualism" and "collectivism?"
1. Many concepts within cultures do not "translate" well (e.g., Japanese "Hikikomori" and "amae") 2. Adolescents need BOTH autonomy and connectedness
What are characteristics of children and adolescents who extensively play violent electronic games?
1. More aggressive 2. Less sensitive to real life violence 3. More likely to engage in delinquent acts of any kind 4. More likely to get lower grades in school.
Higher SES parents
1. More concerned with developing children's initiative 2. children equal participants at home in authoritative environment 3. less likely to use physical punsishment 4. less directive and more conversational
Why does it often take 5-6 years for a student to complete a 4-year Bachelor's degree?
1. Much more likely to also be working 2. Tuition has increased 4x since the 1980s 3. Out support has shifted primarily from grants to the two different types of loans --> makes it more and more difficult
How do adolescent girls differ from boys in their responses to stress?
1. Much more sensitive to [any] relationship problems. 2. Much more likely to report higher levels of relationship stress (probably because they interact with other people more) 3. Much more likely to use coping strategies that MAINTAIN their relationships. | Boys are more likely to take it or leave it
Why do many people NOT follow Super's stages of occupational development?
1. Our education has stretched farther and farther -- it's a longer process that doesn't match the ages of the stages 2. Today, many people tend to have 2-3 different careers in a lifetime; they are not very likely to stick to a singular track 3. Super didn't the tole women held as the primary caregivers for children
Why don't typical adolescent crime prevention programs work?
1. Participation is INVOLUNTARY 2. Parents wait TOO LONG and let too many things happen before they intervene
What are the four values that reflect the beliefs of parents in individualistic cultures requires for the DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMY?
1. Personal choice 2. Intrinsic motivation 3. Self-esteem 4. Self-maximization
What are the four characteristics of giftedness?
1. Precocity 2. Independence 3. Drive for Mastery 4. Excellence in Information Processing
Murnane and Levy 1990s New Basic Skills
1. Reading at a ninth grade level or higher 2. Doing math at a ninth grade level or higher 3. Solving semistructured problems. 4. Communicating effectively orally and in writing 5. Use of computer for word processing other tasks. 6. Collaborating in diverse groups. These skills needed for success at new jobs available to high school graduates in changing economy that promise career development and middle calls wages.
extracurricular activities
breadth of extracurricular activities - the longer involved, the better the outcomes - The quality matters
John Holland's personality characteristic categories to consider when matching a person with a job
1. Realistic: High physical strength, practical approach to problem solving, low social understanding. Best occupations: involving physical activity/practical application of knowledge: farming, truck driving, construction. 2. Investigative: High on conceptual and theoretical thinking. Prefer thinking problems through than applying knowledge, low on social skills.Best fields: Math and Science. 3. Social: High in verbal/social skills. Best jobs: teaching, social work, counseling. 4. Conventional: High on following directions carefully, like to be in structured situations. Best: clear responsibilities with little leadership, such as banking. 5. Enterprising: high in verbal skills/social/leadership. Best: Sales, business, politics. 6. Artistic: Introspective, imaginative, sensitive. Best: Writer or author.
What explains the ethnic differences in academic achievement?
1. SES: access to information and resources to keep the brain moving 2. Cultural values: certain culture value academic achievement more than others
Adolescents in non-Western cultures (those which emphasize group unity, allegiance, and purpose over the wishes of the individual), tend to make the following attributions:
1. The behavior of others is attributed more to the SITUATION. 2. Credit for successes is given more to OTHERS, particularly family members who helped get them to where they were (the SUPPORT/belief in support) 3. Blame for failures is taken more on INDIVIDUAL'S FAULT.
Today, it takes a student 5-6 years to complete a 4-year Bachelor's degree. Why?
1. Tuition rates are now 4 times higher than they were in the 80's 2. Has shifted from primarily grants to loans 3. to pay for all of it, students are working more and taking fewer classes
Why does it often take 5-6 years for a student to complete a 4-year Bachelor's degree?
1. Tuition rates are now 4x higher than they were in the 80s 2. Shift from primarily grants to loans 3. TO pay for all of it, students are working more and taking fewer classes
William Julius Wilson's Approach to Helping Minority Unemployment
1. Upgrade education: poor areas have smaller tax base to draw from than wealthy areas, results in bad schooling for the poor. 2. Improve school to work programs 3. Improve access to employment: Organized car pool and van networks carry urban young people to the suburbs to apply and attain a job, get more information to urban youth about available jobs. 4. Provide government-funded public service jobs: Young people serve in jobs such as nurses aids, playground supervisors, bridge painters.
What does flow occur?
1. When individuals have a sense of mastery 2. Absorbed in a state of concentration while engaged in the activity 3. Engaged in challenges that are related to your skills that are not too difficult nor too easy. | Flow is most likely to occur in areas in which adolescents are challenged and perceive themselves as having a high degree of skill.
cognitive processes involved in motivating students
1. attribution 2. sustained attention, effort, and task persistence 3. mastery motivation and mindset 4. self-efficacy 5. expectations 6. goal setting, planning, and self-monitoring 7. purpose
What are the two main factors that parents play in American education "beyond the classroom?"
1. expectations for achievement - the higher the expectations, the higher the child's achievement. 2. Involvement in the education (parenting styles have an impact) - authoritarian and authoritative produce adolescents who perform better
parents of Lower SES
1. more concerned with children conforming to society 2. authoritarian 3. physical punishment 4. more directive and less conversational
ethnic minority children and poverty
1. more likely to experience persistent poverty over many years 2. live in isolated poor neighborhoods where social supports are minimal and threats to positive development abundant
dimensions of instrinsic motivation
1. self determination and personal choice 2. optimal experience and flow 3. cognitive engagement and self-responsibility
Adolescents with Disabilities/ Learning Disabilities
10% of teens in american schools have been diagnosed with a disability. Half of these are learning disabilities. Learning Disability: Normal intelligence but difficulty in an academic area. May indicate deficits in brain development. Based on gap between IQ test and school tests. Boys 2x as likely to have learning disorder. Blacks, Latinos more likely to have learning disability.
explain entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
11-13, triggered by puberty, increase interest in romance, and is quite frequently disscussed with same sex friends, crushes are formed , dating- group setting
the average age of initial same sex activity for females is
14 to 18
Crystallization
14- to 18-years of age; When an individual fantasized about becoming something out of reach (greatest football player, awesome movie star)
explain exploring romantic relationships
14-16- casual dating and dating in groups. casual dating- mutually attracted, short live , dating in groups - common. friends acting as 3rd party facilitator
the average age of initial same sex activity for females is
14-18
What is the average amount of working hours for high school sophomores? Seniors?
15 hr/wk.; 20 hr/wk.
who are early starters
15 to 20 percent of 11-13 year olds who say that they are in a romantic relationship and 35 percent who indicate that they have had some prior experience in romantic relationships
Studies suggest that as many as _____ of individuals will experience at least one bout of depression by the age of 18
15%
explain consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
17-19, serious relationships, strong emotional bonds , year or more, more stable
Specification
18- to 21-years of age; When people begin to become more realistic in their goals (e.g., work with children) + HOW you want to do it -- begin specifying.
Historical Changes to Secondary Education
19 Century - For the wealthy, especially males, broad liberal studies/1920 - Framework for American high school as we know it today/Mid 20th Century -Expanding school population; curriculum expands to include family life, arts/1980's - Back to basic movements
Adolescent Work in the 20th c: US
1925: majority of adolescents left school by age 15 to become full-time workers, families viewed their income as essential. 1940: 70% in high school, 30% working, but no mix. 1950-90s: shift in american economy towards need for part-time workers resulted in adolescents working part time and attending school. Today 80% of HS seniors have held a part time job, higher than any other developed country,
Adolescent Work in the 20th Century
1930's-Trend toward staying in school/1950-1990's-Combining school with part-time jobs/1990's-Over 80% of high school seniors worked/2000's-U.S. has highest rate of adolescent employment in any other developed country
NAEP (National Assessment of Educational Progess) trends through U.S. years
1970s/1980s: Declines in eighth grade math, science, and reading, especially to higher order thinking. 1990s: Rose during the 90s in all areas. 2000s: Reading and science scores changed slightly, math continues to rise, reaching highest ever in 2009.
College Majors and Gender Differences
1972: Females 1/4 as likely to major in physical sciences as males. Current Females: Equal representation of males/females in biological sciences, premed, prelaw, business. Females 4x as likely to major in education, 3x as likely to major in psych. Current Males: Equal in business, premed, prelaw, science, but 4x as likely to major in computer science or engineering.
Changes in Schooling for US Adolescents
19th century: secondary education available only to wealthy males and focused on broad liberal arts 1920: Steep rise in proportion of young people attending secondary school, widespread reform in education. Rich males → broad population. Shifted from education for personal sake to education for as a goal focusing on training the work force and citizens. 1920s-1950s: Continued expansion of adolescents receiving schooling Diversity of HS continued to increase, enlarged to include preparation of family life, leisure, courses on music, art, health, physical education. 1970s: Relevance became new significance → high schools encouraged to develop programs that involved less time in the classroom and more time learning skills in the workforce. 1980s: The focus on relevance became an issue; education achievement tests were lower than the 1960s → back to basics. More stringent requirements in the sciences, math, more homework, longer school days.
(1) Life-course persistent delinquents (2) Adolescence-limited delinquents
2 distinct types of *delinquency*
(1) Depressed mood (2) Reduced interest or pleasure in activities
2 major symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
(1) Internalizing Problems (2) Externalizing Problems
2 types of problems in the *Developmental Psychopathology* Approach
In 2013, almost __% of children under 18 years of age were living in families below the FPL and is much higher than figures from other industrialized nations.
20
According to the University of Michigan survey "Monitoring the Future," approximately what percentage of American high school seniors have tried marijuana?
46
Donald Super's Theory of Development of Occupational Goals
5 Stages beginning with adolescence. 1.) Crystallization: ages 14-18. move beyond fantasies and consider how their talents/interests match up with occupational possibilities available. 2.) Specification: ages 18-21: Job choices become more focused. Seek information about what is involved in each job prospect. Training started. 3.) Implementation: ages 21-24: Completing the education/training needed and entering the job. Reconcile what job you want and what is available. 4.) Stabilization: ages 25-35: Young adults establish themselves in their careers. Become more stable and experienced in their work. 5.) Consolidation: ages 35 and up: Continuing to gain expertise and seek advancement into higher-status positions.
by twelfth grade, boys spend an average of _____ hours a week with the other sex, girls ____ hours a week
5, 10
What is the best school size for adolescents?
500 to 1000
most countries mandate that children begin school at ______ years of age
6 to 7
Schooling Arrangement Plans
6-3-3 Plan: 6 years primary, 3 junior year, 3 high school 5-3-4 Plan: 5 years primary, 3 years middle school, 4 year high school 8-4 plan: 8 years primary, 4 years high school. Transition to middle school often hard due to puberty taking place, peer relations changing due to sex, changes in school experience. 8-4 Plan advantage: better self-esteem, school attendance, and student engagement. This plan rare in America, more common in Europe.
What are the different education [year] plans?
6-3-3; 5-3-4 (majority); 8-4
in 2012, ___percent of 16-24 year olds have dropped out of school
6.6
According to surveys of young people, at least what percentage report having engaged in delinquent behavior at some point during adolescence?
60% to 80%
What is the reason that ___ % of working adolescents tend to engage in occupational deviance?
60%; Because they don't think they'll be in their current job for the rest of their life so they are not concerned about the future of this job.
_________ percent of americans have been married at least one time
70
even though marriage rates in the us are on the decline, about _______-- percent of people have been married at least once
70
What is the reason smoking has declined between 1997-2001?
70% increase in price of cigarettes
Characteristics of College Students
70% recent graduates enter college. In US: 58% undergraduate is female. Same trend in Europe. Worldwide Survey: More girls in college in 83 of 141 countries. In US: 90% of Asians attend college; highest ethnic group attendance. 71% of whites 60% blacks and Latinos. This has been an increase from the past.
Recent national surveys revealed dramatic increases in adolescents' use of social media and text messaging found that
75% of U.S. 12- to 17-year-olds had a cell phone. 50% of the adolescents sent 50 or more text messages a day. 1/3 sent 100 or more text messages a day. Adolescent girls 14 to 17 years of age sent the most text messages— an average of more than 100 a day.
What are the recent national survey figures concerning adolescents' use of social media and text messaging?
75% of US 12- to 17-year-olds had a cell phone; 50% of the adolescents sent 50+ texts/day; 1/3 sent 100+ texts a day
Recent national surveys revealed dramatic increases in adolescents' use of social media and text messaging found that...
75% of US 12- to 17-year-olds had a cell phone; 50% of the adolescents sent 50+ texts/day; 1/3 sent 100+ texts a day; Adolescent girls 14 to 17 years of age sent the most texts, >100/day
By the year 2010, __% of young people had not obtained a high school diploma by age 24
8
paul and white (1990) identified _______ specific functions of dating
8
Which education plan has the best results and why?
8-4 because the children under this plan only have to change their status once.
over his or her lifetime, a college graduate will make approx _______ more than a high school graduate will
830,000 more
when does yearning for conformity to peers peak
8th and 9th graders
The Internet and Adolescents
90% have access to computer across genders and races. Most preferred media form, internet use highest in emerging adulthood. Most common uses are games and social networking, boys: to play games, download music. Girls: social purposes, chat rooms, email. Provides access to information, can enhance education in childhood and adolescence. Cons: Sexual predators: 1/4 experienced unwanted sexual exposure online, 1/5 received sexual solicitation. Can cause social isolation however research proves this otherwise, more social connections.
age 18; 14-17
90% of smokers *begin smoking by*.. & are more likely to begin between ages..
Percentage of Top Video Games that contained Violence
94%
Amae
A Japanese term that is seen in every culture, but in the US, we don't have a name for it -- when you act like a child to get love from somebody
Jigsaw classroom
A classrooms strategy in which students from different cultural backgrounds are placed in a cooperative group in which, together, they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal.
Alcohol and associated problems
A consistent sex difference occurs in binge drinking, with males engaging in this more than females The transition from high school to college may be a critical transition in alcohol abuse In a national survey of drinking patterns on 140 campuses, almost half of the binge drinkers reported problems that included missing classes, physical injuries, trouble with police, and having unprotected sex higher rates of sexual risk taking, increase in binge drinking by females during emerging adulthood
Teachers are "teaching to the test"
A criticism of the NCLB legislation that describes how instead of creating good thinkers who have the ability to move in any direction they want, we started to develop hood test takers
States setting up their own standards
A criticism of the NCLB legislation that describes how states are not establishing equivalent standards and, therefore, makes "smarter" students across different states. Ex: MS req. all 3rd graders to read vs MA req. all 4th graders to read
Treating learning like an IQ test
A criticism of the NCLB legislation which claims that is ignoring the way people are smart in their own ways and makes education values geared toward what is thought to be important
Self-handicapping
A fragile self-confidence (developed from parents trying to protect their child's self-esteem) can be easily shattered by the first time they encounter more challenging work and higher standards. This leads to 2 ways to manage their self-perception
Race
A group of people identified as distinct from other groups because of supposed physical or genetic traits shared by the group. Ex: Asians look different from Blacks and Blacks look different from Whites.
Socioeconomic status
A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics Individuals with different SES have varying levels of power, influence, and prestige
Characteristics of Adolescent and Emerging Adult Problems
A large scale investigation (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1981) found that: lower-SES background boys were more likely to have problems like undercontrolled, externalizing behaviors, Overcontrolled and internalizing behaviors were more likely for middle-SES adolescents and girls The behavioral problems most likely to cause adolescents to be referred to a clinic for mental health treatment were feelings of unhappiness, sadness, or depression, and poor school performance
Construcitivist approach
A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the adolescent's active, cognitive construction of knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Constructivist approach
A learner-centered approach which emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
What is dysgraphia?
A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.
What is the NCLB Common Core?
A reform to the NCLB Legislation in 2009 implemented in order to establish more rigorous state guidelines for educating students -- set a standard for EVERY CHILD IN THE COUNTRY to perform at the same [base] level.
Bonding
A result of catastrophes found when both the trauma and recovery are SHARED with others -- that shared experience brings people together
Least restrictive environment (LRE)
A setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children or adolescents without a disability in this setting have been given a legal basis.
Direct instruction
A structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by: 1) Teacher direction and control 2) High teacher expectations for students' progress 3) Maximum time spent by students on academic tasks 4) Efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.
Apprenticeships in Western Europe
A work preparation program, an adolescent novice serves under contract to a master who has experience at a profession. Germany's apprenticeship program includes 60% of 16-18 year olds Common features: Entry at 16, lasting 2-3 yrs. Continued part time schooling while in apprenticeship. Training that takes place in the workplace under real conditions. Preparation for a career in respected industry.
Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the end of their sophomore year of high school? A) 40% B) 60% C) 10% D) 75%
A) 40%
Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital?
A) Art's father takes him to museums during the summer
Connie believes that intelligence is fixed. Which of the following is most likely true for Connie?
A) Connie is likely to be performance-oriented.
Raul, a foreign-born Hispanic youth, has decided to drop out of high school. According to the studies, what is likely to be the reason for his desire to drop out?
A) He is not proficient in English.
According to the text, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home? A) Ingrid B) Leanne C) Ingrid, but only immediately following her parents' divorce. D) Both girls are equally likely to be sexually active.
A) Ingrid
Which of the following is the most likely scenario for adolescent sexual activity? A) It takes place in the boy's home on a weekday after school. B) It takes place in the back of the boy's car on a weekend evening. C) It takes place in the girl's home on a weekend evening. D) It takes place at a friend's home on a weekday after school.
A) It takes place in the boy's home on a weekday after school.
Alice, a 16-year-old, gave birth to a baby boy last year. How will this affect the likelihood that her 13-year-old sister, Marie, will have a baby? A) It will increase. B) It will increase only if Marie is already sexually active. C) It will be unaffected. D)It will decrease.
A) It will increase.
Who is the most likely, after becoming pregnant, to have an abortion? A) Jamie, a European-American female living in the suburbs B) Kimberly, a European-American female who dropped out of high school C) Dotty, an Black female who dropped out of high school D) Tara, an Black female living in poverty
A) Jamie, a European-American female living in the suburbs
Which of the following is an example of school performance?
A) Kelly received a C on her report card
Which adolescent is most likely to engage in sexual intercourse at the youngest age? A) Laurence, a Black adolescent B) Michael, an Asian American adolescent C) Danny, a European American adolescent D) Jesse, a Hispanic adolescent
A) Laurence, a Black adolescent
Which statement about underachievement is false?
A) Most underachievers are highly intelligent yet afraid of failure
Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception? A) Nancy, who had an abortion a year ago B) Geraldine, who had a baby a year ago C) Annie, who is not doing well in school D) Melanie, who lives in a state that requires parental notification for abortions
A) Nancy, who had an abortion a year ago
High School Dropouts
by 2010, only 8% of americans didn't have a GED or HS diploma by the age of 24. 1/4 of american teens leave high school but get a GED. Dropout rates have declined over the past 30 years in all ethnic groups, but Latinos have a high drop out rate of 19%.
Which of the following is least likely to explain why growing up in a single-parent home affects girls' sexual behavior more than boys' sexual behavior? A) Social influences on sexual behavior are weaker for girls than for boys, thereby leading to fewer restraints on girls' sexual activities. B) Single mothers may be dating, thereby inadvertently acting as role models of sexual activity for their adolescent daughters. C) Girls are more likely than boys to look outside the family for warmth and support. D) There may be a genetic link inherited from the girls' fathers that increases daughters' sexual behavior.
A) Social influences on sexual behavior are weaker for girls than for boys, thereby leading to fewer restraints on girls' sexual activities.
Jacob and Stephen just got a project back from their teacher that they had worked on together. They received a D on the project. Jacob said that it was because the project was too hard. Stephen said it was because they hadn't worked hard enough on the project. Which adolescent is most likely to try harder on future projects?
A) Stephen
Which of the following statements about abortion and teen pregnancy is not true? A) There are no differences between pregnant teenagers who do and do not seek abortion B) Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are academically successfully and ambitious C) Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are more inclined to seek psychological counseling than young women who do not abort their pregnancy D) Young women who terminate their pregnancy by abortion are less likely over the next two years to experience a subsequent pregnancy and more likely to practice contraception than those who do not abort their pregnancy.
A) There are no differences between pregnant teenagers who do and do not seek abortion
The text lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particularly important period during the life cycle, except: A) adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge. B) puberty brings on physical changes that allow for sexual reproduction. C) cognitive changes in adolescence have a major impact on sexuality. D) it is not until adolescence that sexual activity begins to take on the social meaning it will continue to have throughout adulthood.
A) adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge.
The best predictor of contraceptive use is: A) age. B) IQ. C) race. D) socioeconomic status.
A) age.
The sexual ______ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual _____ of males and females is quite different. A) behavior; socialization B) socialization; behavior C) attitudes; experiences D) experiences; attitudes
A) behavior; socialization
What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents? A) condoms B) birth control pills C) withdrawal D) the rhythm method
A) condoms
Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except:
A) cooperation.
The stage during which individuals first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations (typically between the ages of 14 and 18) is called:
A) crystallization
Professor Bertrande understands that most adolescents she talks to are not likely to engage in abstinence. Her research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is: A) effective condom use during sex. B) use of withdrawal. C) use of the rhythm method. D) taking antiviral drugs before and after having sex.
A) effective condom use during sex.
Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called:
A) extrinsic motivation.
Which work values decline most dramatically with age?
A) extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards
The most common reasons that 14- to 15-year-olds give for abstaining from sex are: A) fear of disease and fear of pregnancy. B) parental and religious restrictions. C) concerns about their reputation and parental disapproval. D) negative attitudes about the physical aspects of sexual intercourse.
A) fear of disease and fear of pregnancy.
Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ______ and ______.
A) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling
According to the textbook, which of the following is not an effective form of parental involvement:
A) helping with homework
Generalizing from the text, if Nicky's parents want to slow down her sexual involvement, which of her parents should talk to her about sex? A) her mother B) her father C) Both of her parents should talk to her at the same time. D) Neither of her parents should talk to her about sex.
A) her mother
What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls? A) household composition B) mother's employment C) number of siblings D) parenting styles
A) household composition
According to the textbook, international disparities in rates of teenage childbearing are associated with: A) income equality and educational attainment B) average income and educational attainment C) the amount of independence a culture allows adolescents to have D) the influence of the mass media
A) income equality and educational attainment
For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse? A) increased levels of androgens B) availability of birth control C) the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity D) receiving sex education in school
A) increased levels of androgens
Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well, or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of:
A) intrinsic motivation
The internal desire to perform well is called:
A) intrinsic motivation
As Carrie was growing up, her parents discussed politics with her, went on family vacations to historical sites and national parks, and attended cultural events together. Carrie took clarinet lessons and spent a lot of time in the library reading books she chose for herself. It is likely that Carrie will be:
A) intrinsically motivated.
The most effective strategy for keeping students from dropping out of high school has been:
A) involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options
Research on risk factors for adolescent sexual activity has found all of the following, except: A) lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls. B) as the number of risk factors increases, the percentage of sexually experienced adolescents increases. C) the same risk factors that predict sexual activity for whites also predict sexual activity among ethnic minority adolescents. D) efforts aimed at predicting adolescent sexual activity must focus on more than one risk factor.
A) lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls.
Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop:
A) learned helplessness
Black students in the inner city who do well in school are:
A) likely to be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white."
In regard to moderate alcohol and marijuana use, studies suggest that:
A) moderate alcohol and marijuana use have become normative among adolescents in contemporary society. B) alcohol and marijuana are typically used in social settings. C) better-adjusted and more interpersonally competent young people are likely to participate in social activities in which alcohol and other drugs are present.
The text suggests that one set of factors that may differentiate the "rich" from the "poor" early in the educational setting is _________ and _________.
A) motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure
Which of the following is true regarding drug use among eighth-graders?
A) one-third have tried alcohol B) nearly one in six has been drunk at least once C) nearly one in six has tried marijuana
Which of the following is not one of the possible symptoms for mild depressive disorder?
A) overeating B) lack of positive affect C) low energy
Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice?
A) parents
Levels of educational attainment in America have _____ over the past 6 decades
A) risen
Molly and Lawrence were caught kissing in school and were sent to the principal's office. He gave them each after-school detention (in separate rooms) and instructed them that this behavior was to cease immediately. However, when the principal saw Lawrence and Molly kissing at the mall on Saturday, he ignored their behavior. This type of attitude toward sexuality is consistent with which type of society? A) semirestrictive B) permissive C) prohibitive D) restrictive
A) semirestrictive
Having a series of relationships in which one is always faithful to one's partner is called: A) serial monogamy. B) cohabitation. C) semirestrictive sexuality. D) sexual socialization.
A) serial monogamy.
To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform.
A) stereotype threat effect
The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on:
A) the academic orientation of the peer group.
According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that career counselors (especially on college campuses) have come to play an increasingly important role individuals' career decision-making?
A) the labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families
In a study on the effect of early intensive education on later school performance among children in poverty, which intervention had the greatest impact on performance in high school?
A) the preschool intervention
Research on teenage mothers indicates that: A) their infants are at heightened risk for school problems and other behavior problems in childhood. B) most of them unconsciously "wanted" to have a baby. C) within 2 to 3 years, their lives are similar to those of their peers who did not bear a child. D) they are better off psychologically than teenagers who had aborted their pregnancy.
A) their infants are at heightened risk for school problems and other behavior problems in childhood.
Which of the following is not likely to predict students' achievement-related behavior?
A) whether the student has experienced a failure
The gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries _____ as they move from elementary to middle to high school.
A) widens
Internet Benefits
Access to information with potential to enhance education/Source of positive social interactions
Positive Signs of Change: Adolescent Work Exploitation
According to ILO, number of child and adolescent laborers fell during 2000-2010. Due to increased awareness of the issue by media and government.
Why are adolescents in the US academically behind most adolescents in Asian countries?
According to Stevenson, it can be attributed to differences in schooling and differences in parenting.
International Comparisons
Across reading science, and math, the developed countries of the West and Japan/South Korea perform best. Countries below international average are typically non developed countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia.
Tracking
Addresses diversity in interests/abilities. typically includes upper level college prep track for elite students, general education track fr average students, and a special education track for for those who are behind. Cons: Dooms students in lower tracks to a second-rate education. Students in higher tracks have best resources, best teachers. Black and latino students more likely to be placed in lower tracks.
Family/Parenting Styles and Risk Behavior
Ado who have authoritative parenting least likely to participate in risk behavior. Drugs more likely in parenting that is authoritarian, permissive, disengaged, and in divorced households
Adolescent girls differ from boys in their responses to stress. They tend to
Adolescent girls are more sensitive to relationship stress; they report higher levels of relationship stress and are more likely to use coping strategies that maintain relationships.
Adolescent girls differ from boys in their responses to stress, They tend to...
Adolescent girls are more sensitive to relationship stress; they report higher levels of relationship stress and are more likely to use coping strategies that maintain relationships.
Media Practice Model
Adolescent's do not all have the same media preferences/Each adolescent's identity motivates the selection of media products/Paying attention to certain media products leads to interaction with those products/Products are evaluated and interpreted/Application of the media content that is chosen
Although adolescents comprise only a small percentage of the population overall, compared to adults, how likely are adolescents to be the victim of a non-fatal violent crime?
Adolescents are 2.5 times more likely to be the victim of a non-fatal violent crime.
their parents volunteer
Adolescents are more likely to *volunteer* if..
Identity and Career Development links
Adolescents further along in the process of identity formation are better able to articulate their occupational choices and their next steps in obtaining short-term and long-term goals
media
Adolescents have *greater control* over this socialization source
Cons of European Schooling System
Adolescents must decide at a relatively early age what job they want to work in when older. At age 15 or 16, adolescents have to decide which type of secondary school to enter, this will have huge impact on their vocational lives.
Farming and Care of Domestic Animals
Adolescents provide useful work for family/Since requires little skill or experience, it is duty of adolescence/High level of training so done by sons and fathers/Decline in U.S. farming due to industrialization
Mastery orientation
Adolescents with this orientation are TASK-ORIENTED; instead of focusing on ability, they concentrate on LEARNING STRATEGIES and the process of achievement rather than the outcome (don't think you can do it, LEARN to do it)
Performance orientation
Adolescents with this orientation are focused on WINNING. It has a goal, very competitive, don't care about mastery.
Who does poverty strike the most often?
African Americans (27%) > Latinos (24%) > Whites (12.3%)
Rise of Schooling for Adolescents: Western Countries
Age of Adolescence (1890-1920) states began to pass laws requiring students to go to school through the early teens.
Crystallization
Ages 14-16/Talents and interests match up to occupational possibilities/Seek info about careers
Specification
Ages 18-21/More focused/Seek info about what is involved in a specific occupation rather than a general field/Pursue education or training required
Stabilization
Ages 25-35/Young adults establish themselves in a career/More stable and experienced in their work
Consolidation
Ages 35 and up/Continue to gain expertise and experience and seeking advancement into higher-status positions as expertise and experience grow
Individual Factors of Risk Behavior
Aggression Sensation Seeking Personality Poor School Achievement Low Impulse Control- due to neglectful parenting Optimistic Bias
Hallucinogens: LCD, Mushrooms, Marijuana
Also called psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs; drugs that modify an individual's perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations
Who is most likely to use drugs?
American Indian adolescents
values education, but also wants adolescents to be *"well rounded"*
American cultural beliefs about school
Percentages of Adolescent Media Usage
American teens listen to music for 4 hours a day, TV for 2 hours a day. Europe/Japan Teens: Watch Tv for 2-3 hrs per day. US teens: oer 50% of adolescents watch one movie p/month., 70% have TVs in room. Over 90% of Ameriacn adolescents have access to computers at home/school. 70% of US teen girls read magazines. *American teens average 7 hours per day of media*
Volunteer work Trends: Adolescence
Americans twice as likely to do volunteer work than any other Western country, 66% report yearly participation. Volunteers tend to have higher educational goals and performance, higher degree between actual selves and ideal selves. Often adolescents who partake have a parent who do so also, often part of political socialization.
developing countries
Among 200 million *employed children & adolescents* worldwide, the majority are in..
Psychological factors
Among the factors that have been proposed as important influences on problems are IDENTITY, PERSONALITY TRAITS, DECISION MAKING, and SELF-CONTROL.
The Multistystematic approach
An EFFECTIVE intervention for preventing crime and delinquency, but is difficult to implement because of cost. Addresses ALL levels and aspects of life that lead to delinquent behaviors: neighborhood, parents, schools. Leads to drastic decrease in arrests
White Privilege
An advantage (special privilege) that White people have based on their wealth and power in history which they are not aware of.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
An approach to treating psychological disorders that focuses on changing negative ways of thinking and practicing new ways of interacting with others
Apprenticeship
An arrangement, common in Europe, in which an adolescent "novice" serves under contract to a "master" who has substantial experience in a profession, and through working under the master, learns the skills required to enter the profession
Bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging (self-induced vomiting)
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern. Begins in late adolescence or early adulthood (bc of the culture that focuses very heavily on women's bodies.) 90% of cases are women (3x more prevalent than anorexia)
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. Typically begins in the early to middle teenage years, often following an episode of dieting and life stress. 10x more likely in females
Depression
An enduring period of sadness
Depressed Mood
An enduring period of sadness by itself, without any related symptoms of depression
What does a permissive classroom style include?
An environment where children often get bored in the classroom...students don't often walk away feeling challenged.
Catastrophic events/conditions
An event that MOST PEOPLE AGREE would agree is harmful and overwhelming. Includes earthquakes, war, wildfires, floods. Can be one single event or chronic harmful conditions.
Alternative schools/night schools
An intervention available for dropouts which allows for good attention from staff bc of the low student-teacher ratios. The most effective programs start early - provide reading programs, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring
I Have A Dream (IHAD)
An intervention available for dropouts which first began with Eugene Lang: local project administrators "adopt" a class where dropout rates are high, help them along, and then PAY FOR COLLEGE. Used this as an incentive for them to do well in school
Within the US and Canada, which race of adolescents are less likely than others to date?
Asians
Ethnocentrism
Assumption that there is a generalization to all people when only researching one particular ethnic group, FAVORING own group over all others
Prejudice
Attitudes, beliefs you have toward a different group of people
Parenting Styles Affects on School Success
Authoritative Parenting best; highest engagement, results in traits of self-reliance, persistence, and responsibility which lead to good work in school. Worst off: Neglectful parenting, leads to lowest engagement, lowest grades. Steinberg.
What is the most effective strategy for creating a positive classroom experience?
Authoritative because it expects a lot out of the student, but still provides a loving and supportive environment.
Who is the least likely adolescent to bear her first child while married? A) Maria, a Mexican American B) Alisha, a Black adolescent C) Francine, an Asian American D) Sylvia, a White American
B) Alisha, a Black adolescent
Ann, a 17-year-old, is still a virgin. What race/ ethnicity is Ann likely to be? A) Black B) Asian American C) Native American D) White
B) Asian American
Which ethnic group, on average, has the highest level of educational achievement?
B) Asian Americans
High school dropout rates are highest among _____ adolescents.
B) Hispanic
Which of the following is an example of academic achievement?
B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs
The ________ is a national assessment of students' achievement conducted by the federal government to track changes in educational achievement over time.
B) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
Professor Stein wants to test the stereotype threat effect. What is the most likely scenario if this effect does, in fact, occur?
B) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group.
Which of the following statements about sexual abuse during adolescence is false? A) Histories of individuals who commit dating violence suggest the perpetrators are likely to have been exposed to physical punishment and abuse at home. B) Younger children are more likely than adolescents to be abused and neglected. C) Adolescent victims of sexual abuse are disproportionately female and poor. D) Both perpetrators and victims of sexual assaults are often reluctant to admit the assault occurred.
B) Younger children are more likely than adolescents to be abused and neglected.
Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective. A) encouraging sexual abstinence B) a comprehensive sex education C) family planning services D) having the unwed mother marry her baby's father
B) a comprehensive sex education
Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop:
B) a fear of failure.
In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement
B) a negative
The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition
B) a socially
Peter, who does exceptionally well in school, is likely to attribute his academic successes and failures to causes such as:
B) ability and effort.
Ford and Beach found that sexual expressions varied widely from culture to culture. Their findings suggest that: A) biology is the key to understanding adolescent sexuality. B) adolescent sexuality may begin in biology but ends in culture. C) sexuality cannot be fully understood cross-culturally. D) adolescent sexuality is very uniform within cultures.
B) adolescent sexuality may begin in biology but ends in culture.
Jason is an intelligent youngster who avoids challenging situations because of his intense fear of failure. Despite his innate ability, he gets low grades and has trouble persisting even with easy tasks. Jason is:
B) an underachiever
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of intrinsic motivation and academic achievement?
B) authoritative
When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called: A) nocturnal stimulation. B) autoerotic. C) sociosexual. D) sensual stimulation.
B) autoerotic.
Experts who accept that sex is part of life for the average American teenager believe that all of the following create difficulties for our society, except: A) providing inadequate sex education. B) beginning sex education too early. C) limiting access to effective contraception. D) not dealing with the issue directly.
B) beginning sex education too early.
In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally: A) are proponents of "free love." B) believe that being emotionally involved with one's partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement. C) believe that being legally married is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement. D) accept sexual promiscuity as acceptable so long as the partners engage in safe sex practices.
B) believe that being emotionally involved with one's partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.
AIDS is transmitted through: A) casual contact. B) bodily fluids. C) kissing. D) mosquito bites.
B) bodily fluids.
Based on the definition used by the U.S. department of Education (the proportion of individuals aged 16 to 24 who are not enrolled in school and who have not earned a high school diploma or GED), the dropout rate has _____ steadily over the past half-century, to about _____.
B) declined; 9%
According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades. A) later than B) earlier than C) at the same time as D) earlier for boys but later for girls than
B) earlier than
Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?
B) educational attainment
Marty's main concern in playing soccer is whether his performance will be good enough to win his father's attention and approval. Marty's behavior is being motivated by:
B) extrinsic forces.
The greatest increase in the prevalence of premarital intercourse has been among which group? A) males B) females C) minority males D) females from higher socioeconomic backgrounds
B) females
In addition to parental supervision, what else might help decrease the probability of adolescent sexual activity? A) insisting that adolescents come home right after school B) having adolescents participate in after-school programs C) having their fathers talk to them about the dangers of sexual involvement D) providing them with books on the risks of sexual involvement
B) having adolescents participate in after-school programs
Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called:
B) intrinsic motivation
Margie sees herself as competent. Manny experiences a great deal of anxiety and hesitation when facing a challenge because he doubts his abilities. Both are A students. Margie is most likely ________ motivated and Manny is most likely ________ motivated.
B) intrinsically; extrinsically
Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years: A) has been slowly but steadily decreasing over the past decade. B) is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America. C) is higher among adolescents in the United States than in other industrialized countries. D) is higher for girls than for boys.
B) is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America.
Ivan, who believes that intelligence is a malleable trait, is enrolled in several advanced placement classes. Mastering the subject material is more important to him than getting good grades. Ivan probably emphasizes:
B) learning goals
Which is not a risk factor for sexual abuse? A) living apart from one's parents B) living in a major city C) being raised in poverty D) having parents who abuse alcohol or other drugs
B) living in a major city
The birth rate among adolescent women today is _____ in previous eras. A) impossible to compare to what it was B) lower than C) higher than D) the same as it was
B) lower than
Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity: A) if they are assured of confidentiality, most adolescents give honest responses. B) males tend to overstate their level of activity. C) females tend to overstate their level of activity. D) males and females both tend to understate their level of activity.
B) males tend to overstate their level of activity.
Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong:
B) need for achievement
While Nathan is sleeping, he ejaculates. This phenomenon is referred to as: A) autoerotic emission. B) nocturnal orgasm. C) twilight discharge. D) circadian rhythm.
B) nocturnal orgasm.
The text suggests all of the following as ways to increase use of contraceptives among adolescents, except: A) ensure the availability of contraceptive devices to adolescents. B) offer sex education that teaches the fundamentals of contraceptive use once adolescents become sexually active. C) ensure open lines of communication so adolescents feel free to talk to adults about their sexual issues and concerns. D) portray sex in the media more responsibly, showing contraception use along with sexual activity.
B) offer sex education that teaches the fundamentals of contraceptive use once adolescents become sexually active.
Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity? A) the adolescent's opportunity to have sex B) parent-adolescent communication C) having sexually active friends D) use of alcohol and other drugs
B) parent-adolescent communication
An analysis of "virginity pledges" that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that: A) pledging works equally well for adolescents of all ages. B) pledging has little effect in schools in which few students take the pledge. C) pledging works well in schools in which nearly everyone takes the pledge. D) pledging has little effect on all adolescents' sexual activity.
B) pledging has little effect in schools in which few students take the pledge.
According to the Ford and Beach sexual socialization research, societies can fall into any of the following categories, except: A) restrictive B) progressive C) semirestrictive D) permissive
B) progressive
Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that adolescents face? A) becoming comfortable with one's maturing body B) reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs C) feeling comfortable in choosing to engage or not to engage in sexual activity D) understanding and practicing safe sex
B) reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs
Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of ________, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _______________. A) intimacy; recreation B) recreation; intimacy C) enjoyment; guilt D) guilt; enjoyment
B) recreation; intimacy
The modest gains in achievement that have occurred during the past decade or so have been in the area of:
B) relatively simple skills
A particular concern regarding the faster progression of sexual activity is an increased: A) push for autonomy from parents. B) risk of pregnancy. C) rate of adolescent marriages. D) risk for experimenting with alcohol and other drugs.
B) risk of pregnancy.
Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of:
B) self-efficacy
Todd would rather date men than women. This refers to Todd's: A) gender identity. B) sexual orientation. C) sex-role behavior. D) homophobia.
B) sexual orientation.
On Steve's 13th birthday, his father wants to educate him about sex, so they sit down to have a "man to man" talk about the "birds and the bees." This process is called: A) sociosexual preparation. B) sexual socialization. C) permissive communication. D) human ecology.
B) sexual socialization.
Jane's community does a lot to support and encourage adolescents' success in school. This community has a large amount of:
B) social capital
What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence:
B) social transitions
Akira wants to be an occupational therapist specializing in the rehabilitation of the hand. Based on Super's stages of occupational development, Akira has reached the:
B) specification stage.
Date rape is when a young person is forced to have sex when he or she does not want to. Sexual coercion and date rape are more likely to occur when: A) a girl plays hard to get with her boyfriend. B) there is a large (3 or more years) age difference between a girl and her partner. C) a stranger attacks and sexually assaults a teenager. D) the teen's parents utilize an authoritarian style of parenting.
B) there is a large (3 or more years) age difference between a girl and her partner.
Research has indicated that many young people do not use contraception regularly for all of the following reasons, except: A) using contraception would indicate that they are planfully and willingly sexually active. B) they unconsciously desire to become pregnant. C) contraceptives may be difficult for them to obtain. D) their egocentric thinking leads them to believe that they are immune from getting pregnant or contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
B) they unconsciously desire to become pregnant.
Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that:
B) when differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight.
According to research cited in the text, all of the following are reasons that some sex education programs fail, except: A) when they are introduced into the curriculum too late (after adolescents are already sexually active). B) when teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students. C) when they focus primarily on changing students' knowledge rather than their behavior. D) when they emphasize abstinence-only sex education
B) when teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students.
Current US Adolescent Workplace
Babysitting most common first job for adolescent girls. Yard work most common first job for boys. Older adolescents typically work in retail sales, or restaurant jobs. More formal commitment,15-20 hours per week. Work tends to be repetitive, 25% of time often cleaning or carrying things.
Controversial Advertising: Cigarettes
Banned from being on commercials in 1971, but cig companies just advertised in magazines, newspapers, etc. Critics say ads are geared for adolescents, while cig companies state they are to persuade adult users to switch brand; however 90% of smokers start smoking by the age of 18, cig companies target this age. Critics also say cig companies try to get adolescents to smoke so they will become addicted before they will realize harmful effects of smoking, present images of independence, fun, coolness. *Effect of advertising 3x as strong on adolescents than for adults **
what is ethnicity
Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language
- Reading & Math at a 9th grade level or higher - Solving semistructured problems - Communicating effectively orally & in writing - Using a computer for word processing & other tasks - Collaborating in diverse groups
Based on the most promising new jobs available to high school graduates today, what skills are necessary?
What is the overall trend in drug use?
Basically, use of everything is declining except MJ use
cognitive growth and poverty
Because of advances in their cognitive growth, adolescents living in poverty conditions are likely more aware of their social disadvantage and the associated stigma than are children
Why are the amount of apprenticeships going down in the US?
Because there are a lot of up-front costs for the companies (since they are paying for their schooling), companies shy away from the finances even though it would lead to a better employee base.
Adolescent Work Before 1900
Before 17/18th century, common work included farming and care of domestic animals/During industrialization common for kids to work in factories/1938 - laws for child labor
Adolescent Work Before 1900: US
Before 17th/18th century industrialization: Boys helped with farming, girls with household work and preparing meals. 19th c: Farming declined 30%, there was demand for cheap labor in the cities, by the 1870s men 16-20 were half the workforce in textile mills, women were 40% in shoe factories. Effects: Work schedule was 10-14 hours per day, 6 days a week. Accident rate twice as high for adolescents, vulnerable to illnesses, adolescents who worked in mills only half as likely to live past age 20.
Which one of the following statements best captures the sex differences in depression?
Before adolescence, boys are somewhat more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms than girls, but after puberty, the sex difference in prevalence of depression reverses.
Problem Behavior
Behavior that young people engage in that is vied by adults as a source of problems, such as unprotected premarital sex and substance use
Occupational deviance
Behaviors including falsely calling in sick to work and stealing things.
How can daily difficulties be caused in adolescents?
Being bullied, living in poverty, or acculturative stress causes a lack of social power and freedom in adolescents which leads to daily difficulties.
Controversial Music: Heavy Metal
Beliefs it promotes suicide, violence. Violence is most common theme in Heavy Metal which peaked in the 1980s. Correlation with heavy metal fans having dark, pessimistic view of the world, cynical. Listen to music when angry, and it has a cathartic effect on their anger, therefore less likely to commit suicide.
- The lower their grades - The less time spent on homework - The more they cut class - The more they cheat - The less committed they are to school (less engagement) - The lower their educational aspirations
Beyond 10 hours of work a week, the *more adolescents work*..
passive
Both *Cultivation Theory & Social Learning Theory* depict the media consumer as relatively..
factors linked to suicide
Both early and later experiences may be involved in suicide attempts history of family instability and unhappiness, and physical or sexual abuse Peer relations also are linked to suicide attempts Depression is the most frequently cited factor associated with adolescent suicide
Where and when is the most likely scenario for adolescent sexual activity?
Boy's home on a weekday after school
How do males respond to stress?
Boys under stress are more likely to withdraw and become aggressive under stress, show LESS empathy.
school & full time employment (most were in school)
By *1940 adolescents* in the US had to *choose between*..
middle school
By ..., many adolescents are concerned w/ *hiding a high-achievement orientation* from their *peers*
part-time
By the *1990s* in the US, over 80% of *high school seniors* worked..
Amy, a 15-year-old, lost her virginity to her boyfriend last night. Which of the following is Amy least likely to say? A) "I'm in love!" B) "I'm so worried—what if I'm pregnant!" C) "I'm so glad I'm no longer a virgin!" D) "I'm so excited!"
C) "I'm so glad I'm no longer a virgin!"
Michael and Kayla are concerned because they noticed their 10-year-old son, Tom, engaging in sex play with a male friend. They ask a psychologist what she thinks. What did she probably say? A) "Tom is probably homosexual." B) "Tom has been sexually abused." C) "Same-sex play among young adolescents is common." D) "Tom needs to get counseling for this unusual behavior."
C) "Same-sex play among young adolescents is common."
What percentage of adolescents who become pregnant get an abortion? A) fewer than 2% B) 15% C) 33% D) 70%
C) 33%
Which of the following statements about boys' first sexual experience is false? A) A boy's first sexual experience is usually through masturbation. B) Boys typically view sex as recreation. C) A boy's first sexual partner is likely to be someone he's in love with. D) Boys are more likely than girls to keep sex and intimacy separate.
C) A boy's first sexual partner is likely to be someone he's in love with.
Amy is a "straight" 16-year-old adolescent. Kelly, also 16, has discovered that she has homosexual interests. Which girl is most confused about her gender identity because of her sexual orientation? A) Amy B) Kelly C) Amy and Kelly are likely to be equally confused because gender identity is separate from sexual orientation. D) Neither Amy nor Kelly will be confused about their gender, because they understand their sexual orientations.
C) Amy and Kelly are likely to be equally confused because gender identity is separate from sexual orientation.
Which adolescent is least likely to exhibit high academic achievement?
C) Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades
Which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps? A) Sotoko, an Asian American adolescent B) Miranda, a Latina adolescent C) Carrie, a Black adolescent D) Torrie, a White adolescent
C) Carrie, a Black adolescent
Nancy, a 13-year-old, has recently become pregnant. Statistically, who is most likely the father of her child? A) Anthony, a 10-year-old B) Zack, a 13-year-old C) Daryl, a 16-year-old D) Clarence, a 20-year-old
C) Daryl, a 16-year-old
Which statement represents an important goal of career educators helping adolescents with their future plans?
C) Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices
Kate is a Black teen mom and has decided to move back to her parents' home. Which of the following statements is not true? A) Kate is likely to stay in school B) living with parents might actually undermine the development of Kate's parenting skills and increase her likelihood of getting pregnant again C) It would be best if Kate lived with her parents for an extended period D) Problems in the relationship between Kate and her mother can adversely affect Kate's mental health
C) It would be best if Kate lived with her parents for an extended period
Who is most likely to attain occupational success?
C) Karen, who has a Master's degree
Which of the following statements about sexual orientation in adolescence is false? A) Males are more likely than females to engage in same-sex activity during adolescence. B) Approximately 2 to 5% of adolescents identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. C) Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. D) The majority of gay, lesbian, or bisexual adults engaged in heterosexual activity during adolescence.
C) Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
Which of the following Hispanic young adults is most likely to graduate from college?
C) Rogelio, who is Cuban American
Fourteen-year-old Sarah began "acting out" behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah's teacher suspects that Sarah is: A) pregnant. B) fighting with her boyfriend. C) a victim of sexual abuse. D) questioning her sexual orientation.
C) a victim of sexual abuse.
Suzanne has just found out that her 13-year-old daughter had been sexually abused by her piano teacher. What type of problem is Suzanne's daughter most likely to face? A) dissociative disorders B) suicide C) academic difficulties D) infertility
C) academic difficulties
Which of the following statements regarding work values is not true for adolescents?
C) adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them
Boys' initial interest in sex is motivated by ________ hormones, whereas girls' initial interest in sex is motivated by _______. A) testosterone; estrogen B) androgen; estrogen C) androgen; androgens and estrogen D) estrogen; testosterone
C) androgen; androgens and estrogen
High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do all of the following, except:
C) begin working earlier
Recent research on promoting safe-sex behaviors among adolescents has suggested all of the following, except: A) it is more effective to focus on adolescents' motives and social relationships, rather than their knowledge about safe sex. B) adolescents are often unaware that their partners may be having sex with others as well. C) being aware of the risk of STDs is sufficient to ensure safe sex practices among adolescents. D) it may be important to use different strategies for sexually active and inexperienced adolescents.
C) being aware of the risk of STDs is sufficient to ensure safe sex practices among adolescents.
Which adults are most likely to describe their fathers as distant and rejecting? A) heterosexual males B) heterosexual females C) both gay and lesbian adults D) lesbians
C) both gay and lesbian adults
Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. They have a large amount of:
C) cultural capital
Which of the following is not one of the factors researchers study in connection with how home environment influences adolescents' level of achievement?
C) cultural factors
Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school.
C) decrease
Which type of educational achievement has important implications for subsequent earnings?
C) educational attainment
Every time that Frank receives an A on his report card, his grandmother gives him $50. However, if Frank receives a C, he is grounded for 2 weeks. Frank will probably develop:
C) extrinsic motivation
Amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of these anxious feelings. She has a very strong:
C) fear of failure
Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline?
C) intrinsic
All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except:
C) it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners.
Paul won't even try to learn how to swim because when he has tried before, he has not done very well and he is now convinced that no matter what he does, he will never learn to swim. Paul's situation is an example of:
C) learned helplessness
The belief or expectation that one cannot control the forces in one's environment is called:
C) learned helplessness
Work values, the different types of rewards that individuals expect to receive from their chosen occupation, can include all but which of the following values?
C) leverage
Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents? A) masturbation; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse B) necking; masturbation; petting; sexual intercourse C) masturbation; necking; petting; sexual intercourse D) petting; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse
C) masturbation; necking; petting; sexual intercourse
Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found all of the following, except: A) although parents may indicate that they talked to their adolescents about a topic, such as sexually transmitted diseases, their adolescents are likely to say they have not. B) parents believe that if they express their disapproval of sexual activity, their adolescents will not be sexually active. C) parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active. D) parent-adolescent communication about contraception lowers the rate of risky sex.
C) parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active.
Compared with students in other countries, U.S. elementary school students_______ students in other countries, and high school students in the United States _______ than their peers in other countries.
C) perform as well as; perform more poorly
Professor Snapes is conducting research on sexual harassment of adolescents. He is likely to learn all of the following, except: A) sexual harassment is widespread within American public schools. B) a significant number of adolescents report having been sexually harassed by their teachers. C) school-based programs aimed at reducing sexual harassment have had long-term success. D) the majority of adolescents who have been sexually harassed had themselves harassed others.
C) school-based programs aimed at reducing sexual harassment have had long-term success
For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse? A) increased levels of androgens B) availability of birth control C) the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity D) receiving sex education in school
C) the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity
Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is: A) in the top third of all industrialized countries. B) in the bottom third of all industrialized countries. C) the highest in the world among industrialized countries. D) average as compared to other industrialized countries.
C) the highest in the world among industrialized countries.
The adverse outcomes of being born to an adolescent mother are generally a result of all of the following, except: A) characteristics of the mother. B) characteristics of the mother's family environment. C) the immature reproductive system of an adolescent mother. D) prenatal malnutrition.
C) the immature reproductive system of an adolescent mother.
"Sexual socialization" refers to: A) a person's sexual orientation. B) a person's social skills in sexual relationships. C) the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality. D) the degree to which an individual is comfortable with his or her sexuality.
C) the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality.
As compared with females whose first intercourse occurs after age 18, those who engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age are likely to report that: A) they were sexually curious. B) they were in love with their partner. C) their first sexual experience was involuntary. D) their sex partner was approximately the same age.
C) their first sexual experience was involuntary.
Evaluations of school-based clinics have found that: A) they increase adolescents' use of contraception B) they appear to increase adolescents' sexual activity C) they do no appear to increase sexual activity D) they are largely effective, especially among White and Hispanic youths.
C) they do no appear to increase sexual activity
cognitive habits
CBT recognizes ___ that are promoting depression --> characterized by *negative attributions* (irrational thinking, distortions of reality)
Large School Size
Can be alienating, less attachment students feel to their teachers and to the school as a whole/More diverse range of classes/Observers rather than participants
What are the 3 main stressors we experience?
Catastrophes, Major life changes, Chronic daily hassles
What are the three categories of stressors?
Catastrophes, Major life changes, Chronic daily hassles
What are the 3 main stressors we experience?
Catastrophes. Major life changes. Chronic daily hassles.
Collegiate (College Subculture)
Centers around fraternities, sororities, dating, drinking, big sports events, and campus fun/Do enough school work to get by/Main purpose is fellowship and partying/Second priority - professors, courses, grades/Big universities
Amenorrhea
Cessation of menstruation, sometimes experienced by girls whose body weight falls extremely low
Protective Factors
Characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of participation in risk behavior
Protective Factors
Characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of participation in risk behavior. Religion, schools, good family life.
What are some of the differences in schooling identified to contribute to lower US academic scores?
Class time spent on math is a lot lower than in Asian countries' Average days per year in school (240 Asian, 178 US)
Adolescent-limited delinquents (ADLs)
Classic idea of adolescents that you don't really have to worry too much about: no signs of problems in infancy or childhood; period of occasional criminal activity between ages of 12-25 (e.g., vandalism, illegal drug use)
Comorbid
Co-occuring as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time
What are the different options for Secondary Education in European countries?
College preparatory (1/2); Vocational School (1/4); Professional school (1/4)
Four Student Subcultures of College
Collegiate, Vocational/ Academic/ Rebel
Acculturative stress
Coming to America and not being able to fit in (something immigrants usually feel)
Socialized Delinquents
Committing acts of delinquency as part of a group or gang; these people rarely commit crimes by themselves and have families that are similar to adolescents who are not criminals. Commit crimes due to their group rewarding illegal behavior. View criminal behavior as bonding to the other people in the group, and exciting.
Indian Debt Bondage
Common system for child labor exploitation; when a person needs a loan and has no money to offer for security, so instead pledges the labor of his children. Lenders are poor and often illiterate, so they are manipulated and can never pay the loan back. Adolescents more valuable than kids, sold into agriculture, service, prostitution, etc.
How was heavy metal had an impact on youth culture?
Common theme of violence/Fans hold dark view of the world/Fans are more reckless-high speed driving, drug use, and vandalism/Cathartic Effect:effect of relieving unpleasant emotions, soothes anger and calms one down
Cross-cultural studies
Compare one culture with one or more other cultures, and provide information about other cultures and the role of culture in development.
What did one study reveal about the upper 10% of college students who were very happy?
Compared to their average and unhappy counterparts, they were more social and extroverted, also tended to have a romantic relations at some point while in college
What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents?
Condoms
acculturation and adolescent problems
Conflict between parents and adolescents that results from cultural shifts that have taken place in immigrant families is likely responsible for the link between
Crime Trends
Crime rates rose from mid 1960s-mid 1970s. Crime rates rose from mid 1980s-early 1990s. Crime rates declined from mid 1990s to present. *Age Crime relationship: typically men 12-25* due to antisocial peer groups forming that highlight crime.
List the order in which Occupational Development stages occur
Crystallization (14-18) > Specification (18-21) > Implementation (21-24) > Stabilization (25-35) > Consolidation (35+)
List the order in which Occupational Development stages occur.
Crystallization (age 14 to 18) Specification (age 18 to 21) Implementation (age 21 to 24) Stabilization (age 25 to 35) Consolidation (age 35 and up)
Autoerotic behavior during adolescence: A) generally precedes sexual activities involving another person. B) often involves fantasies about television or movie stars. C) includes masturbation. D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Compared with studies conducted in the mid-1990s: A) adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse at an earlier age. B) fewer adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse. C) regional and ethnic variations make it difficult to generalize about an average age for sexual intercourse for American adolescents. D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Tim and Carol are upset because they recently discovered that their 13-year-old daughter has already engaged in sexual intercourse. What other types of problems should they anticipate? A) drug and alcohol problems B) low interest in academics C) tolerance of deviant behavior D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages? A) Anglo American adolescents B) Hispanic adolescents C) Asian American adolescents D) Black adolescents
D) Black adolescents
______ is the peak month for adolescents in a serious relationship to have their first intercourse. A) January B) March C) September D) December
D) December
Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school?
D) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive
Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances? A) Jeannette B) Tammy C) Neither Tammy nor Jeannette, because they have made mature decisions. D) Sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance.
D) Sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance.
Sonya has scored in the top 1 percentile on an IQ test, yet she gets below average grades in school. What is true about Sonya?
D) She is an underachiever.
Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception effectively while engaging in sex? A) Vanessa, who feels guilty about having sex with her boyfriend B) Lynn, who belongs to a conservative religious faith C) Vesta, who had previously pledged to remain a virgin D) Tasha, who is sexually active and relatively conventional
D) Tasha, who is sexually active and relatively conventional
According to research by Small & Luster, which adolescent is most likely to engage in early sexual activity? A) Chelsea, an adolescent that lives in a low SES/disadvantaged neighborhood B) Ryan, an adolescent that has many antisocial peers C) Frank, an adolescent that has completely disengaged from school D) The adolescent most likely to engage in early sexual activity is one that has a combination of the above risk factors.
D) The adolescent most likely to engage in early sexual activity is one that has a combination of the above risk factors.
Bill is a very feminine man. Based on this sex-role behavior, one would predict that Bill is probably: A) homosexual. B) heterosexual. C) bisexual. D) There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual orientation.
D) There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual orientation.
Because Andrea is a lesbian, she is more likely to exhibit what types of behaviors? A) feminine behaviors B) masculine behaviors C) androgynous behaviors D) There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual preference.
D) There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual preference.
Which of the following sexually active adolescents is most likely to use contraception? A) Sara, a 15-year-old B) Leonardo, a 16-year-old C) Chloe, a 17-year-old D) Thomas, an 18-year-old
D) Thomas, an 18-year-old
According to Mischel's classic study conducted nearly 50 years ago, what would you predict about Evelyn, who, in elementary and high school always scored at the top of her class, and now, as an adult, is a successful executive?
D) When Evelyn was a preschooler, it is likely that, when given the choice between eating one marshmallow now or waiting 15 minutes to get two of them, she was able to wait.
Professor Umbridge takes pleasure in making her students look foolish. She stresses the importance of grades more than mastery of the course material. Her students are likely to demonstrate all of the following, except:
D) a need to outperform their classmates
The textbook states that peers are important for all of the following reasons, except:
D) adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school
According to the textbook, which of the following is not a limitation to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence?
D) all of the above are important limitations to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence.
According to the textbook, in classrooms in which teachers are very performance-oriented, students:
D) all of the above are likely in classrooms where the teachers are very performance-oriented
Of particular importance in determining the increased sexual responses of males and females are levels of: A) progesterone. B) estrogen. C) ACTH. D) androgens.
D) androgens.
Which of the following statements about authoritative parenting is true?
D) authoritative parenting is probably the most important contributor to strong need for achievement
What is not a risk factor for contracting HIV? A) using drugs B) having unprotected sex C) having many sexual partners D) being male
D) being male
Sexual activity in the United States is _____ in other industrialized countries, and the rate of pregnancy is _____. A) higher than; higher B) lower than; the same C) comparable; the same D) comparable; higher
D) comparable; higher
During the school year, Titus's parents took him to the theater and the opera. In addition, they bought him an encyclopedia for his birthday. The treatment Titus is receiving is an example of:
D) cultural capital
The resources provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called:
D) cultural capital.
Whitney's present goal is to get good enough at spelling to earn the school's spelling trophy. Whitney's ambition is an example of:
D) extrinsic motivation
Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in determining the likelihood of dropping out of high school?
D) gender
Both _____________ are cause by a bacterium, whereas ____________ are caused by a virus. A) chlamydia and herpes; gonorrhea and human papilloma virus B) gonorrhea and herpes; chlamydia and human papilloma virus C) human papilloma virus and gonorrhea; chlamydia and herpes D) gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus
D) gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus
Which of the following is not a finding of Witkow's recent study that investigated the ways in which adolescents use their time:
D) high achieving students spend equal time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays
Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's adolescents have __________levels of educational attainment and ___________ levels of academic achievement.
D) higher; lower
According to the textbook, which of the following is not something that policymakers have called for to ensure young mothers have an adequate income and the chance for adequate employment? A) adaptations in school schedules and the development of school-based child-care centers B) the expansion of subsidized child-care for young mothers who are out of school C) the expansion of family planning services to adolescent mothers D) laws that ensure companies cannot discriminate against teen mother
D) laws that ensure companies cannot discriminate against teen mother
According to the textbook, all of the following are reasons that adolescents' ambitions are consonant with the socioeconomic status of those around them, except:
D) many employers won't higher people from certain SES groups
Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. According to the textbook, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except:
D) motivation
The comprehensive sex education discussed in the textbook has all of the following elements except: A) must teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex B) must increase adolescents' motivation to engage in safe sex C) must change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes D) must reduce adolescents' likelihood of having sex
D) must reduce adolescents' likelihood of having sex
According to the textbook, evaluations of programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers' access to adequate income and employment have found that: A) while enhancing teen mothers' employability has not been successful, decreasing their reliance on welfare has been hugely successful B) both decreasing teen mothers' reliance on welfare and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been successful C) programs aimed at preventing future pregnancies have been successful, but programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers' employability have been largely disappointing D) programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers' employability and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been largely disappointing.
D) programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers' employability and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been largely disappointing.
Harry has failed 9th grade this year and has not learned the material he needs to go on to higher grade levels. However, his teachers are debating letting him go on to 10th grade next year so that he does not feel left behind or lose touch with his same-age friends. This practice is called:
D) social promotion.
Donald is 19. He is beginning to seek appropriate information about which mental health career he wishes to pursue so he can narrow the possibilities and make his choice. According to Super, he is in which stage of occupational development?
D) specification
All of the following have been cited as possible explanations for low achievement scores among American students, except:
D) students spend too much time involved in extracurricular activities
Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because: A) children report erotic feelings before puberty. B) the hormonal changes of puberty result in an increased sex drive in adolescence. C) children are not capable of kissing, petting, masturbating, or sexual intercourse before puberty. D) with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.
D) with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.
Cause of Minority Unemployment
Decline in low skilled high paying jobs, many people followed movement of jobs to the suburbs, These people were affluent, community leaders. With leaders gone, community worsened, crime increased, giving businesses that remained in the city incentive to leave too. Tax base decreased w/ departure of businesses, wealthier citizens, the schools became underfunded, the students were not satisfactory in skills, and no one would hire. --> More drug use, crime, gang violence.
Poverty
Defined by economic hardship - most commonly marked by the federal poverty threshold, originally based on the estimated cost of food multiplied by three.
What is poverty?
Defined by economic hardship: most common marker is the FPL, originally based on the estimated of food multiplied by 3. In 2013, almost 20% of children under 18 years of age were living in families below the poverty line and is much HIGHER than figured from other industrialized nations.
Antecedents of Juvenile Delinquency
Delinquency is an attempt to establish an identity Family support systems Parental monitoring siblings delinquent peers Low SES and poor neighborhood quality Cognitive factors such as low self-control, low intelligence, and lack of sustained attention high academic achievement
Peer Contagion
Delinquency prevention programs have been found to increase delinquency because they bring together high-risk adolescents who then form a delinquent clique.
Multisystemic Approach
Delinquency prevention strategy that addresses risk factors at several levels, including the home, the school, and the neighborhood
Motola Study of Tracking
Demonstrated how the timing of tracking into different types of schools influences the timing of teens decisions about which job path to choose. French adolescents tracked at age 13, Finnish teens at age 16. 58% of French adolescents had clear idea of their chosen job, compared to only 19% of Finnish. *Earlier Tracking correlated to knowing earlier which job path to go down*
Criticisms of Social Learning Theory and Cultivation Theory
Depicted with the media consumer being relatively passive and easily manipulated. Claims cause and effect relationship between media and teen behavior; this is not true.
"Big Fish in a little pond effect"
Describes the feeling better academic self-concepts and expectations that surfaces when an adolescent is in a peer group that has lower achievement levels.
Media Practice Model
Developed by media researcher Jane Brown. How the uses and gratifications theory works in adolescent lives; Selection: adolescent's identity motivates what media they like or dislike and want to consume. Interaction: Paying attention to specific media leads to interaction with these products, they are evaluated. Application: Incorporate this content into their identities/lives, or resistance to it. Identity: Formed from this entire cycle.
Occupational Deviance
Deviant acts committed in relation to the workplace, such as stealing supplies or calling in sick
*propensity* (motivation) & *opportunity*
Deviant behaviors, like *substance use*, in *emerging adulthood* may be explained on the basis of..
Learning Disabilities
Diagnosis made when a child or adolescent has a normal intelligence but has difficulty in one or more academic areas and the difficulty cannot be attributed to any other disorder/10% of Americans diagnosed/Boys twice as likely to be diagnosed than girls/Reading is the most source of difficulty
Why are students in the US behind most students in Asian countries?
Differences in schooling: Class time spent on math Average days per year in school Differences in parenting: Expectations of achievement. Differences in the attribution of success.
Why are students in the US behind most students in Asian countries?
Differences in schooling: Class time spent on math, Average days per year in school. Differences in parenting: Expectations of achievement; Differences in the attribution of success
learning disabilities
Disabilities in which children experience difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language...
ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
Disability that includes problems of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness/Boys 4x more likely to be diagnosed/Half of adolescent's with learning disability are diagnosed with ADHD/
Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Disorder characterized by difficulty maintaining attention on a task along with a high activity level that makes self-control problematic
Adolescents in Western cultures tend to overemphasize _______ attribution and underemphasize _______ attribution.
Dispositional, situational
Low self-monitors
Distrustful, perfectionist, introspective, independent; Act from internal states rather than from situational cues; Show consistency; Less likely to respond to work group norms or supervisory feedback -- beat the rhythm of their own drum, they KNOW who they are. Choose careers in line with their own strengths and values
Most report it *helps w/ friendships* (connect over common interests), but also report *frustrations w/ friends* (texting, social networking while out together) & *wish to "unplug"* sometimes
Does *social media* make us less social & less connected in the face-to-face way?
Extrinsic motivation
Doing a behavior to RECEIVE REWARDS from others.
ADOLESCENTS with MULTIPLE PROBLEMS. TOP FOR FACTORS?
Drug abuse Juvenile delinquency Sexual problems School-related problems
Anabolic steroids:
Drugs derived from the male sex hormone, testosterone, which promote muscle growth and increase lean body mass Nonmedical
Stimulants
Drugs that increase the activity of the CNS, includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy
Stimulants:
Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, ecstasy
Depressants
Drugs that slow down the CNS, bodily functions, and behavior; includes barbiturates, opiates, prescription painkillers, and anabolic steroids.
Depressants:
Drugs that slow down the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behavior Among the most widely depressants are alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers opiates are especially dangerous
Factories, Coal mines, Food processing plants
During *Industrialization* (*18th & 19th* centuries) in the US, adolescents worked in ... that were dangerous w/ low pay & long hours
retail trade & service
During the 1950s-1990s *after WW2* numerous jobs became available for *adolescents* in..
Hunting, Fishing, Gathering
Duties taken by men/Boys learn to hunt and fish as they accompany their fathers/Women have complementary responsibility of gathering
What are factors are related in adolescent and emerging adult drug use?
Early substance use: predicts a lifelong problem. Parents, siblings, peers, and schools: (+) relationships --> reduced use; parental monitoring --> reduced use; older sibling use --> 3x likely younger sibling will use
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation
Schooling in Developing Countries: Past
Education beyond childhood is mainly for the urban middle class (similar to US 100 yrs ago). Adolescents typically engaged in productive work rather than attending school. Labor needed by their families and they can best learn by working besides experienced workers.
Secondary Schooling in India
Education devised by colonial government (England) similar problems to Africa. Enrollment has increased in past decades, but only 50% of adolescents attend HS. Sharp divisions in enrollment by gender, class, location. Poor, girls in rural areas least likely to attend; 40% illiterate. Growing influence in world economy, especially computers.
Diversity of American Education
Educational decisions are decided by state and local government NOT national, therefore much variability between states. Goals 2000 and No Child Left Behind of 2001 --> advocate for national education plan. Federal Government 5% of school funding only.
Academic (College Subculture)
Educational mission of college/World of ideas and knowledge/Study hard, do assignments, know professors/Engaged in material
- Patriotism - Prospect of receiving money - Educational support - Job training
Emerging Adults who volunteer for *military service* are typically motivated by..
Biopsychosocial approach
Emphasizes that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems that adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages develop,
Uses and Gratifications Approach
Emphasizes that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending on their individual characteristics
Collectivism:
Emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of the members, and harmonious relationships
Depressive symptoms
Enduring period of sadness WITH symptoms such as frequent crying, feeling guilty, lonely, or worried
Depressed mood
Enduring period of sadness without any related symptoms
Five Uses of Media by Adolescents
Entertainment Identity Formation High sensation Coping Youth Culture Identification *All except entertainment are developmental,used by ado and EA not adults or children*
Five Uses of Media
Entertainment (To have fun, enjoyable part of leisure), Identity Formation (Forging who I am, construction of an identity, High Sensation (Seeking intense and new sensations-thrills), Coping (Helps relax and de-stress), Youth Culture Identification (I feel connected to my group, same music, television programs, movies)
Major Depressive Disorder
Episode includes 5+ symptoms during a two-week period and DISRUPTS functioning
International Labor Organization
Estimated that over 200 million children/adolescents worldwide are employed, and 95% of them are in developing countries. Greatest number of adolescent workers in horrid conditions are in Asia
Asian Americans, Whites, Latinos, African Americans
Ethnic groups *college enrollment* from highest to lowest
What is the difference between culture and ethnicity?
Ethnicity (or ethnic group): A category of people who regard themselves to be different from other groups based on common ancestral, cultural, language, and social experience. Primarily an INHERITED status: one must share a common cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language/dialect, mythology, ritual, cuisine, art, religion, and physical appearance to be considered as a member of an ethnic group. | Culture: Way of life that consists of the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. Generally means the NON-BIOLOGICAL or SOCIAL aspects of human life which is basically anything that humans learn in a society.
What is the difference between culture and ethnicity?
Ethnicity or ethnic group refers to a category of people who regard themselves to be different from other groups based on common ancestral, cultural, language, and social experience. That being said, ethnicity is primarily an inherited status. One must share a common cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language/dialect, mythology, ritual, cuisine, art, religion, and physical appearance to be considered as a member of an ethnic group. Culture is the way of life that consists of the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. It generally means the non-biological or social aspects of human life which is basically anything that humans learn in a society.
Stressors
Events and conditions that trigger our stress response, because they are perceives/appraised as overwhelmingly challenging, threatening, and/or harmful.
What role do parents hold in school performance?
Expectations for achievement, Involvement in adolescent's performance, Authoritative Parenting style - high demandingness and responsiveness
What are some of the differences in parenting identified to contribute to lower US academic scores?
Expectations of achievement - much lower in the US, more likely to decide if a child is good at something or not and then close that door at a very early age (other cultures put in more effort and training); Differences in the attribution of success - US is more likely to attribute mathematical achievement to INNATE ability vs Asian countries where they believe it is the consequence of training (or lack thereof)
What is the difference between externalizing and internalizing problems?
Externalizing: create difficulties in a persons external world - more common among males; often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily underlying unhappiness or psychopathology, "undercontrolled." | Internalizing: primarily affect a person's internal world - more common in females; associated with experiencing distress; "overcontrolled"
Type of behavior when you say you love classical music because your boyfriend does
False-self
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Federal legislation spelling out broad mandates for providing educational services to all children and adolescents with disabilities. These include evaluation and ...
How has rap had an impact on youth culture?
Female rappers stress themes of self-esteem and self-reliance for young Black women/Controversy of 'gangsta rap': sexual exploitation of women, violence, and racism/VIOLENCE:drive-by shootings, gang violence, violent confrontations w/ the police/Reinforce racial stereotypes/Rap is most popular among adolescents who have high rates of risk behavior
Richard Condon's Study of the Inuit
First observed Inuit adolescents in 1978 before TV; they were noncompetitive in sports, and conservative in dating. After introduction of TV, Inuit adolescents played basketball, soccer, football very competetively, and were no longer conservative about girl boy relationships.
The Developmental Psychopathology Approach
Focuses on describing and exploring the developmental pathways of problems Seeks to identify Risk factors that might predispose children and adolescents to development problems Protective factors that might help to shield children from developing problems
John believes homosexuality is a sin because his church and parents say so. He has never questioned this view and has accepted it as his own. What is his identity status?
Foreclosure
Comprehensive High School
Form of the American high school that arose in the 1920's and is still the main form today, which encompasses a wide range of functions and includes classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training
Kendel and Faust Theory
Found that both young people who use one substance in the sequence are more likely to use the next one and that most young people who use one substance do not proceed right away to use the next one in the sequence.
Add Health Study
Found that risk behavior significantly related to SES, family, ethnic background. Blacks less likely to use drugs or consider suicide, but more likely to have sex, or be involved in violent behavior. Weakly related to risk behavior ^^. Most related: socialization variables such as family, friends,school, religious beliefs. Parental monitoring strong predictor of risk behavior.
James Coleman: Experiment
Found that students had higher levels of achievement and lower levels of delinquency in schools that maintained high expectations and a spirit of involvement. True throughout both private and public schools, though private often had a better school climate. Private catholic schools often better climate because families instilled principles in children.
Friends/Peers Influence on School Success Rates
Friends: Affects school attendance, grades, etc. Low-achieving teens with high-achieving friends more likely to go to college, and increase their GPA. Peers: If peers are doing slightly worse than the teen, teen will have higher expectations. "big fish in a little pond effect" - Teens naturally compare themselves, if their classmates are doing worse than the teen, the teen will feel good about how school is going. Opposite true too. Teens in less selective schools had significantly higher academic self-concept.
Gender Differences and Rates of School Success
From 1st grade to high school graduation, girls tend to achieve higher grades than boys and have higher educational aspirations. Girls less likely to have learning disabilities, and drop out. Exists across all Western countries through college. Why? Girls tend to enjoy the school environment more, better relationships with teachers., greater feelings of support from parents, spend more time on HW.
girls
From primary school to HS, this gender tends to get *higher grades*
Vocational (College Subculture)
Gain skills and a degree that will enable them to get a better job/Resist demand for engagement in ideas beyond requirements/No time or money for college fun/Community college
The belief that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways increases in adolescence, especially for girls, is the:
Gender intensification hypothesis
Precocity (Gifted Student)
Gift was evident at an early age/Can read, write, and do simple math at an earlier age than normal
Issues of Gifted Students
Gifted adolescents may become bored and alienated from school or socially isolated/ Challenges in defining giftedness have implications for gifted education - too many kids who aren't actually gifted are labeled as 'gifted'
Five Uses of Identity Formation: Youth Culture Identification
Gives ado sense of being connected to youth culture, media provides a common ground for all adolescents. Music is a medium for expressing adolescent-specific values.
Alternative schools work best when
Good attention from staff Low student-teacher ratios Starting early - the most effective programs provided early reading programs, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring
Alternative schools work best when...
Good attention from staff; Low student-teacher ratios; Starting early - the most effective programs provided early reading programs, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring
Resilience
Good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development
Schooling in Developing Counties: More current
Growing economic development and increased global industrialization is changing the trend to include increasing schooling for adolescents Agricultural technologies make physical labor less needed, and staying in school becomes necessary because jobs become available that require educational skills. Higher literacy rates among younger in the generation reflect this trend.
who has been the most influential theorist in the study of adolescent friendships
Harry Stack Sullivan
Unsocialized Delinquents
Have few friends and commit crimes alone.
digital device
Having a ___ in the US is *NOT divided by SES* & 95% of adolescents have access to one
Self-esteem
Help children feel good about themselves and having that be the utmost important thing. In the development of autonomy, believed to be a very important component to moving away from the family.
Among the risk factors in adolescents' and emerging adults' abuse of alcohol are:
Heredity Family influences Peer relations Certain personality and motivational characteristics
Best Size of HS and HS classes
High School most effective if: 500-1000 students. Class Size: most say not much difference between 20-40 kids. For students with difficulties, small classes are preferable (more attention).
Why are drop out rates influenced by school climate?
High in larger schools/More difficult to sustain a healthy school climate in large schools
Enterprising Personality
High in verbal abilities, social skills, and leadership skills/Sales, politics, management, running a business/Persuaders
Social Personality
High in verbal skills and social skills/Working with people, such as teaching, social work, and counseling/Helpers
Conventional Personality
High on following directions carefully, dislike of unstructured activities/Clear responsibilities but require little leadership/Bank teller or secretary/Organizers
Realistic Personality
High physical strength, practical approach to problem solving, and low social understanding/Physical activity and practical application of knowledge/Farming, truck driving, construction/Doers
Secondary Schooling in Muslim countries of North Africa
High rates of illiteracy amongst parents/grandparents (over half), but adolescents are more likely to be literate. Education oriented around the Koran, though this recently changed to secular education. Schools segregated by sex, girls less likely than boys to attend secondary school (early arranged marriage, work around house)
High School Dropouts
High risk for unemployment/Low-paying service jobs/Rates across all ethnic groups has declined over 30 years/Earn much less
Social Class and School Success Rates
Higher family SES better in school (achievement test scores). Before entering school, middle class kids do better on basic tests. by mid childhood, class differences clearly established, remain strong throughout HS. Higher SES more likely to attend college. Why? Middleclass parents higher IQ, pass this down to kids and environment. Lower SES more stressors, worse health care, nutrition. Middle class parents more likely to be involved, authoritative
Viewing EDUCATIONAL TV as preschoolers was associated with ____, ____, and ____ especially for boys, in adolescence.
Higher grades, reading more books, less aggression
Results of ADORE
Higher rates among boys than girls/Symptoms similar between boys and girls/Girls more likely to have additional emotional problems and be bullied/Boys more likely to have additional conduct problems/More problems with peers, teachers, parents/Diverse treatment
Substance Use across ethnicities
Highest in Native Americans, then whites and Latinos. Lowest in African Americans and Asian Americans.
What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among young girls?
Household composition
School Climate: Michael Rutter
How teachers interact w. students, expectations, standards, etc. Michael Rutter experiement on British secondary schools. Results: Most important differences among schools were the climate. Students better off in schools where teachers were supportive and involved but also applied discipline when necessary. High expectations. In this school, students had higher attendance, and achievement test scores.
Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures
Hunting,Fishing,Gathering/Farming and Care of Domestic Animals/Child Care and Household Work
Excellence in Information Process
IQ test - answer quickly and retain information easily.
According to Erikson, what is the crisis faced during adolescence?
Identity v. identity diffusion
Intrinsic motivation
If a child loves something, don't reward them bc then it won't be about their intrinsic motivation anymore, it'll be about the reward
What is the problem with considering too many students "gifted?"
If in reality, only 5% of the population should be considered gifted, then the students who are TRULY gifted are being held back by their peers because the classroom experience caters to the majority (it gets dumbed down) and they are no longer intellectually challenged
"Big Fish in a Little Pond"
If surrounded by high-achieving peer group, adolescents have lower academic self-concept and expectations/Even low-achieving adolescents with high-achieving friends are likely to have higher expectations and aspirations
TV and agressiveness
Important to ado and EA because most violent crimes are committed by men 15-25. Most studies correlational, not cause and effect. *Evidence is stronger that TV violence influences ado attitudes about violence; making them more accepting of violent behavior. *
Life-Course-Persistent Delinquents
In Moffitt's theory, adolescents who show a history of related problems both prior to and following adolescence
Adolescence-Limited Delinquents
In Moffitt's theory, delinquents who engage in criminal acts in adolescence and/or emerging adulthood but show no evidence of problems before or after these periods
*declining* (due to industrialization, advanced technology & equipment)
In all *developing* countries, the proportion of people in *farming* is..
friends' influence
In high school, ... can be *greater than parents' influence* in: - How consistently adolescents attend classes - How much time they spend on homework - How hard they try in school - Grades
Cigarette Companies Documents/Lawsuits
In lawsuits against cig companies, documents were released that provide evidence that cig companies targeted adolescents. "Today's teenager is tomorrow's potential regular customer" "Need share of youth market". Due to this, advertising decreased and cig smoking amongst young people decreased dramatically. Anti-tobacco advertising also effective.
Depression and Suicide
In major depressive disorder, an individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks or longer and daily functioning becomes impaired Rates of ever experiencing major depressive disorder range from 1.5-2.5% in school-age children and 15-20% for adolescents By about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is twice that of adolescent males In many cultures the gender difference holds, in others it does not
Personal choice
In the US, we believe it is important to always give our children CHOICES. In other cultures, that option is not there - you eat what I make or you don't eat
Multi systematic Approach to Preventing Delinquency
Include parent training, job training, vocational counseling, youth centers. Intervention at different levels including the state, the home, the neighborhood, the school.
School Climate
Includes the quality of interactions between teachers and students in the classroom, expectations of standards, methods used in the classroom. There's a lot of importance in the ENTIRE learning experience.
Globalizations Effects on Traditional Cultures
Increased access to electricity, daily chores made easier. Adolescents get industrial jobs, think agricultural jobs just as hard, and working in an industry viewed as a way to gain skills, get better job. HOWEVER, don't receive added comfort, instead receive brutal work in dangerous conditions for miserable pay, typically children working ages 10-15.
Individualism:
Individualism: Involves giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; it emphasizes values that serve the self, such as feeling good, personal distinction and achievement, and independence
Fixed Mindset
Individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change
Growth Mindset
Individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.
Growth Mindset
Individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort. Want to be able to teach people this!!!
Family factors involved in depression
Inept parenting, parent-adolescent conflict, low parental support, mother-daughter co-rumination, exposure to maternal depression
What role do peers hold in school performance?
Influence of peers is greater than that of parents/Affect:how consistently adolescents attend class, how much time they spend on homework, how hard they try in school, and grades they achieve/Encourage each other in school
What type of disorder does depression reflect?
Internalizing
Two Types of Problems
Internalizing: Problems that primarily affect a person's internal world, can include depression, anxiety, eating disorders. AKA over controlled. Experience distress. Externalizing: Create difficulties in a person's external world, include delinquency, fighting, drugs. AKA under controlled, tend to come from families where parental control is lacking. Do not experience distress or unhappiness, but by the desire for excitement.
Sullivan believed the crisis of adolescence is ____ in contrast to Erikson, who believed it was identity
Intimacy
Artistic Personality
Introspective, imaginative, sensitive, unconventional/Painting or writing friction/Creators
What is extrinsic motivation?
Involves engaging in behavior in order to earn external rewards or avoid punishments. The individual will work on a task even if they have little interest in it to get the reward.
Individualism
Involves giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; it emphasizes values that serve the self, such as feeling good, personal distinction and achievement, and independence. YOU YOU YOU; strong emphasis on doing things on your own and a greater value for one's OWN feelings.
What is the main component of the No Child Left Behind Law?
It created national testing AND teacher training as well as EVALUATIONS of teacher effectiveness. It was developed in order to address the issue of accountability from schools.
What are criticisms of the No Child Left Behind law?
It is doing more harm than good: Teachers are "teaching to the test;" Treating learning like an IQ test; States setting up their own standards.
What are criticisms of direct instruction?
It only develops passive learners/fantastic memorizers, not individuals who are capable of creative thinking
Attribution theory
It states that individuals are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance and behavior Attributions are perceived causes of outcomes
5-6
It takes average __ years to obtain a "4 year" degree
Secondary Schooling Japanese/Chinese
Japan: Almost all adolescents graduate from HS. China: Less than 75% teens even attend HS. both: Intense pressure in HS as students prepare to take a very competitive college entrance exam. Rote Learning/Memorization emphasized, Long school days with activities after.
Jeylan Mortimer: In Favor of Adolescent Work
Jeylan Mortimer at Minnesota argues the benefits outweigh the risks; according to her research, teens see more benefits in their jobs than harm. Believe they develop more responsibility, time management, social skills. 40% believe their jobs helped them develop new occupational skills. Mortimer believes main activity kids should cut back from is watching TV.
School to Work Programs: Job Corps
Job Corops, began in 1964 serves 62,000 new participants each year. Highly effective in improving job prospects of adults who don't attend college. Job Corps participants: employed more hours per week, earned 22 more per week, improved literacy, more likely to earn a GED, less likely to be arrested. Cons: Very expensive. --> Alternative, YouthBuild: youths build houses while receiving aid for jobs.
Job Corps (School-to-Work Program)
Job training program for emerging adults in U.S. in low-income areas/Highly effective in improving the occupational prospects of non-college emerging adults
Gender and Job Occupation Choice
Jobs held by women: service-sector: teacher, nurse, secretary, child-care worker. Tend to be low paying and low status. Jobs held by men: engineer, chemist, surgeon, computer software designer. Tend to be high paying and high status. Due to gender socialization/norms, and the "second shift"- domestic work shift women must perform at home after regular work. Women less likely to join jobs highly demanding/time consuming to accommodate for children.
What are education psychologists recommending adolescents to attribute their poor performance to?
LACK OF EFFORT rather than to bad luck or blaming others.
The more that children and adolescents watch TV, the ____ their academic achievement is.
LOWER (correlational)
Symptoms of MDD
Lack of pleasure, Weight loss/gain, Insomnia or oversleeping, Difficulty concentration, Suicidal ideation
What are the main differences between large and small schools?
Large schools offer diverse courses and extracurricular activities. Small school shave less diversity in their offerings, but the students are MORE LIKELY to participate in extracurricular activities which may be more beneficial for students.
HS Drop-Outs by Ethnicity
Latinos highest: 19%. Blacks: Highest decrease, 9% Whites: 6% Asians: 3% All ethnicities besides asians, men more likely to drop out than women.
Small School Size
Less diversity in extracurricular activities/More likely to participate in activities/More leadership roles and responsibility
non-index Crimes
Less serious offenses (e.g., gambling, disorderly conduct)
Terrie Mofit's Theory of Delinquency
Life course-persistent-delinquents: pattern of problems from birth onward. believes patterns result from ADHD or neurological defects (LD). More likely to grow up in a high risk environment. Adolescence-Limited Delinquents: Show no signs of problems in infancy or childhood, few engage in crimes after their mid-20s. Periods of occasional criminal activity in adolescence.
What is the difference between a life-course-persistent delinquent and an adolescent-limited delinquent?
Life-course-persistent (LCPDs): originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult temperament, learning disabilities); likely to grow up in high risk environment. | Adolescent-limited (ALDs): No signs of problems n infancy or childhood; Period of occasional criminal activity between ages of 12-25 (e.g., vandalism, illegal drug use)
What is the difference between a Life-course-persistent delinquent and an adolescent-limited delinquents ?
Life-course-persistent delinquents (LCPDs) Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult temperament, Learning disabilities) Likely to grow up in high risk environment Adolescent-limited delinquents (ALDs) No signs of problems in infancy or childhood Period of occasional criminal activity between ages of 12-25 (e.g. vandalism, illegal drug use).
aggression in *children* (imitative behavior from TV)
Longitudinal studies have provided some evidence that *violent television* CAUSES..
Emerging Adulthood and Jobs
Looking for a job that will turn into a career; focuses on identity questions. Finding the right job takes several years at least. Average American holds 7-8 jobs between ages of 18 and 30. For many, working means finding a job that will pay the bills until something better opens up, feeling like they didn't really pick their job.
Discrimination effects on Ethnic School Success Rates
Low achievement of African American and Latino teens is because of the perception that even if they excel educationally, their skin color would limit their job success due to discrimination. Such prejudice leads black teens to believe striving for good grades to be "acting white". Other studies: consequences of not succeeding academically less so in African American, latino communities, and more so in white and asians.
Secondary Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa
Lowest rates of secondary schooling in the world. However, these rates vary from country to country; 94% attend in Zimbabwe, while 13% attend in Niger & Guinea. Reasons include poverty, civil war, a non-industrialized economy.
Gender and Postgraduate degrees
MD: now 50%, 1970: 8% MBA: now 50%, 1970: 4% Law: now 50%, 1970: 5% Across fields, women earn 57% of postgraduate degrees, up from 10% in 1960.
Child Care and Household Work
Main responsibility of women and girls/Adolescent daughter prepares for adult work role and demonstrates to possible marriage partners she is suitable for household work/Take care of younger siblings/Includes chores, preparing food
more confident & outgoing/less shy; helped friendships
Many *Adolescents* report that *Social media* helped them be .... & *Over half* say it has helped..
texting
Many *adolescents* rely on ___ to communicate
"fell into it"
Many *emerging adults* express a sense that they *did NOT choose their job*, they just..
Characteristics of Bullies
Many bullies are not rejected by the peer group • Bullies and their victims in adolescence were more likely to experience depression and engage in suicide ideation and attempt suicide that their counter parts who were not involved in bullying • A recent meta-analysis of 33 studies revealed a small but significant link between peer victimization and lower academic achievement • A dramatic increase in cyberbullying - bullying on the Internet - has occurred recently
violent
Many of the most popular video games are..
What is the most widely used illicit drug in the US and Europe?
Marijuana
Mastery Motivation and Mindset
Mastery orientation: Adolescents with this orientation are task-oriented; instead of focusing on ability, they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome. Helpless orientation: Adolescents with this orientation seem trapped by the experience of difficulty; attribute their difficulty to lack of ability. Performance orientation: Adolescents with this orientation are focused on winning, rather than on achieving. Fixed mindset: Individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change. Growth mindset: individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.
Five Uses of Media: Entertainment
Media as enjoyable part of their leisure lives. Music typically used as entertainment. Usually media as entertainment is for fun, amusement, and recreation.
Media and Adolescent Socialization
Media has become new source of socialization; 49% of 10-15 year olds said they learned a lot from TV, compared to 38% saying they learned from their mother. In countries w/ freedom of speech, media offers broad socialization. US values freedom of speech more than European nations: Germany: Music of hate against minorities illegal Norway: movies that are too violent not shown. *Age restrictions available, need parent enforcement*
Fives Uses of Identity Formation: Identity Formation
Media provides materials that young people can use toward constructing an identity. Media allows ado to find ideal selves to emulate, and feared selves to avoid. Media can also provide ado with more information, such as jobs, that can go into forming an identity. *Gender Role Identity: Ados learn what it means to be man/woman partly from media. Learn sexual/romantic scripts. Also magazines*
Cultivation Theory
Media theory proposing that TV consumption shapes people's worldviews to resemble what is depicted on TV
According to evolutionary theory, why might the difference in male and female stress responses exist?
Men were the hunters/providers, so stressful situations could be related to hunting game whereas women were the at-home providers and had to make sure they could rely on other women.
Diathesis-Stress Model
Mental disorders such as depression often begin with a diathesis, meaning a pre existing vulnerability
Family functioning & Parental monitoring
More *successful* Substance Use programs have focused on..
Children and adolescents who extensively play violent electronic games are
More aggressive. Less sensitive to real-life violence. More likely to engage in delinquent acts. More likely to get lower grades in school.
Children and adolescents who extensively play violent electronic games are
More aggressive; Less sensitive to real-life violence; More likely to engage in delinquent acts; More likely to get lower grades in school
Problem Behavior for teen workers
More likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs, especially if they work more than 10 hours a week/On-the-job deviance
Type B
More relaxed and go with the flow
From 1990 to 2009, 18- to 65-year-olds in China have increasingly been using ____
More words that describe THEMSELVES (individualistic terms)
Unemployment Trends
Most European countries have higher unemployment rates than the US amongst young people. Higher risk for depression, especially for adolescents who lack parental support. Highest in blacks and latinos, over half of high school dropouts 18-21 are unemployed. Due to shifting economic patterns, diminished number of jobs available to unskilled workers.
External Problem: Risky Driving
Most common cause of death in adolescents/emerging adults. US, 16-24 highest age range for most car accidents. Due to inexperience, but also risky behavior; parental involvement lowers this. Ado tend to speed, follow too closely, violate traffic rules,more risks in changing lanes/merging, hit pedestrians. More likely to drink and drive, 50% of college kids reported driving drunk in the past year. Less likely to wear seatbelt.
Gifted Adolescents
Most high schools today have AP classes. It suits gifted adolescents because by taking these classes, they can actually earn college credits. It used to be that gifted children would skip a grade, but that is now rare because they tend to do poorly socially. So in general, they have a hard time fitting in. Sometimes adolescents are allowed to take college courses. At UCR, one of the girls in the PhD program with me was 16. She wanted to go to med school, but they wouldn't let her in so she got a PhD first, and then went on to med school. She is a physician today.
at least once
Most of today's emerging adults will *change career directions*..
ability
Most people in *America* believe that success or failure in school depends on..
How do apprenticeships work in the US?
Most programs look at high schoolers and provides them the opportunity to get paid then they're done and helps pay for them to get their Associate's degree. Many people choose to stay with the company, work at day and school at night.
coercion in sexual relations
Movies that portray *sexual aggression* as *pleasurable for the victim* increase the *acceptance* of the use of..
half
Nearly ___ of students who enroll at a 4-year college *drop out before getting a degree*
The Forgotten Half
Nearly half of young Americans who enter the workplace following high school rather than attending college/Special focus was on the loss of manufacturing jobs that used to provide well-paying jobs for unskilled workers
Greenberger and Steinberg: Occupational Deviance
Occupational Deviance: They had first time teen workers indicate on a questionnaire how often they engaged in 9 behaviors that involved occupational deviance. Over 60% of working adolescents had engaged in at least one type of deviance . Due to lack of personal investment in the boring, tedious, job.
Media as Super Peer
One of functions of media for adolescents. Ado often look to media for information that their parents may be unwilling to provide, as they would to a friend/peer.
Life-course-persistent delinquents (LCPDs)
Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult temperament, learning disabilities, ADHD, FAS); likely to grow up in high-risk environment
commit at least one criminal act
Over *3/4*of adolescents ... some time before the age of 20 (but a lot of it is minor)
TV in their bedroom
Over 70% of adolescents ages 11-18 have a..
The difference between peer and friend groups in achieving in high school/secondary is...
PEERS: if surrounded by high-achieving peer group, adolescents have lower academic self-concept and expectations. In schools with lower achievement levels, adolescents have better academic self-concepts and expectations ("big fish in little pond effect"). FRIENDS: Even low-achieving adolescents with high-achieving friends are likely to have higher expectations and aspirations
What is the number one predictor of poor development?
POVERTY (not ethnicity)
Parents and student achievement
Parents - Family management practices are positively related to grades and self-responsibility and negatively to schoolrelated problems (Taylor, 1996) • Maintaining a structured and organized family environment • Establishing routines for homework, chores, bedtime, etc. • High expectations for achievement
Passive Genotype Environment Interactions: Parents/School Success Rates
Parents with higher intelligence have high expectations for children, but also provide them with gene for high intelligence.
Reasons why depression is undiagnosed
Parents, teachers, and other observers may see these behaviors as simply transitory and reflecting not a mental disorder but rather normal adolescent behaviors and thoughts
Mean World Syndrome
Part of Cultivation Theory; states that the more people watch TV, the more they believe the world is a dangerous place, that crime rates are rising, and they are at chance of being a victim of crime. Believe this because TV often depicts crime/violence on TV which leads viewers to think this is accurately the world.
Community Service in Emerging Adulthood
Peace Corps, AmeriCorps, or Military Service
Social Learning Theory
People are more likely to imitate behavior they see frequently modeled [in the media] and that behavior is rewarded (or at least not punished)
What influence do personality characteristics hold over occupational goals?
People seek occupations consistent that they judge to be CONSISTENT with their interests and traits
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
People will b more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded or not punished. Ex: "Bobo Doll Experiment"; children watched adults kick/punch the doll, then the children imitated it. Ex: Watch more sexual content on TV, have sex more.
What does Holland's Theory use in determining occupational "best fit"
People will be happiest and most successful in their careers if they are able to find a match between their personality qualities and an occupation that allows them to express and develop those qualities
Behavioral self-handicapping
Person ACTUAL CREATES impediments to performance (neglects to study): puts blame on others (teacher's fault), stays out all night and blames tiredness on poor outcomes
Claimed self-handicapping
Person CLAIMS something else impedes performance; excuses: didn't get enough sleep; had other exams in mind
Juveniles
Persons defined by the legal system as being younger than adult status
Adolescent Prostitution
Pervasive, growing problem in traditional cultures, especially Asia (Thailand). Some girls are kidnapped and taken to a separate country Some are rural girls who are promised jobs as waitresses then forced to be prostitutes when get to the city Some are sold into it by their family. Demand higher for younger girls, cause less likely to have HIV
Tracking
Placing students into different groups according to diversity in interests and abilities/Stratified: Upper - college preparatory level, General - for average students, Remedial/Special Education - for students academically behind their peers
What types of careers are good for high self-monitors?
Politicians, Actors, Any career that would require them to put on a façade and cater to other people
What is poverty?
Poverty is defined by economic hardship. Its most common marker is the federal poverty threshold, originally based on the estimated cost of food multiplied by 3. In 2013, almost 20% of children under 18 years of age were living in families below the poverty line and is much higher than figures from other industrialized nations.
According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop?
Preadolescent, same-sex relationships
4 Characteristics of Gifted Students
Precocity, Independence, Drive for Mastery, Excellence in Information Processing
The four characteristics of giftedness
Precocity, Independence, Drive for Mastery, Excellence in Information Processing
Independence (Gifted Student)
Prefer to work independently/Need less instruction and support/Work at own pace and solve problems on own
Factors related to college retention?
Previous academic performance, ethnic background, and family SES/Financial aid
Internalizing problems
Primarily affect a person's internal world (pull everything in, feel terrible and hold everything in. More common in females; Associated with experiencing distress; "Overcontrolled" - I will NOT express myself, I am feeling extreme stress right now, so I'll curl up into a ball
Pros/Cons: Large High Schools
Pro: Larger the school, the more variety of classes, extra-curricular programs, more friends. Cons: Less attachment to teachers and the school as a whole, can be alienating.
Pros/Cons: Small HS
Pro: More attachment to students, school itself, teachers, less alienating. Students more likely to participate in extra-curricular. Cons: Less activities to choose from, less classes.
What is the difference between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping?
Problem-focused coping means reducing the stressors, such as by working out a conflict, or tackling a difficult project. Emotion-focused coping means reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others.
What is the difference between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping?
Problem-focused: reducing stressors, such as by working out a conflict or tackling a difficult project. Emotion-focused: reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others.
Biological factors
Problems are believed to be cause by MALFUNCTIONING OF THE BODY OR BRAIN. Focuses on GENES, HORMONES, and BRAIN as causes of problems
Beyond 20 Hours of Work Per Week
Problems become considerably worse
ADHD
Problems of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness. 1/2 of kids with a learning disability have ADHD, most also have an additional LD. Boys 4x more likely to have ADHD, partly inherited. Medication is given to 90% of patients, but medication and behavioral therapy is most effective. European treatment: medication, psychotherapy, combination of these, no treatment,
Internalizing Problems
Problems such as depression and anxiety that affect a person's internal world (eating disorders as well)
Externalizing Problems
Problems that affect a person's external world, such as delinquency and fighting
Risk Behavior
Problems that involve the risk of negative outcome, such as risky driving and substance use
Excellence in Information Processing (Gifted Student)
Process information faster, learn more quickly, make fewer reasoning errors, and use more effective learning strategies
Driver Education
Programs designed to teach young drivers safe driving skills before they receive their driver's license
Gifted Adolescents
Programs for gifted teens more common; typically was of an IQ over 130, now more schools recognize special talents. Four characteristics of Gifted Kids: 1. Precocity: Gifts were evident at early age. Could read, write, at earlier age than normal. 2. Independence: Typically prefer working alone, need less instructions. 3. Drive for Mastery: Intense drive to master subjects of their gifts. 4. Excellence in Information Processing: Process info faster, learn more quickly, better reasoning.
Rise of Schooling for Adolescents: United States Percentages
Proportion of 14-17 yr olds in school rose from 5% in 1890 to 30% in 1920. By 1970, 90% of teens were in school.
Comprehensive High School System: Pros/Cons
Pros: Allows for greater flexibility, all adolescents can choose from broad range of classes/topics. Because all teens attend same type of HS, little of occupational direction is known at time of graduation. Cons: Adolescents in same school/classes even though they may have very different abilities or interests. Makes teaching more challenging.
- High *intelligence* - One *caring adult* - *Healthy school* environment - *Religious* beliefs & practices - Realistic *goal setting, resilient coping* w/ stress & adversity - *Self-control*; feelings of control; emotion & behavioral regulation
Protective factors (Resilience) that overcome risk factors for *internalizing problems*
What are concerns surrounding TV and video games?
Provoking violence in young people b/c majority of violent crimes committed to males 15-25/Issue is correlational NOT proved by causation/Violent games are related to heightened aggressiveness, hostility, and anxiety
Major Depressive Disorder
Psychological diagnosis that entails depressed mood or reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, plus at least four other specific symptoms. Symptoms must be present over at least a 2 week period and must involve a change from previous functioning
Beyond 10 Hours of Work Per Week
Psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression/Amount of sleep per night declines/Disruption to eating and exercise habits
Arthur Levine & Jean Cureton
Psychologists who administered survey, found that 81% of college students were satisfied with the teaching, 65% said faculty took special interest in undergraduate progress.
Pascarella & Terenzini 1991
Psychologists who found that college benefits many different things; verbal, quantitative skills, oral and written communication skills, critical thinking, clearer identity and values, more social confidence. Also found students find college less for jobs, but more for the sake of gaining an education.
What is Erikson's term for the period of "time out" that adolescents frequently take?
Psychosocial moratorium
Vocational subculture
Pursues a degree: see college as a purely practical experience, all about the grades. "Missing the forest because of the trees"
Rebel subculture
Pursues an identity: the one that gives the hardest time bc they criticize over EVERYTHING. Really concerned about WHO they are and what they care about. Will ONLY put effort into what they enjoy...really know themselves and walk away with a very good sense of identity
Collegiate subculture
Pursues fun: tend to go for larger campuses bc there is more diversity and choices -- don't want to be too stressed, only here for the experience
Academic subculture
Pursues knowledge: Have lots of fun conversations, in the classroom because they want to learn something new, teacher's pet
Controversial Music: Rap
Rap:1980s gained widespread popularity, currently the most popular amongst US adolescents. ( 2/3 of 12-18 yr olds listened to rap in past day). Controversy over "Gangta Rap" which has themes of sexual exploitation of women, violence, and racism. Rap highest in groups with high risk behavior. Dutch Study: Preference for hip hop was positively associated with sexual stereotypes of women.
Socialized delinquents
Rarely commit crimes on their own. Ex: people who just get caught up in the wrong crowd; growing up in a neighborhood where crime was very common
college students
Rates of *substance use* is especially *high* among emerging adults who are..
Holland's Theory of Personality Categories
Realistic - Investigative - Social - Conventional - Enterprising - Artistic
Emotion-focused coping
Reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others (walk away from it all and try to find comfort/support in any way possible). --> risk ignoring the problem; might focus when we perceive the stressor as something that we cannot change. An example would be going out with friends to take yourself away from the emotional stress of an upcoming exam.
Problem-focused coping
Reducing the stressors, such as by working out a conflict or tackling a difficult project (want to fix as soon as s possible) --> risk magnifying emotional distress, esp. if trying to change something that is difficult to change (e.g., another person's traits). An example would be STUDYING for an upcoming exam.
How do adolescents spend their time in comparison to others around the globe?
Reed Larson and Suman Verma U.S. adolescents spend about 40% less time on schoolwork than East Asian adolescents U.S. adolescents had more discretionary time than adolescents in other industrialized countries The largest amounts of U.S. adolescents' free time were spent using media and engaging in unstructured leisure activities U.S. adolescents may have too much unstructured
School Climate
Refers to how teachers interact with students, what sort of expectations and standards they have for students, and what kinds of methods are used in the classroom
unemployment
Refers to people who are *NOT in school*, are *NOT working*, & *ARE looking* for a job
How does media have an influence on socialization
Regard to identity-related issues such as beginning occupational preparation, learning gender roles, and developing a set of values and beliefs/Less parental influence/Freedom of speech media - uncontrolled and uncensored, need parental involvement to regulate
Digital Citizenship
Self-monitored participation that reflects conscious interdependence with all (visible and less visible) community members
Five Uses of Identity Formation: High Sensation
Sensation Seeking: Personality characteristic defined by the extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation. Higher in ado and EA. Sensation seeking related to higher media consumption, such as action films, and heavy rock music. High emotional arousal in ado when listening to music.
Neighborhoods and Socialization Influences
Sense of neighborhood identity and cohesion discouraged delinquency. High rates of residential mobility related to high rates of crime; no attachments to neighbors or the neighborhood. Community norms regarding drug use/availability related to substance use.
Internet Cautions
Sexual predators victimize children and adolescents/Academic cheating/Promote social isolation (displacement effect)
The process where a parent or adult provides sex education to an adolescent is termed:
Sexual socialization
What are the benefits f having a high achieving friend group in school?
Share high aspirations; provide support and encouragement for each other in school
Why are there high levels of unemployment?
Shifting employment patterns in the American economy/Days are gone in the U.S. when stable, high-paying, low-skill manufacturing jobs existed
Effects of catastrophic conditions
Short-term: increased heart attacks on day of event. Long-term: depression, nightmares, anxiety, and flashbacks
Military Service: Emerging Adulthood
Since the 1970s, military staffed by volunteers who are different than most. Lower SES families, tend to have mediocre grades in school, low college aspirations. Blacks and Latinos more likely than whites to enlist. Motivations include extra money,educational support, job training, belief they would become responsible, mature. Effects of military involvement recently, mostly positive. benefits especially strong for blacks, latinos.
What is the difference between Situational and Dispositional Attributions?
Situational Attribution (factors outside the person doing the action, such as peer pressure). Dispositional Attribution (the person's stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions)
What is the difference between Situational and Dispositional attributions?
Situational: Factors OUTSIDE the person doing the action, such as peer pressure. Dispositional: The person's stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions.
School to Work Programs in the US
Small scale apprenticeship programs promising, seen by Hamilton of Cornell who gave apprenticeships to 10th grade students and saw favorable effects on work-based learning/achievement.
What is the third variable surrounding the myth that Type A's were more like top have heart attacks?
Smoking, Type A's were more likely to be smokers
What are new internet forms?
Social Networking Websites (Facebook,Insta,SnapChat), Blogs, Mobile Phones and Text Messaging/Constructing Profiles/Using sites to keep in touch with friends
Roberta Simmons and Dale Blyth
Sociologists 1987 studied adolescents over a 5 year period; half attended a 6-3-3, the other half attended an 8-4. Study focused on self esteem, GPA, extracurricular activities, and perceived anonymity. Results: 8-4 Plan better in self esteem, activities, and less anonymity.
rebellious
Some *media content & uses* are __ to parents/society but *NOT all*
stressful circumstances that can affect adolescents and emerging adult development?
Some stressors are acute: Sudden events or stimuli Some stressors are chronic: Long-lasting stressors Stressors can be physical, emotional, or psychosocial
Most Common Disabilities
Speech handicaps, mental retardation, emotional disorders, and learning disabilities
Patterson Model of Delinquency
Starts in infancy, when a baby's temperament is aggressive and difficult, and parents respond with harsh, inconsistent, permissive parenting. This leads to personality of the child as impulsive and low in self-control, and these rejected children find themselves and become delinquents.
What are the different factors that impact postformal thought?
Status (freshman, senior); Type of major (liberal arts vs business); Style of professor (fact-based vs question-based); Course materials (active learning activates/paper writing)
Types of Crimes
Status Offenses: Violations of the law only because of the juvenile age of the criminal. Ex: Running away from home. Index Crimes: Serious crimes, either violent such as rape, murder, or property crimes such as robbery. Nonindex crimes: Less serious offenses such as gambling.
America & Disengagement in Schools: Steinberg
Steinberg Studies: More than 1/3 of adolescents reported rarely working hard/paying attention. Trend: Recent decades, disengagement is worse. Favorable school climate enhances students' engagement, which results in higher levels of achievement.
Stimulants
Stimulants: Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system. • The most widely used stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine. • Cigarette smoking (has been on the decline- probably bc of knowledge) • One of the most serious yet preventable health problems. • Since the national surveys by Johnston and others began in 1975, cigarettes have been the substance most frequently used on a daily basis by high school seniors. • E-cigarette use by U.S. adolescents in 2014 surpassed tobacco cigarette use. • Cocaine - still popular but has dropped • Amphetamines- still popular but has dropped • Ecstasy (the synthetic drug MDMA has hallucinogenic and stimulant effects) - has been on the decline -these are on the decline probably bc of increased knowledge about their harmful effects and that they are dangerous and adolescents are paying attention
Major Life Events/Changes
Stress isn't just about things that are hard to do, any change = stress. This includes marriage, moving in with someone new, a new job, childbirth, starting college, etc. The new roles and priorities can put a strain on our coping resources.
Gifted Students
Students who have unusually high abilities in academics, art, or music/IQ of at least 130
A small class size is preferred for whom?
Students with academic difficulties, in order for them to receive more individual attention
Three aspects of ability beliefs:
Students' beliefs about how good they are at a particular activity How good they are in comparison to others How good they are in relation to their performance in other activities
depression and suicide
Suicidal behavior is rare in childhood but escalates in adolescence and then increases further in emerging adulthood Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 10- to 19-yearolds today in the U.S. Suicide rates have declined in recent years Far more adolescents contemplate or attempt suicide than actually commit it
more *accepting* of violent behavior (desensitization) & *less empathetic* towards victims
TV violence influences *adolescents' attitudes toward violence* because, the more violent TV you are exposed to, the *more ... of violent behavior* & *less ... toward victims* of violence
Addictive Substance Use
Takes place when person depends on regular use of substances to feel good physically and psychologically; withdrawal symptoms are experienced. This is the most regular/frequent substance use of the four categories.
High self-monitors
Talkative, initiates humor, expressive, socially skilled (the chameleon people); Flexible, adjust behavior according to the situation; can appear unpredictable and inconsistent. Choose careers by how well they can "fit in" to the situation.
Critics argue that the NCLB legislation is doing more harm than good because it....
Teachers are "teaching to the test," Treating learning like an IQ test, States are setting up their own standards (e.g., Mississippi vs Massachusetts)
Optimum School Climate
Teachers tended to be supportive and involved with students/Applied firm discipline when necessary/Held high expectations for students' conduct and academic performance
Hikikomori
Term applied ONLY to Japanese adolescents; "pulling inward," "being confined," -- a period of EXTREME social withdrawal that we don't hear/see about in the US
What is "White Privilege"?
Term for societal privileges that benefit people identified as white in Western countries, beyond what is commonly experienced by non-White people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances. There are many types of privilege: economic, gender, heterosexual, racial.
Peer Contagion
Term for the increase in delinquent behavior that often takes place as an unintended consequence of bringing adolescence with problems together for an intervention, because in the intervention setting they reinforce each other's delinquent tendencies and find new partners for delinquent acts
*Mean World Syndrome* (Cultivation Theory)
The *more people watch TV*, the more likely they are to believe the *world is a dangerous place*
*emerging adulthood* (Substance use gradually rises in HS, Peak in early 20s, decline in late 20s)
The *peak* of *substance use* is in..
The Biopsychosocial apprach
The Biopsychosocial Approach (most ppl who study adolescents take this approach) • Emphasizes that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems that adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages develop. • Biological factors •In the biological approach, problems are believed to be caused by__malfunctioning of the busy______. • Focus on such factors as_brain___,_genes___,and__hormones___ as causes of problems. • Psychological factors •Among the factors that have been proposed as important influences on problems are _identity____, __personality traits___, _decision making____, and __self control____. • Social factors • Factors that have especially been highlighted as contributors to problems are the social contexts of __socio-economic status__, ___family environment__, _peers (bullying)___, and _school____. A real illness caused in part by psychological factors such as the experience of stress is called a psychophysiological illness.
*infancy* (an infant temperament that is aggressive & difficult)
The FIRST *risk factors for delinquency* begin in..
What is an issue with current cross-cultural studies?
The US is often used as the culture of comparison (as though it has the most "right" standards by comparison); We still lack data from many countries.
homicide rate
The ____ in the *US* is 7 to 25 times *higher*than other *developed countries*
Discrimination
The actual practice of UNFAIRLY treating a person differently
10
The average American holds __ *different jobs* between the ages of *18 & 30*
Culture
The behavior, pattern, beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. Ex: Recipes - own ways of cooking and ingredient pool
Self-efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes (make them believe that they can achieve anything IF THEY WORK HARD ENOUGH.
How do females respond to stress?
The bonding hormone oxytocin is released during times of stress which leads to them nurture themselves and others, increases bonding and empathy.
Biological factors
caused by a malfunctioning of the body genes, hormones, and the brain as causes of problems
- Social class - Parental expectations - Friends' attitudes - Perception of prejudice & discrimination
causes of *Ethnic differences* in academic achievement in the US
- Partially *inherited* - *Environmental factors* (prenatal period through childhood)
causes of ADHD
Substance abuse is defined as drug or alcohol use that
causes problems in an individuals life In regard to moderate alcohol and marijuana use, studies suggest that:
young males aged 15 to 25
The overwhelming majority of *violent crimes* all over the world are committed by...
What are some of the effects of living in poverty?
The poor are often powerless The poor are often vulnerable to disaster Their range of alternatives is often restricted Because of inadequate education and inability to read well, being poor means having less prestige Poor children and adolescents experience widespread environmental inequities When poverty is persistent and long-standing, it can have especially damaging effects on children and adolescents
Engagement
The quality of being psychologically committed to learning, including being alert and attentive in the classroom and making a diligent effort to learn
Engagement
The quality of being psychologically committed to learning, including being alert and attentive in the classroom and making a diligent effort to learn/An exception rather than a norm
Secondary School
The schools attended by adolescents, usually including a lower secondary school and an upper secondary school
What are rites of passage?
ceremonies or rituals that mark an individuals transition from one status to another such as the entry into adulthood
loneliness is often interwoven with life transitions such as which of the following
death of a friend, divorce, death of family memeber
research has shown that best friendships often______ in satisfaction and commitment in the first year of college
decline
in the 21st century, marriage rates in the us have ______
declined
Eccles and Expectations
defined expectations for students' success as beliefs about how well they will do on upcoming tasks, either in the immediate or long-term future
Self-handicapping
deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing. -common among both males and females, there are sex differences in the ways in which adolescents girls and boys undermine their own success in school. -Boys who self-handicapped tend to attribute their poor performance to a lack of effort -Girls are more likely to mention emotional problems -strategies of this among minority ethnicities because they perceive their song-term prospects as being limited by discrimination and prejudice
when adolescents experience social isolation, which of the following is most likely to result
delinquency, depression, drinking, academic problems
The Importance Of Beliefs
depending on past experiences and their perception of the specific situation. Their actual performance in achievement situations may be strongly related to their general achievement motives. Some students who want very much to succeed, are susceptible to the feelings of anxiety and helplessness in performance settings
research on adolescent girls showed that a high frequency of dating was linked to which of the following
depressive symptoms ad emotionally unavailable parents
identity-related aspects of socialization
developing *values & beliefs*, learning *gender roles*, & *occupational preparation* are important... that are introduced by *media*
What is dyscalculia?
developmental arithmetic disorder, difficulty in math computation
Jacky Eccles 1997, 2003.
difficulties in transitions due to many adolescents finding environment of middle school alienating and oppressive. Increased emphasis on teacher control is mismatched with early adolescents increased abilities/desires for autonomy, undermines self-esteem.
the __________ instruction approach to student learning is structured and teacher centered
direct
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?
disability in which children or adolescents consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity. For an ADHD diagnosis, onset of these characteristics early in childhood is required and the characteristics must be debilitating for the child. Children and adolescents who are inattentive have difficulty focusing on any one thing and may get bored with a task after only a few minutes, impulsive, hyperactive
how can teachers reduce bias among their students
display images of people from diverse ethnic and cultural groups
There tends to be a high level of comorbidity in internalizing disorders, which tends to share the subjective state of:
distress.
yes (differences in perceptions about consequences of academic failure)
do all ethnic groups value education?
Variation within typical range (20-40 students) may not matter so much, but *Small class better for students w/ academic difficulties* (Reducing class size → greater cost to school)
does *class size* matter in the effectiveness of a high school?
What are anabolic steroids?
drugs derived from the male sex hormone testosterone , muscle growth and increase lean body mass
What are stimulants?
drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system- caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
What are depressants?
drugs that slow down the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behavior- alcohol
gateway drugs
drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other and more dangerous substances
adolescents in developing countries
due to *globalization* & the transition from pre-industrial economy to global economy, ... are doing *industrial work* in terrible conditions for miserable pay
declined
due to Large scale *public health campaigns* against teen substance use, *rates of most types of substance use* ... from 1975 to 2015
outside the family (to the Media)
due to the Social & economic changes of Globalization, today we look ... for *information/instruction*
laws restricting labor & requiring school
during the *Age of Adolescence* in 20th century US, *slow changes* for adolescent work came from..
what happens between the ages of 17 and 19 with dating
dyadic romantic bonds form that typically last a year or more
In national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ____ than it has in past decades
earlier
when does the importance of being popular peak
early adolescence
when does other sex friendships increase, which gender reports more other sex friendships
early adolescence, girls
Factors in Adolescent and Emerging Adult Drug Use
early in adolescence or even in childhood before 14 years of age were more likely to become alcohol dependent Positive relationships with parents and others can reduce adolescents' drug use Parental monitoring is linked with a lower incidence of drug use
to be diagnosed with adhd, onset of characteristics must appear
early in childhood
Which of the following is the term one team of researchers used to describe the developmental trajectory of alcohol, tobacco, or drug use characterized by very high substance use in early adolescence that escalates over time, so that by the end of high school, these adolescents are frequently using drugs, smoking, and drinking?
early starters
European education system
education system that has *earlier decision making* about career directions (about 15/16 years old)
American System
education system that has *greater flexibility* BUT, everyone is in the *same school/classes* (no specific training tailored to career choice) w/ widely divergent educational & occupational interests & abilities
according to research in which of the following areas do parents have some perceived control over adolescents
educational, religious, moral
adolescent boys are more likely than girls to engage in which of the following behaviors
ego displays, competition, risk taking
one aspect of social cognition in adolescence is adolescent _______
egocentrism
a review of hiring practices at major companies revealed that many want their employees to possess the following skills
elementary algebra, word processing, communicate effectively in writing, work effectively in groups
which of the following types of stress are reduced for people in happy marriages
emotional stress, physical stress
research by john cole identified which of the following reasons why aggressive peer rejected boys have problems in social relationships
emotionally reactive, impulsive, problems with self regulation
the ability to regulate ______ is linked to successful peer relations
emotions
which of the following teaching practices is not associated with positive student outcomes
emphasis on competition
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
emphasizes the biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems experienced by adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages
What is collectivism?
emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of members, and harminous relationships
what is the authorative strategy of classroom management
encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring
research has linked which of the following to marital instabillity following cohabitation
entering a second marriage, having children from another relationship, cohabiting prior to engagement
what are the three stage of the development of romantic relationships
entry into romantic affiliations and attractions, exploring romantic relationships, consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
in 2009, for the first time in history, the proportion of single individuals ages 25 to 34 who had never been married_________ those who were married
exceeded
Disorders in which the young person's problems are turned outward (i.e., "acting out") are:
externalizing disorders.
(1) Family Environment (2) Peer Relations (3) Work & Leisure Patterns (4) Cultural Beliefs
factors that contribute to *high disengagement* of adolescents in school
protective factors
factors that limit individual vulnerability to harm
t/f dropout rates have consistently increased in high schools since the mid 20th century
false
t/f: african americans, latino, and native american children are often overrepresented in gifted programs
false
true/false, eccles argues that middle school and junior high students do best in environments where competition and grades are expected
false
Fear of Failure
fear of the consequences of failing in achievement situations --manifested in feelings of anxiety during tests or in other evaluative situations, can interfere with successful performance. -this is often the case in situations in which the task involves learning something new or solving a complex problem--like many tasks faced by adolescents in school settings. --those with high fear of failure often come from family environments in which parents have set unrealistically high standards for their children and react negatively to failure.
in adolescence, ___________relationships tend to demonstrate more empathy, intimacy and nurturing than__________ relationships
female, male
what factors have lead to a decline in marriage rates in the us
fewer remarriages, divorce, cohabitation
what are the teacher traits identified with positive student outcomes
flexibilty, warmth, awareness of individual differences
what is the developmental psycopathology approach
focuses on describing and exploring the developmental pathways of problems
mr allen wants to know how she can enhance her students motivation to learn which of the following strategies would you recommend
focusing on improvement and effort
restaurant work & retail sales
for *older adolescents* in the US, these jobs are the most common
single adults face challenges including which of the following
forming intimate relationships with others, confronting social prejudices, finding a niche in a marriage oriented society, confronting loneliness in their lives
Valanne Henderson and Carol Dweck (1990)
found that adolescents often show two distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances
what are controversial children
frequently nominated both as someones best friend and being disliked
adolescents are most likely to say that they depend on their _______ to meet their needs for companionship, reassurance of self worth, and intimacy
friends
research finds that about half of committed_______ couples have an open relationship that allows for sex outside the relationship, but few _______couples have this sort of open relationship
gay, lesbian
- *Marry for love*, not arranged - Young *women* in professional occupations & unashamed of their sexuality: - Outward displays of *affection, passion*
gender relations / gender roles portrayed in Western media
which of the following is a characteristic of gifted children
gifted children need minimal help from adults to learn in some areas
______ friendships are more intimate
girl
adolescents who are not peer pressured and turn away have a ______- time making friends in early adulthood
harder
what are adolescents that are gifted
have above average intelligence (130 or higher) and or superior talent in some domain such as art, music, or mathematics
what are learning disabilities
have difficulty learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language
college grads
have greater *intellectual benefits* including verbal & quantitative skills, oral & written communication skills, critical thinking
for which of the following tasks and categories are male adolescents as good as girls
having fun, being a good companion, persisting in a friendship
which of the following factors contribute to a higher incidence of divorce
having no religious affiliation, low income, youthful marriage
Examples of risk-taking behaviors include all of the following, except:
having sex with contraception.
which of the following has not been identified as a possible cause of adhd
having two working parents
media multitaskers
heavy media multitaskers were more susceptible to interference from irrelevant information
A sequence of factors that was related to whether an adolescent would take drugs by 12 years of age was?
high-risk family harsh parenting in childhood conduct problems in school and getting rejected by peers in childhood conflict with parents in early adolescence low parental monitoring deviant peers in early adolescence and engaging in increased substance use Educational success is also a strong buffer for the emergence of drug problems
most studies of premarital cohabitation have found ________ rates of divorce after marriage
higher
research has shown that adolescent girls have _______ levels of peer attachment compared to adolescent boys
higher
participation in extracuriccular activities has been linked to what
higher self esteem, higher grades, decreased rates of dropping out of school
in 2011, the average age for a first marriage is
higher than any point in history
one study revealed that over the course of 10 years of cohabitation, partners in gay and lesbian relationships showed _______ level of relationship quality compared to heterosexual couples
higher than average
what is similarity in friendships referred to as
homophily- the tendency to associate with similar others
neuroendocrine
hormonal activity in the brain and nervous system
The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately offensive and to react aggressively is known as:
hostile attributional bias.
half (the "forgotten half")
how many 17 year olds CANNOT read or do math at the level needed to succeed at the new jobs in our knowledge based economy?
What are common features of apprenticeship programs?
i) Entry at age 16. ii) Apprenticeship lasting 2 to 3 years. iii) Continued PART-TIME schooling while apprenticing. iv) School curriculum is closely connected with training. v)Training takes place in the workplace. vi) Preparation for a career in a respected profession that provides an adequate income.
Social Roles and Achievement in Adol.
important educational and occupational decisions are made and society had structured its educational and work institutions accordingly. --adol are allowed to enter the work force during this time ---the transition from school to work, one of the central issues in the study of achievement during adol is socially defined transition, a passage that society has determined will be negotiated during adol
according to advocates for state wide testing, standardized test have which of the following benefits
improved school performance, identification of poorly performing schools, high expectations of students, more time teaching the subjects that are being tested
according to the definition of adhd, children and adolescents with the disorder show one or more of the following characteristics
impulsivity, inattention, hyperactivity
caring for domestic animals
in *traditional* cultures, *adolescents & children* work by..
farming
in *traditional* cultures, *father & sons* work by..
The Forgotten Half: Non-College youth in America
in 1987, panel assembled by William Grant Foundation to address the transition from high school to full time work. Suggested better occupational preparation in HS, and government training programs for jobs. Wages actually declined, due to stable high wage employment in manufacturing, comm, utilities rapidly declining, Surplus of minimum wage part time jobs, and Professional jobs. Nothing in between.
When does suicide ideation peak?
in middle adulthood
improve quality of education & school-to-work programs
in order to address *unemployment*, besides providing access to jobs, it is important to..
eating disorders & purging to control weight
in studies on *Adolescent girls in Fiji*, after the introduction of Western *TV*, many had an increase in..
staying in school & NOT working at all
in the *1930s* (after Age of Adolescence) the US saw a trend toward *adolescents*..
adolescent employment
in the *2000s*, the US has *highest rate* of .. compared to all other developed countries
mid-teens
in the *European system*, career decisions have to be made by..
leisure (maybe substances) - NOT family's living expenses, NOR saved for future
in the US where does the money most *adolescents* make from their jobs go?
hunting & fishing
in traditional hunting, fishing, & gathering cultures, *men* worked by..
gathering
in traditional hunting, fishing, & gathering cultures, *women* worked by..
Externalizing Problems
includes *Behavior problems, delinquency, substance use, risky driving, & unsafe sex* - do NOT necessarily cause distress - Usually viewed as problems by adults
Internalizing Problems
includes *Depression, Anxiety, & Eating Disorders* - DO cause *distress*
____________ is the full time integration of a child who receives special education services in the regular education classroom with supplemental health
inclusion
in recent year there has been an ________ in cohabiting couples in the us
increase
the number of children diagnosed with adhd has ________ since the 1990s
increased
Work/career-based learning
increasingly has become part of the effort to help youth make the transition from school to employment
what group of people had the same self esteem as the popular or jocks
independents- did not care about being in a crowd
What is bulimia nervosa?
individual consisently follows a binge and purge eating pattern (eating disorder)
Public Law 94-142 was renamed in 1990 become the
individuals with disabilities education act
idea is an abbreviation for which of the following
individuals with disabilities education act
which of the following characteristics can increase the likelihood of divorce
infidelity, psychological problems, alcoholism
what are neglected children
infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
austin, an adolescent boy, is going on a date with sara, an adolescent girl. according to gender dating scripts, austin will likely do which of the following
initiate sexual interaction, initiate the date, control the public domain
why are american colleges doing a poor job of preparing students for the transition to a job
instruct students in general skills rather than vocation specific skills
middle schools are structured in a way that encourages students to
interact with larger number of peers on a daily basis
Sullivan would say development can best be understood by examining transformations in
interpersonal needs
female adolescents are more likely to describe romance in terms of ________
interpersonal qualities
Two Types of Motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic
Females that engage in sex at a younger age are more likely to report their first intercourse was:
involuntary
what are cross cultural studies
involves comparing a culture with one or more other cultures, provide info about other cultures, and the role of culture in development
Extrinsic motivation
involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments
What is binge eating disorder?
involves frequent binge eating but without compensatory behavior like puging
What is individualism?
involves giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals
What is Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)?
is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated. This provision of the IDEA has given a legal basis to efforts to educate children with a disability in the regular classroom
what is the idividualized education plan
is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability
What is intrinsic motivation?
is based on internal factors such as self determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort
NO (extremely rare)
is it common for young *men* to take time away from the workplace to raise young children?
Conduct disorder
is the psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6-month period, including: truancy, running away, fire setting, cruelty to animals, breaking and entering, excessive fighting
which of the following are positives of online dating
it helps shy people, helps anxious people, relationship may last longer
Engineer, chemist, surgeon, computer, software designer
jobs held mainly by *men*..
*service sector* (Teacher, nurse, secretary, child-care worker)
jobs held mainly by *women* are in the..
delinquency
juvenile offending that is processed within the juvenile justice system
a strategy emphasized by bill and melinda gates foundation to reduce the dropout rates in school is
keeping at risk students with the same teachers throughout their high school years
in 1995 the sears institute study, which of the following reasons did middle school adolescents give for not participating in youth programs
lack of awareness, lack of interest in activities available, lack of transportation
what were some of the reasons given by middle school adolescents for not participating in youth programs
lack of interest in available activities, a lack of transportation, and a lack of awareness about what is available
what are crowds
larger than cliques and less personal, members of a crowd based on rep and may or may not spend much time together
reputation based crowds often appear for the first time in early adolescents and ussually become less prominent in
late adolescence
_______ students were twice as likely as their peers to cite economic reasons for dropping out of school
latino
What is emotion-focused coping?
lazarus term for responding to stress in an emotional manner, especially by using defense mechanisms
What is problem-focused coping?
lazarus term for the strategy of squarely facing ones troubles and trying to solve them
adolescent groups are different from childhood groups in which of the following ways
leaders are formally elected, rules are well defined, group regulations are well defined
what is the constructivist approach
learner centered and emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and the understanding with guidance from the teacher, students explore their own world
alexis is a 9 year old in 4th grade, she is having difficulty with reading comprehension, spelling, and understanding mathematical concepts. her teachers is concerned and has referred her to the school psychologist for evaluation. which of the following special needs will alexis most likely be diagnosed with
learning disability
under idea, the setting in which children with disabilities must be educated is known as the
least restrictive environment
positive friendships in adolescence are associated with which of the following outcomes
less delniquency, less substance abuse, higher academic achievement
Youngsters whose antisocial behaviors begin before adolescence and continue into adulthood are typically referred to as exhibiting:
life-course persistent antisocial behavior.
what is cohabitation
living together in a sexual relationship without being married, increase
early adolescent pseudomature behavior is linked to
long term problems on close relationships, substance abuse, and a higher level of criminal behavior
mrs wallis teaches high school in a low income area. compared to students in higher income areas , mrs wallis is likely to see
lower achievement test scores
parental involvement has been linked to which of the following
lower rates of expulsion, improved grades
increased *independence* & *orientation toward peers*
majority of *crimes* are committed by *Adolescents & emerging adults* due to an increased..
an important goal of the direct instruction approach is
maximizing student learning time
What is ecstasy?
mdma, stimulant and hallucinogenic effects , euphoric feelings and heightened sensations
according to research on the ethnic differences in school experiences which us high school student is most likely to be enrolled in advanced with math and or science courses
meg, who is asian american
boys and girls spend an increasing amount of time in peer interacting during
middle and late childhood and adolescence
research suggests that some of the negative psycological changes associated with adoelscent development might results from a ____between the ___________ of the developing adolescents and the __________ afforded them by schools they attend
mismatch, needs, opportunities
Diathesis-Stress Model
model for mental disorders: begin w/ a *diathesis* (pre-existing vulnerability) & expression of it requires a *stress*
Graduated Driver Licensing (GSL)
more effective than Driver Education as a prevention method for *Risky Driving* (Externalizing problem) - Obtain *driving privileges gradually*, contingent on a *safe driving record* Restrictions: - driving *w/ a parent* - Driving *curfews* - *NOT driving w/ teenagers* - seat belts - *"zero tolerance" rule* for alcohol use
what are the positive aspects associated with the transition to middle or junior high school
more opportunities to spend time w peers, increased independence from direct parental monitoring, more subjects from which to select
which of the following do young adults report feeling during the transition from high school to college
more stress, frequently overwhelmed , higher rates of depression
during adolescence, boys and girls spend ________ with peers as they do with their parents
more than twice as much time
combination of *medication & behavioral therapy* (operant conditioning, parent training, classroom interventions)
most effective treatment for ADHD
is mother or father attachment related most to peer attachment
mother
Intrinsic motivation
motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task
Extrinsic motivation
motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance
Intrinsic
motivation is based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort
one criticism about test used as part of nclb is that they do not measure
motivation, persistence , and social skills
which of the following issues are not included in a true learning disability
motor disabilities, visual impairments, hearing impairments
What is the top-dog phenomenon?
moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in the elementary school to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in the middle or junior high school
what is intimacy in friendship defined as
narrowly as self disclosure, sharing of private thoughts
Individuals who become distressed easily are said to display:
negative emotionality
what is the individual difference factor that has been found to impair peer relation which involves a relatively low threshold for experiencing anger, fear, anxiety, and irritation
negative emotionality
peer relations can be influenced by individual differencences such as which of the following
negative emotions, personality traits, social position
emotionally _________ individuals experience greater rejection by peers than emotionally ______ adolescents
negative, positive
What is the only drug used by a substantial number of high school seniors on a daily basis?
nicotine (cigarettes)
what are popular children
nominated as best friend and are rarely disliked by peers
According to proponents of social control theory, individuals who would be most likely to exhibit problem behavior syndrome would:
not have strong bonds to society's institutions.
what is internalizing problems
occur when individuals turn their problems inward - anxiety and depression
what is externalizing problems-
occur when individuals turn their problems outward- deliquency
Bame Nsamenang
of Cameroon, argues secondary education based on a model developed when European countries ruled Africa. Textbooks foreign, nothing of African culture.
what is the permissive strategy of classroom management
offers students autonomy but provides them with little support for developing learning skills or managing their behavior
what are mentors
older and more experienced individuals who are motivated to improve the competence and character of a younger person
20 hours/week
on average, employed high school *sophomores* work *15* hours/week in the US & *seniors* work..
in one longitudinal study, researchers found that students who had at least____ friend(s) showed academic success over a two year period
one
Puberty and Achievement in Adolescence
ones who look more mature may elicit different reactions from teachers and other students. --Some have suggested that going through puberty earlier may feel conflicts (for girls) between their desire to be physically attractive to by and their desire to do well in school. --although girls who mature at a later age may also experience these conflicting demands, older girls are more likely to have the confidence and maturity to realize that they can be both successful in the classroom and popular with their peers. --early physical maturation also draws adolescents into older peer groups in which experimentation with alcohol and drugs is more likely, going through puberty early may disadvantage boys as well, since using drugs and alcohol can undermine student's motivation -In addition, development in the realm of achievement is cumulative, in that youngsters who are successful early on are likely to reap the benefits of the educational system, to continue to succeed in school and to complete more years of education that their peers. -the success gives them an advantage in the labor market since the prestige and status of individuals entry-level jobs are largely dependent on their educational background ---one set of factors that may differentiate the rich from the poor, early in their schooling--long before adol: their motive to succeed and their beliefs about the causes of their success and failures
Grouping, ability grouping
opportunities to learn with others at the same levels of interest and/or achievement
neglectful/disengaged parenting
parenting style that has the *worst outcomes* in adolescents' *engagement* in school
which of the following factors may contribute to the academic difficulties faced by adoelscents who live in poverty
parents who are incapable of reading to them, parents w low educational standards, lack of money for educational materials and experiences, living in high crime areas
loneliness is often interwoven with the
passage through life transitions, such as a move to a different part of the country, a divorce, or the death of a close friend or family member. Another situation that often creates loneliness is the first year of college, especially if students leave the familiar world of their hometown and family to enter college.
romantic love is also identifies as ________ love
passionate
supporters of the constructivist approach argue that direct instruction turns students into
passive learners
developmental trajectories
patterns of change over time
The age-crime curve indicates that violent criminal activity:
peaks around 18 years of age.
a __________ group may include acquaintences, member of cliques, neighborhood associates, or team members
peer
kristen and chelsea are both in the eighth grade, and they have been friends for a long time. The two girls could be described as being in the same _______group
peer
the evidence related to the peer group focuses on
peer attachment (girls higher), group size (boys larger group), interaction in same sex groups (boys - more competitive and risk taking etc.. girls- collaborative disclosure)
being in a subordinate position in a dyad or group increases the probability that will be open to
peer influence
cody is able to work with his friends to find mature solutions to problems and he adapts to the ideas of the other boys in the group. cody is seen as having positive
peer relations
as adolescents get older, they tend to spend on increasing amount of time with their
peers
the _______ strategy of classroom management offers students considerable autonomy but provides them with little support for developing learning skills or managing their behavior
permissive
what are individual differences among peers
personality, negative emotion, openness to peer influence, and the status/power of the adolescent versus the status/power of the other adolescent or adolescent peer group
- *Gender intensification* (female gender role) during adolescence --> body image concerns - Girls report more stress *conflict w/ friends & peers* - *Rumination* occurs more in females - Gender differences in *stress responses* (distress turned inward for females; outward for males)
possible reasons for *gender differences in depression* --> greater risk in *females* (NOT explained by biological differences)
children diagnosed with adhd are at greater risk for which outcomes
pregnancy, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, school dropout
couples engaging in ______- education are more likely to have a more satisfying marriage, deeper commitment to their spouse, and lower likelihood of divorce
premarital
the ______ setting is protected environment whose boundary is the classroom
preschool
(1) Driver Education (not very effective) (2) Graduated Driver Licensing (GSL)
prevention methods for *Risky Driving* (Externalizing problem)
adolescents who interact with older youths engage in more _______behaviors
problem
- Career path is often *Not linear* - Most emerging adults *change career directions* at least once - Women & increasingly men have to *balance work & family* goals (Most women lead a *dual-career life*)
problems with Donald Super's *Development of Occupational Goals Theory*
which of the following are difficulties that adolescent boys with peer adjustment problems face
problems with evaluating solutions in terms of their effectiveness, reduced ability to describe self statements, and reduced ability to generate alternative solutions to hypothetical problems
adolescent peer groups share which of the following characteristics
provide a source of info about the outside world, provide feedback about adolescents abilities, provide a way for adolescents to rank themselves
what was associated with a desire to be popular with peers
pseudomature behavior (trying to appear mature or cool by engaging in minor delinquency or precocious romantic involvement)
What are hallucinogens?
psychedelic drugs, drugs that modify an individuals perceptual experience and produce hallucinations - lsd, weed
What is conduct disorder?
psychiatric diagnostic category used with multiple behaviors occur over a 6 month period
people in happy marriages are less stressed, which puts less wear and tear on a persons boys, therefore reducing which of the following
psychological problems, high blood pressure, heart disease
Internalizing disorders
psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression or anxiety
Externalizing disorders
psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency
- *Forced participation* - Group therapies bring delinquent adolescents together & increase delinquent behavior → *peer contagion* - started *too late* (delinquency already well established)
reasons why *delinquency* prevention programs are NOT very successful
what are average children
receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations
in banduras social cognitive theory, adolescent development is influenced by
reciprocal interaction between person/cognitive environmental, and behavior factors
what are the eight functions dating today serves as
recreation, status and achievement, socialization process, learning about intimacy and serves an opportunity to establish a unique meaningful relationship w someones of opposite sex, sexual experimentation and exploration, companionship, identity formation and development, mate sorting and selection
The function of dating among adolescents today is largely:
recreational
What is juvenile delinquency?
refers to a broad range of behaviors, from socially unacceptable behavior to status offenses (running away from home) to criminal acts
What is socioeconomic status (SES)?
refers to a grouping of people with similar occupational , educational, and economic characteristics
What is the feminization of poverty?
refers to the fact that far more women than men live in poverty
An oversensitivity to romantic rejection in adulthood that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood is termed as:
rejection sensitivity
adolescents typically prefer ________ than in childhood
relationships that are more intimate and intense and a smaller number of friends
emerging adulthood is a time of many changes including which of the following
residential changes, romantic relationships, lifestyle changes
In some cultures, boys and girls are separated because sexual contact before marriage is strictly forbidden, this society can be characterized as:
restrictive
what is the authoritarian strategy of classroom management
restrictive and punitive, keeping order rather than instruction and learning, firm limits, little verbal exchange
the type of love that shows strong sexual and infactuation components is called
romantic
_______ and ________ are well defined, and captains or leaders were formally elected or appointed in adolescent groups
rules, regulations
What are status offenses?
running away , truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity.
which country has the highest percentage of college educated adults
russia
as students move into middle school or junior high school, the social field is the
school
what types of reasons do students give half of the time for dropping out off school
school related
rising for both genders
secondary school *enrollment rates* in *developing countries* are...
__________ attachment to parents is linked to positive peer relations
secure
adolescents who have effective _____ -_______ skills can modulate their emotional expressiveness in something that is negative
self - regulatory
an adolescents ________- can increase his or her probability of being in a certain crowd such as the jocks or nobodies
self esteem
What is dyslexia?
severe impairment in the ability to read and spell
Which one of the following is not associated with delinquency?
sexual abstinence
cliques are
small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals ad average about 5 to 6 individuals, same sex and same age
beggining in early adolescence, teenagers typically prefer to have a _____ number of friendships that are more intense and intimate than those of young children
smaller
The theoretical explanation that links problem behavior syndrome with a lack of strong bonds to societal institutions is known as:
social control theory.
an adolescents __________ status is the term used to describe the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by peers
sociometric
the term used to describe the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer groups is _______ status
sociometric
what are the main reasons for cohabiting
spend time together, share expenses, and evaluate combatibility
What is attribution theory?
states that individuals are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance and behavior
If a 16 year old is truant from school and drinks alcohol regularly, and runs away from home, this person is legally a
status offender
(1) *Identity* → Motivation → *Selection* (2) --> Attention → *Interaction* → Evaluation/Interpretation (3) --> *Application* → Incorporation/Resistance → *Identity*
steps in the *Media Practice Model* (Uses & Gratification Approach)
the function of ________ is shown when friendships provide adolescents with interesting information, excitement, and amusement
stimulation
what is the direct instruction approach
structured and teacher centered, teacher direction and control, high expectation
What is a jigsaw classroom?
students from different cultural backgrounds are placed in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal
Which of the following refers to the maladaptive use of drugs, including legal drugs such as alcohol or nicotine and illegal drugs such as pot, cocaine, and LSD?
substance abuse
Status offenses
such as running away, truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity, and uncontrollability, are less serious acts; they are performed by youth under a specified age, which classifies them as juvenile offenses
- usually response to a *series of difficulties* (1) Family disruption (2) Genetic vulnerability (3) Substance abuse problems
suicide risk factors
which of the following is a dropout prevention program that provides low income high school students mentoring academic tutoring and training
talent search
What is mastery orientation?
task oriented , instead of focusing on their ability, they concentrate on learning strategies and engaging in process of achievement
what are features of crowds
tend to be based on reputation, many are defined by activities, are larger than cliques
*early precursors* of problems & *outcomes*
the *Developmental Psychopathology *Approach establishes *links* between..
risk factors & protective factors (development)
the *Developmental Psychopathology *Approach looks at the ... of problems & disorders
prevention & treatment
the *Developmental Psychopathology* Approach provides avenues for BOTH ... bc it helps identify the *cause of a problem*,
super peer
the *Media* may function as a ... providing *information to adolescents* (ex: about sexuality)
recreational orientation
the *Media* portrays a ... orientation toward *sex*
when did the concept of adolescent couples dating become a phenomenom in the us
the 1920s
when does best friendships decline in satisfaction and commitment
the 1st year of college
homicide
the 2nd most common cause of death among young people in the US
suicide
the 3rd most common cause of death among young people in the US
resilience
the ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity or stress
Learned helpnessness
the acquired belief that an individual is not able to influence events through their own efforts or actions
what is self efficacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
Achievement attributions
the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of their successes and failures
what are dating scrips
the cognitive models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evaluate dating interactions - males proactive females- reactive
Problem behavior syndrome
the covariation among various types of externalizing disorders believed to result from an underlying trait of unconventionality
Stereotype Threat
the harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic of sex differences in ability has on student performance
what is social isolation
the inability to plug into a social network
Cigarette use has reportedly declined significantly compared to levels in 1997. What is most likely the greatest deterrent to smoking among American adolescents?
the increase in the price of cigarettes
Cognitive Change and Achievement in Adolescence
the intellectual changes of the period are important because they become cognitively capable of seeing the long-term consequences of educational and occupational choices or of realistically considering the range of scholastic and work possibilities open to them --achievement related issues during adolescence relates to the advent of more sophisticated forms of thinking. The ability to think in hypothetical terms now raises new achievement concerns for the person. Also permits them to think through logical and systematic fashion.
A child who forms secure attachment with his parents sets the stage for all future interpersonal relationships. This is referred to as
the internal working model
Social capital
the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family
substance abuse
the misuse of alcohol of other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individuals life
Achievement
the psychosocial domain concerning behaviors and feelings in evaluative situations
engagement
the quality of being *psychologically committed to learning* - Being alert, attentive, trying to truly learn the material
age-crime curve
the relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalence of offending peaks in late adolescence
Cultural capital
the resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature and other elements of high culture
What is stress?
the response of individuals to stressors, which are circumstances and events that threaten them and tax coping abilities
mentor
the role fulfilled by an older individual who is an expert in a particular field and who works with and guides a student in an area of mutual interest
Self-efficacy
the sense that an individual has some control over their life
Social factors
the social contexts of: family, peers, schools, socioeconomic status, poverty, neighborhoods
What is ethnocentrism?
the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups
hostile attributional bias
the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile
peer interaction is influenced by context, which can include
the type of peer the adolescent interacts with and the situation or location where they are
(1) Cultivation Theory (2) Social Learning Theory (3) Uses & Gratification Approach
theories of *Media* influence
The Development of Occupational Goals Theory
theory by *Donald Super* that we *choose a career* based on 5 *linear* steps/stages
a recent study found that adolescent performed more poorly than adults in what two social cognitive areas
theory of mind (thoughts about how one's mental processes work and the mental processes of others), and (2) emotion recognition
Uses & Gratification Approach Theory
theory that (1) *People differ* in numerous ways that lead them to *choose different media* (2) People consuming the SAME media product will *respond to it in different ways*, depending on their individual characteristics
Cultivation Theory
theory that watching TV gradually *shapes a person's worldview*, to eventually resemble the *worldview most frequently depicted on TV*, can lead to Mean World Syndrome
*knowledge economy* (based on info & technology)
there have been dramatic *increases in college enrollment* due to a worldwide shift from a manufacturing economy to a..
Sexual coercion and date rape are more likely to occur when:
there is a larger age difference between a girl and her partner (3+) years
*attitudes* toward violence (instead of violent behavior)
there is stronger evidence that *TV violence* influences *adolescents'*..
African Americans & Latinos
these ethnic groups are *least likely* to have *academically oriented friends*
African Americans & Latinos
these ethnic groups are more likely to grow up in *poverty* --> ethnic differences in academic achievement
African Americans & Latinos
these ethnic groups are more likely to think it's *okay if you don't succeed academically*
African Americans & Latinos
these ethnicities are *more likely* to be diagnosed w/ *learning disabilities*
research indicates the primary reason people do not divorce until the fifth to tenth year of their marriage is
they continue to try to make it work
research by hetherington found divorce had which of the following effects on daughters
they had more negative opinion of males, they were more likely to marry a man like their father, had a stronger interest in boys
Studies indicate that each of the following is a characteristic of youngsters whose problems with the law begin before adolescence, except:
they have often experienced authoritative parenting.
which of the following statements about late bloomers is true
they include 17-19 year olds who say they have not had a romantic relationship that lasted more than 4 months and 17-19 year olds who say they have no experience in romantic relationships , they fall outside the typical progression of romantic development
which of the following describe well managed classrooms
they keep students busy with active, appropriate challenging tasks
Asian Americans
this ethnic group in the US spends *less time working & socializing* --> more time on academics
Asian Americans
this ethnic group is more likely to have *academically oriented friends*
Asian Americans
this ethnic group is more likely to think it's *NOT okay to fail academically*
level of economic development
this is a key influence on a *country's academic performance*
social cognition involves
thoughts about social matters
how to parents affect their adolescents peer relations
through their interactions with them, how they manage their lives, and the opportunities they provide them
what is one of the most important functions of peer groups
to provide a source of info about the world outside the family
when transition to middle school, students experience the ______ _____ phenomenon, moving from the oldest biggest and most powerful students in elementary school to being the youngest smallest and least powerful in middle school
top dog
An example of a status offense is:
truancy
in training programs, rejected adolescents are trained to join peers without doing what?
trying to dominate the group and trying to change the group
following graduation, " i have a dream" provides
tuition assistance
ADHD
type of *learning disability* that involves inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, restlessness, & distractibility - *Functional impairment* in *more than 1 context*
Vocational school
type of secondary education offered in *European countries* where adolescents learn a *specific occupation*
Professional school
type of secondary education offered in *European countries* where adolescents receive *teacher training* or training for another *specific occupation*
Apprenticeship systems
type of secondary education offered in *some European countries* where adolescents learn from an *individual who teaches them about their job*
comprehensive high school
type of secondary education offered in the *US, Canada, & Japan*
(1) College Preparatory (2) Vocational School (3) Professional School (4) Apprenticeship Systems
types of secondary education offered in *European countries*
research has identified adolescents with avoidant attachments to their parents are more likely to expect which of the following from their romantic partners
unavailability and unresponsiveness
research has identified adolescents who conform to peer pressure tend to have which of the following traits
uncertainty about their social identity, high social anxiety, low self esteem
Medicinal Substance Use
undertaken to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as anxiety or sadness. Kind of self-medication.Ado who use drugs for this experience tend to use them more than those who do socially or experimentally, but frequent drug users are three times as likely to be depressed.
already at risk for violence
violent TV may be a *causal* factor for *Adolescents* who are..
media
w/ age, Parents' influence on socialization is receding while the role of the ... in socialization grows
- Parents dropped out themselves - Poverty - Single-parent
what *parent* factors increase likelihood of their child *dropping out*
- History of *school difficulties* (low grades, behavior problems, low scores on achievement & intelligence tests) - *Dislike school* - Sometimes aggressive, active, sensation-seeking personalities - *Learning disabilities* - *Parents* - Substance use, psychological problems - Unemployment or low paying jobs
what factors lead to high school dropouts?
homicide
what is the leading cause of *death* in *African American & Latino* adolescents?
(1) Agricultural work (most common) (2) Factories/Workshops (3) Prostitution
what jobs are most common for *employed children & adolescents* in *developing* countries?
for wealthy males - broad liberal arts
what was secondary schooling like for adolescents in *19th century* America?
*expanded school population* - curriculum expands to include Family life, arts, music, PE
what was secondary schooling like for adolescents in *mid 20th century* America?
Learning Disability (specific learning disorder)
when *achievement* (test scores & grades) is *substantially below that expected* for age, schooling, & level of intelligence + it is NOT the result of physical, intellectual, or emotional disorders - *Intelligence is normal* (IQ is average or above) - impairment in reading, written expression, or mathematics
apprenticeship
when an *adolescent* novice works w/ a *master* who is an expert in a profession - Not just trades or skilled labor, but professional & managerial positions too
Adolescence-limited delinquents
when delinquency *only occurs during adolescence* - NOT during childhood; stops after mid 20s
entry at 16, lasts 2-3 years
when do adolescents in Europe typically begin *apprenticeships* & for how long?
*vicarious learning* (Social Learning Theory)
when models perform behaviors that are rewarded
as soon as children enter school
when should *interventions* for learning disabilities be introduced?
Age of Adolescence
when were *state laws* were put in place *requiring school attendance thru early teens*?
Latinos
which ethnic group has the *highest dropout rate*, but has declined by more than half since 2000?
African Americans
which ethnic group has the highest *unemployment*?
males
which gender is more likely to *dropout* of high school?
(1) Their *labor* is needed by families (2) School-based knowledge is of limited use in *non-industrialized* economies
why do adolescents in *Developing* countries often *NOT attend school*?
after a divorce, american ___________ typically experience more negative economic consequences
women
repetitive/monotonous & NOT connected to school (not likely to prepare them for their adult career)
work for older adolescents in the US is usually..
Bullying
• Boys are more likely to be bullies than girls, but gender differences regarding victims of boys is less clear • Boys and younger middle school students are most likely to be bullied • Anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children are often the victims of bullying • 70% to 80% of victims and their bullies are in the same school classroom
Epstein's recommendations for increasing parental involvement in adolescents' schooling:
• Families have a basic obligation to provide for the safety and health of their adolescents • Schools have a basic obligation to communicate with families about school programs and the individual progress of their adolescents • Parents' involvement at schools needs to be increased
Social Learning Theory
*behaviorism* (observational learning & copying) theory that *media* influences a person via *Vicarious learning* in which models perform behaviors that are rewarded
- Responsibility - Money management - Learned social skills - Work experience/skill development - Work ethics - Independence - Time management - Learned about life/shaped future
*benefits of work* on adolescent development
protective factors
*buffers to disorder* (Developmental Psychopathology) including: - Social competencies - Commitment to learning - Positive values - Parenting - Positive attachment - Social support - Constructive use of time - Resilient coping
personal growth
*college grads* have many *nonacademic benefits* including..
dogmatic, authoritarian, & ethnocentric
*college* makes people become *less*... in political & social views
*common adolescent experiences* (w/ friends, family, school, etc.) --> NOT just hormones
*depressed mood* in adolescents is usually caused by..
authoritative parenting styles
*effective teachers* (school climate) are similar to..
(1) *Self-esteem* (try to increase it) (2) *Peer pressure* (3) Increase *knowledge of health dangers* (helpful to some degree)
*unsuccessful* Substance Use prevention programs focused on..
larger high schools
- *Less attachment* to teachers & the school as a whole - More *diverse classes*
smaller high schools
- *Less diversity in extracurriculars*, but students are *more likely to participate* in them - More likely to be placed in *positions of leadership* & responsibility
Life-course persistent delinquents
- Adolescents who start committing *crimes in childhood* - Likely have *neuropsychological deficits* that lead to difficult temperament in infancy, likely ADHD & learning disabilities in childhood - *High risk environment*
by their senior year in high school, boys spend an average of _____ hours a week with a girl
5
Tory is extrinsically motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on:
A) performance goals
Adolescent violence is often a manifestation of a cascade of experiences such as:
A) poor school readiness. B) school failure. C) harsh parenting.
Mary comes from an economically disadvantaged household. Her mother went to the school counselor to find out what could be done to help Mary overcome her disadvantage. What did the counselor suggest would help?
A) positive relations at home
Implementation
Ages 21-24/Completing education or training and entering job itself/Must reconcile any discrepancy between what they would like to do and what is available in the work world
An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement drop as they transition into secondary school is that:
B) teachers focus on grades rather than mastery of the material
Which country has the highest rate of teen pregnancy? A) Sweden B) the United States C) England D) Israel
B) the United States
What leads adolescents to drop out of school?
Culmination of many years of school problems/More likely to have repeated a grade/Personal characteristics - aggression, active/Learning Disabilities/Parents' education and income/SCHOOL CLIMATE
Across all ethnic groups, studies indicate that which of the following measures helps students to achieve?
D) All of the above
Asian American students are likely to have higher academic achievement than White or ethnic minority youth because:
D) All of the above
Studies show that disadvantaged youth perform more poorly in school than their advantaged counterparts. Which of the following reasons best accounts for this disparity?
D) All of the above
Studies suggest which of the following are antecedents of homosexuality? A) biological factors B) social factors C) the interaction between biological and social factors D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievement is not true?
D) during adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices
Independence
Want to solve problems on own, hate working in groups bc they have to do everyone else's work (slowed down by the group)
disengaged
most adolescents are ... during school
yard work
most common first job for *boys* in the US
babysitting
most common first job for *girls* in the US
Which type of disorders are likely to begin during childhood?
anxiety disorders
public law 94-142 , the education for all handicapped children act , required that all students with disabilities be given a free and ______ public education
appropriate
which of the following groups of countries are considered highly restrictive of their adolescent girls romantic relationships
arab, asian, south american
500-1000 students
estimated ideal high school size
homophility can apply to which of the following areas
ethnicity, sex, age
a recent study on social cognitive skills showed that boys without peer adjustment problems generated more alternative solutions, proposed more assertive and mature solutions, gave less intense aggressive solutions, showed more adaptive planning, and
evaluated physically aggressive responses less positively than boys with peer adjustment problems
aaron and annie have decide to cohabit while attending college. which of the following are likely reasons for doing this
evaluating compability, spending time together, sharing expenses
highly gifted indivduals are typically
gifted in specific domains
What is coping?
involves managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve lifes problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
what social skills do popular children have
popular children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions , show enthusiasm and concern for others , are . self confident without being conceited
what are the five types of peer statuses
popular children, average children, neglected children, rejected children and controversial children
(1) Experimental (2) Social (3) Medicinal (self medicating) (4) Addictive
purposes of substance use
even outside of inner city schools ________ ______ remains a factor in american education
racial segregation
approximately 80 percent of children with a learning disability have _______ problems
reading
interventions with children who have learning disabilities often focus on improving which of the following
reading ability
What does an authoritarian classroom style include?
Firm, but fair with high expectations
Carol Dweck's Cognitive View and Mindset
Fixed mindset: Growth mindset: brain plasticity
- partially due to *higher poverty rates* - Easy availability of *firearms* - Growing up in *low SES family*
reasons that the US has the *highest homicide rate* of developed countries
Community Service in Adolescence
High sense of personal competence, Higher educational goals, High ideals, Greater desire to help others
Results of optimum school climate
Higher attendance, higher achievement test scores, lower rates of delinquency
market driven, diverse, & uncensored
In cultures w/ *broad socialization* & freedom of speech, *media* offerings are..
Learning Disabilities
In schools, a diagnosis made when a child or adolescent has normal intelligence but has difficulty in one or more academic areas and the difficulty cannot be attributed to any other disorder
expectations & parent involvement (Authoritative parenting)
Family environments that have *high* ... encourage adolescents' *engagement* in school
New Media: Internet and Cell Phones
New media allows the world of friends to be a nearly constant presence in adolescents lives, social worlds are no longer split up into time with family, and separate time with friends.
Latin American Secondary Schooling
No gender difference, mainly class difference. Wealthy attend private secondary schools, the poor attend badly funded public schools, where 50% of city attendees drop out and 75% of rural attendees drop out.
Dispositional Attribution
The person's stable, enduring TRAITS, personality, ability, emotions [internal]
Experimental Substance Use
Try a substance once or a few times out of curiosity and then do not use it again. Most common reason young people use drugs.
Self-maximization
Try to make sure that we know exactly what you're good at and how to MAXIMIZE that; how to make sure you're going into the right career for you
Substance Abuse
the muses of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individuals life
What is acculturative stress?
the negative consequences that result from contact between two distinctive cultural groups
educational attainment
the number of years of schooling completed by an individual
Work values
the particular sorts of rewards of individual looks for in a job...extrinsic, intrinsic, social, altruistic, security, influence, leisure
increased
the percent of 14-17 year olds *enrolled in school* in the *US* & other *Western* countries has..
Social promotion
the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance
Negative affectivity
the presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, characterized by high levels of subjective distress
declined
the proportion of young people who *dropout of high school* has steadily..
organized activities
this type of *leisure* may have *positive* effects on engagement/achievement in school
a recent study revealed that low peer status in childhood was associated with an increased probability of being
unemployed and having mental health problems in adulthood
what is sociometric status
used to describe the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by peer group
What is multicultural education?
values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups
status offenses
violations of the law that pertain to minors but not adults
active role-playing
violent *video games* differ from TV because they involve..
Work in Traditional Cultures: Child Care
Typically done by the females; girls can be in charge of child care as early as 6 or 7 years old. Also household work significant for adolescent girl, works alongside mother, chores without electricity/water are tedious. This demonstrates she is capable of fulfilling the expectations for running a household when she is married.
Precocity
You have a skill or gift that everyone has noticed very early on in life. If you're not good at this early age, you're never going to be "gifted" at it.
Mastery orientation:
Adolescents with thisorientation are task-oriented; instead of focusingon ability, they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome
three criteria most states require be met to receive services
Discrepancy between intelligence and achievement: An "unexpected difference between general ability and achievement oExclusion Criterion: LD can occur with other disabilities but the learning problems must not be "primarily the result" of the other disability or other condition (i.e. low SES) oA need for special education services: The student shows specific and severe learning problems despite normal educational efforts
inclusion
Educating a child or adolescent with special educational needs full-time in the regular classroom.
Multicultural Education
Education that values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups.
Blumenfeld and colleagues on intrinsic motivation through cognitive engagement and self-responsibility
Emphasizes the importance of creating learning environments that encourage students to become cognitively engaged and to take responsibility for their learning In many aspects of students' lives, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are at work extrinsic motivation by itself is not a good strategy
Cerebral palsy
Most prevalent physical disability among school age children. Permanent disorder of voluntary movement and posture
flow
People develop a sense of mastery Are absorbed in a state of concentration while they engage in an activity Individuals are engaged in challenges they find neither too difficult nor too easy
Performance orientation:
adolescents with this orientation are focused on winning, rather than on achievement outcome
Curriculum compacting
an instructional technique whereby the time spent on academic subjects is reduced so as to allow teacher to provide differentiated learning experiences
The humanistic and cognitive approaches stress the importance of intrinsic motivation in achievement
classroom climate in which students are intrinsically motivated to learn (Patall, Cooper, & Robinson, 2008) Parental intrinsic/extrinsic motivational practices are also linked to children's achievement
Deaf-blindness definition
concomitant hearing and visual impairments
multiple disabilities definition
concomitant impairments that result in such sever educational needs that a student cannot be accommodated in a special education program solely on the basis of one of the impairments
other health impairment definition and ex
definition: a chronic or acute health problem that results in limited strength, vitality, or alertness and adversely affects education performance ex: seizure disorder, asthma, AIDS
orthopedic impairment definition
definition: a physical disability that occurs from congenital anomalies, diseases, or other causes that adversely affect a child's educational performance
Fixed mindset:
individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change
Characteristics of hyperactivity /impulsivity
oFidgets squirms oOut of seat behavior oRuns/climbs excessively oTalks to much oOn the go oBlurts out answers oDifficulty awaiting turn
Partial participation, positive behavioral support, and small group instruction
oPartial participation: Students can be taught to perform selected components or an adapted version of the task oPositive behavioral support: Use of functional assessment methodologies to support students placement and guide the development of behavior support Advantages of small group instruction: Skills learned in small groups may be more likely to generalize • Provides opportunities for social interaction • Provides opportunities for incidental or observation learning from other students • May be a more cost effective use of teacher's time
Enrichment
opportunities to learn above and beyond what is usually provided at a particular grade level
Acceleration
opportunities to learn at a pace that matches achievement and interest
intentional self-regulation:
selecting goals or outcomes, optimizing the means to achieve desired outcomes, and compensating for setbacks along the path to goal achievement
Functional Behavioral Assessment (see article on eLearning)
systematic, data-driven process -informal assessment: school records, parent interviews, teacher checklists -direct observation and measurement: in-class observation when behavior is likely to occur -hypothesis development: all informal and observational data used to develop intervention based on probably cause of the behavior -intervention: teaching functional replacement behaviors -evaluation and modification: data are collected to determine success of the intervention
Typical components of a multi-factored assessment for giftedness and talent
teachers often don't notice these students • Formal assessment of intellectual and academic ability • Off-level testing • Portfolios, example of work • Tests of creative thinking and products • Teacher, parent, and peer nomination • Assessment of leadership potential
Spinal cord injuries
• Caused by fracture, stretching, or compression of spinal cord • Car accidents, sports injuries and violence most common causes in school aged children • Results in paralysis below affected vertebra • Lead to breathing difficulties, infection, skin problems, incontinence, activies of daily living effected
Differentiated instruction (LD)
• Differentiated instruction is a teaching philosophy based on the premise that teachers should adapt instruction to student differences • Rather than marching students through the curriculum lockstep, teachers should modify their instruction to meet students' varying readiness levels, learning preferences and interests • The teacher proactively plans a variety of ways to get at and express learning • All said by Carol Ann Tomlinson
researchers have associated social cognitive deficits with which of the following
peer related difficulties
many of gustavos friends are in relationships but gus is single, which of the following is a stereotype he is likely to face
"gus must be lonely and desperate"
Teachers and student achievement
- Competent teachers of adolescents have a good understanding of their development and know how to create instruction materials that are appropriate for the developmental levels of the adolescents in their classroom
Eccles (2004, 2007) and how school environments don't fit the needs of students
- Eccles (2004, 2007) argues that a lack of fit between the middle/junior high environment and the needs of young adolescents produces increasingly negative selfevaluations and attitudes toward school
Many high school graduates are not only poorly prepared for college, they also are poorly prepared for the demands of the modern, high-performance workplace (Smith, 2009) • The National Research Council (2004) made a number of recommendations for improving U.S. high schools
- Especially emphasized was the importance of finding ways to get students more engaged in learning - The council said urban high schools are too often characterized by low expectations, alienation, and low achievement
college grads
- Less likely to divorce - Lower rates of substance abuse & mental health problems
The causes of dropping out
- Students drop out of school for school-related, economic, family-related, peer-related, and personal reasons • School-related problems • low-income families • Many dropouts have friends who are also dropouts • Approximately 1/3 of girls drop out for personal reasons, such as pregnancy or marriage
Television
- The more that children and adolescents watch TV, the _lower___ their school achievement is. • However, viewing educational TV as preschoolers was associated with __higher grades__, _reading more books____, and _less aggression____ especially for boys, in adolescence. -should you just sit your child in front of a tv to watch sesame street? No because we are talking about correlational studies, maybe some status factors, genetic factors are involved - it is possible that more intelligent parents pass on their genes to their kids and more likely that these parents are putting kids in front of education tv-> not the tv or the educational show itself -Children and adolescents who extensively play violent electronic games are: • 1.__more aggressive___ • 2.___less sensitive to real life violence__ • 3.__more likely to engage in delinquent acts___ • 4._more likely to have lower grades in school____ • A recent study revealed that video game consumption was linked to rape myth acceptance (shifting blame for sexual assault from the perpetrator to the victim) through connections with interpersonal aggression and hostile sexism.
The transition to middle or junior high school can be difficult and stressful for many students
- The transition takes place at a time when many changes in the individual, in the family, and in school - are occurring simultaneously - When students make the transition, they experience the top-dog phenomenon: moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in elementary school to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in the middle or junior high school
What is the demographic makeup of college students?
>60% recent high school grads. 58% female. 70% Asian American. 60% White. 55% Black. 33.3% Latino
Secondary Education in European Industrialized Countries
-3 routes you can take -European Countries: • College Preparatory (most like US but no PE or Music) • 1⁄2 attend • Vocational School (complex and specific skills, building cars for BMW) • 1⁄4 attend • Professional School (one step down from vocational, not as complex • 1⁄4 attend -Europeans must decide on the type of schooling at a young age -US compared to Europe is unusual bc have comprehensive hs where take classes in basically everything, in other countries can decide on path (Age 14-16) to decide which path to go down -by 16 in euro path is set and you know what career you are going -Europeans must decide on the type of schooling at a young age
prevalence information regarding learning disabilities
-40.7% of students with special education 3.5% of school age population -1.2% of all preschoolers with a disability are identified as having a learning disability
Adolescents from affluent families also face challenges, such as?
-higher rates of substance abuse -
Children and adolescents from low-SES backgrounds are at risk of what?
-low achievement and emotional problems -finding jobs as adults -schools have fewer resources -social maladaptation -depression, low self-confidence, peer conflict, deliquency
What might happen if we begin to reward a behavior someone was already doing and enjoying?
-might lose motivation when there is no reward -why you shouldn't pay kids for chores or good grades, stop doing it if they don't receive cash
different forms of assessment which are frequently used to assess learning disabilities
-norm-referenced assessment: refers to standardized tests on which a pupil's performance is compared to that of his or her peers -criterion-referenced assessments: an assessment procedure in which a student's performance is compared to a particular level of mastery -curriculum-based measurement (CBM): form of criterion, based on objectives taught in a local school curriculum -authentic assessment: be more accurate in real life situations (portfolio assessment)
Ethnicity Issues
-prejudice= attitude --unjustified negative attitude toward certain individual or group of individuals- a lot of ppl are prejudice but don't act upon it, just hold attitudes in mind -discrimination= do act upon attitudes --The practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people -Progress has been made in ethnic minority relations, but discrimination and prejudice still exist, and equality has not been achieved. Much remains to be accomplished. -what is white privilege? when white don't have to consider skin color, if get pulled over don't consider it because of your skin color -For most of the 20th century, the ways ethnic minority groups differed from non-Latino Whites were conceptualized as deficits, or inferior characteristics on the part of the ethnic minority group. -In recent years, there has been an effort to increasingly emphasize positive aspects of many ethnic groups. -Another important dimension of ethnic minority adolescents and emerging adults is their diversity. -Ethnic minority groups are not homogeneous. -The individuals within them have different social, historical, and economic backgrounds.
education placements for emotional or behavioral disorders
-regular classroom: 43.1% -separate class: 20.6% -resource room: 18%
technologies
.. allow for more work to be done *at home* or in *flexible shifts*
Why Delinquency-Prevention Programs Fail
1. Delinquents rarely welcome the opportunity to participate them; resist any aid. 2. Programs typically take place in adolescence when patterns of delinquency already exist, rather than childhood when problems first appear.
Sequence of Substance Abuse
1. Drinking beer/wine 2. Smoking cigarettes/hard liquor 3. Smoking marijuana 4. Using hard drugs Gateway Drugs: Beer, cigs, weed because most ado who try hard drugs have already passed through the gates of these substances.
Preventing Automobile Accidents
1. Driver Education: Not successful, studies show crashes higher amongst people who went to driving school: due to kids not wanting to learn the skills just want to get their license, higher confidence, shortened learning period. 2. Graduated Driver License: People receive driving privileges gradually, rather than all at once. Get more privilege only if safe record. Steps: 1. Learning License (driving with parental supervision), Restricted License (with driving curfews, no passenger rules, no alcohol tolerance) Full license. GDL successful: last decade fatal crashes of 16 year olds decreased by 40%.
What is the increase in obesity rates more likely caused by?
1. Eating patterns established in childhood 2. Increase in energy-saving devices (Cars, "hoverboards") -- decrease in walking 3. Availability of food (food swamps)
What are the top 3 characteristics of individuals with anorexia?
1. high achieving 2. Upper class 3. Over-exercising
Adolescents and Blogs
1/4 of adolescents have created their own blogs, 1/2 read other people's blogs. Most common blog focuses on daily life, over 75% of material in the blog focuses on author, can be good for identity formation.
research has found social skills training programs are more successful with children _______ year or younger
10
What are late bloomers?
10 percent of 17-19 year olds who say they have had no experience with romantic relationships and 15 percent who report they have not engaged in any romantic relationship that lasted more than 4 months
the average age of initial same sex activity for males is
13-15
No Child Left Behind Act
2001, provided billions of federal aid toward a number of objectives, including national testing, new standards of teacher training, and evaluations of teaching effectiveness.
What year was the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation signed into law?
2002
What kinds of jobs are adolescents working at today?
21% in restaurants (some sort of food-related work); 23% retail/customer service
Implementation
21- to 24-years of age; Often entailed by completing education and heading out into the real world.
Stabilization
25- to 35-years of age; Stable in your career
in the us today, the average age for a man to marry is
28.7
boys are__________ as likely as girls to be classified as having a learning disabilility
3 times
youth organization serve about _______ million young people
30
Approximately what proportion of arrests for serious crimes involves a suspect under 18?
33%, 1 in 3
Consolidation
35+ year of age; The stage of midlife crisis, when an individual finds that the career wasn't all it was cracked up to be; often includes major career shifts
what is the largest national youth organization in the us
4-h
Among 15- to 19-year-olds, homicide accounts for:
40 percent of all deaths among Black youths and 4 percent of White deaths.
Approx. what percentage of American adolescents have had sex before their sophomore year in high school?
40%
according to a 2014 report, the percentage of the us adults with a college education is
43 percent
Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations
A) performance
Attribution
A conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event.
Sensation Seeking
A personality characteristic defined by the extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation
Self-monitoring
A personality trait that refers to an ability to REGULATE behavior to accommodate social or work situations. Two types: HIGH and LOW
Graduated Driver Licensing
A program that allows young people restricted driving privileges when they first receive their license, gradually increasing the privileges if the restrictions are not violated
Wayne Osgood's Theory of Substance Use amongst EA
ALl deviance based on propensity and opportunity. Propensity: sufficient motivation for behaving deviantly. Opportunity: being able to do so. Theorizes college students have most propensity/opportunity and the most unstructured socializing which is correlated to more use of alcohol and weed.
Asian Americans, Whites, African Americans, & Latinos
Academic performance of ethnic groups in US from greatest to least
Chronic Daily Difficulties
Anything that makes you feel like you have little control in your life. This can be caused by facing too many tasks, too little time, and too little control.
Uses and Gratifications Approach
Approach to understanding media that emphasized that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make difference choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending on their individual characteristics
Asian Parenting Beliefs of School vs. Whites
Asian American parents believe school success is due mainly to effort, while white parents believe it is due to ability. This results in asian parents less likely to accept average/poor school performance. More likely to insist to child that they have to study more, try harder.
What has been the trend in ethnic differences in achievement?
Asian Americans = best. Followed by Whites, then African Americans, then Latinos
education comes first
Asian cultural beliefs about school
over 4 times higher
BOTH *private & public tuition rates* were ... in 2007 than they were in 1982 (taking inflation into account)
Mrs. Kumin wants to help her lower-achieving students. She should:
B) help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control
Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus? A) gonorrhea B) herpes C) chlamydia D) syphilis
B) herpes
Alicia has trouble persisting at tasks and fears failure. Her grades are far lower than one would expect based on her intellectual ability. She is a(n):
B) underachiever
Super's Theory of the Development of Occupational Goals
Crystallization - Specification - Implementation - Stabilization - Consolidation
The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as:
C) social promotion.
Which three forms of secondary education is used in Europe?
College-preparatory school, vocational school, and professional school
What is the difference between a constructivist approach and a direct approach?
Constructivism: includes an emphasis on collaboration - students working with each other in their efforts to know and understand; students should be encouraged to explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically with careful monitoring and meaning guidance from the teacher. Advocates argue that the direct instruction approach turns students into passive learners and does not adequately challenge them to think in critical and creative ways. | The direct instruction enthusiasts say that the constructivist approaches DO NOT GIVE enough attention to the content of a discipline and that constructivist approaches are too relativistic and vague. | Some experts in educational psychology believe that many effective teachers use both approaches rather than either exclusively. Some circumstances may call more for a constructivist approach, others a direct instruction approach.
TV/Movies and Sex
Cope-Farrar and Kunkel: top 15 shows watched by US ado, 82% had sexual content. Ado learn about sex/dating script, and gender roles through sexual interactions on TV, where boys are active aggressors and girls are sexual gate-keepers. Movies: Recent study of Dutch teens concluded that boys who watched porn more likely to view women as sex objects.
Externalizing problems
Creates difficulties in a person's external world (pushing out and let everything out to the world). More common among males; Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily underlying unhappiness or psychopathology; "Undercontrolled" - constantly want to "burst out of their skin"
imitative
TV inspires a lot of __ behavior in *children*
If Karen has a high academic self-esteem and David has a high physical self-esteem, who is more likely to have overall higher self-esteem?
David - gender differences suggest physical self esteem is higher
For adolescents in a serious relationship, what is the peak month to have their first intercourse?
December
College Retention
Degree of success in maintaining students in college until they graduate
what happens with dating from 11 to 13 years old
develop a crush on someone is common and the crush often is shared with the same sex friends
Comprehensive high school
in *1920* the *framework for American high schools* as we know it today was established called..
Collectivism
Emphasizes values that serve the GROUP by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of the members, and harmonious relationships. Values security and obedience; how the groups is doing > how the person is doing.
What is the difference between externalizing and internalizing problems?
Externalizing - create difficulties in a person's external world More common among males Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily underlying unhappiness or psychopathology. "Undercontrolled" Internalizing - primarily affect a person's internal world. More common in females Associated with experiencing distress "Overcontrolled."
What are the two broad problem types in adolescents?
Externalizing and Internalizing
Situational Attribution
Factors OUTSIDE the person doing the action, such as peer pressure [external]
Social factors
Factors that have especially been highlighted as contributors to problems are the social contexts of FAMILY, PEERS, SCHOOL, and SES
Adolescents in Western cultures tend to blame the situation for their ____ and take personal credit for their ____.
Failures, successes.
adults beyond age 25
In Europe & US, the *unemployment rate* for *emerging adults* is at least *twice as high* for..
Why is the dropout rate highest for Latinos?
Language barriers.
Ethnicity
Normally a combination of race and culture - not easy to define; Difference based on some sort of language, cultural, ancestral experience (inherited). Ex: Somebody who is French or German - same race, different ethnicities
Rise of Schooling for Adolescents: Western Countries: Norway
Norway 1950, 20% of adolescents continued schooling past 15, today 90% of 16-18 year olds are in school.
factors that increase depression
Not having a close relationship with a best friend, having less contact with friends, and being rejected by peers
Up to 10 Hours of Work Per Week
Not related to any psychological symptoms or little effect on adolescent development
At what age must Europeans decide on the type of schooling they will enter?
Often around 15-16 years of age
Super Peer
One of the functions of media for adolescents, meaning that adolescents often look to media for information (especially concerning sexuality) that their parents may be unwilling to provide, in the same way they might look to a friend
Video Game Violence Effects
One study found that aggressiveness/hostility increased after arcade games Another found that levels of hostility/anxiety increasing in correlation with the level of violence in video game played. Interview with boys 12-14: Used games to experience fantasies of power and fame, to explore exciting situations. Helped them work through feelings of anger, overall positive.
Status offences
Only a violation of the law bc committed by a juvenile (e.g., truancy, trying to purchase alc without consent)
Inhalants:
Ordinary household products that are inhaled or sniffed to get high Inhalants include model airplane glue, nail polish remover, and cleaning fluids Short-term use can cause intoxicating effects; long-term use can lead to heart failure and even death Use is higher among younger than older adolescents
Drinking out before going out is called ___
Pre-gaming
Retention in College
Retention= graduation. 50% of college students drop out higher SES , better precollege education
What country has the highest percentage of 18- to 21-year-olds enrolled in college?
Russia with 53.5%
What is a popular strategy to prevent crime and delinquency in adolescents? Is it effective?
Scared Straight "Boot Camp." And NO, it does not often work, if anything, it brings the kids together and teaches them ways to be even worse
School and Socialization Influences
School climate had significant effect on rates of delinquency. Having an intellectual balance of high-achieving students as leaders helped banish delinquency. Ethos of the school: School's prevailing belief system. One that emphasized hard work, good performance, and had fair but firm discipline lowered delinquency.
Index Crimes
Serious crimes at any age (e.g., rape, assault, murder)
The New Basic Skills
Skills identified by Murnane and Levy that are required for high school graduates who wish to be able to obtain the best jobs available in the new information-based economy
New Basic Skills
Skills identified to be required for high school graduates who wish to be able to obtain the best jobs available in the new information-based economy
Drive for Mastery
Strong ability to focus for a very long time on things they are good at, don't give up, driven to finish
Community Service in Emerging Adulthood
The Peace Corps: sends American volunteers all around the world to assist by providing medical care, knowledge, etc. to people. Began in 1961 with John Kennedy, half of participants between 18-25. Americorps: Founded 1994, larger than Peace Corps, does not administer a volunteer program, but sponsors volunteers to work in local community organizations. Almost all participants are emerging adults.
Retention
The degree of success in maintaining students in college till they graduate
Second Shift
The domestic work shift performed in the household by women after they complete their first shift in the workplace
Parental Monitoring
The extent to which parents know where their adolescents are and what they are doing at any given time
Feminization of poverty:
The fact that more women than men live in poverty
Feminization of poverty
The fact that more women than men live in poverty.
apprenticeships
The focus on *work preparation* programs in *Western Europe* is on..
Comprehensive High School
The form of the American high school that arose in the 1920s and is still the main form today, which encompasses a wide range of functions and includes classes in general education, college preparations and vocational training
highly aggressive boys differed from less aggressive boys by
The highly aggressive boys expressed less guilt, attributed more hostile intent, and generated less adaptive emotion regulation strategies than did the comparison group of boys.
Massification
The idea that college could benefit everyone, the masses
Jobs and School Success Rates
The more adolescents work over 10 hours a week, the lower their grades, educational aspirations, less attendance, less time on HW.
Effective Prevention and Intervention Programs
The most successful programs are those that prevent juvenile delinquency from occurring the first place The most successful programs once adolescents have engaged in delinquency, focus on improving family interactions and providing skills to adults who supervise and train the adolescent The least effective programs are those that emphasize punishment and attempt to scare youth
Psychophysiological
The new term for "psychosomatic:" a real illness cause in part by psychological factors such as the experience of stress.
Unemployed
The status of persons who are not in school, not working, and who are looking for a job
Unemployment
The status of persons who are not in school, not working, and who are looking for a job/In Europe and U.S., unemployment rate is twice as high for emerging adults as for adults beyond age 25
Psycho-neuroimmunology
The study of how interacting psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect health.
Unstructured Socializing
The term for young people spending time together with no specific event as the center of their activity
Social Substance Use
The use of substances during social activities with one or more friends
Self-Medication
The use of substances for relieving unpleasant states
With whom are adolescents most likely to exhibit false-self behavior?
Their dates
Media Practice Model
Theory proposing that media use begins with identity, then proceeds to selection, attention, interaction, application, and back to identity
Social Learning Theory
Theory proposing that people tend to imitate behaviors they see rewarded when performed by others
Mean World Syndrome
Theory that the more people watch television, the more likely they are to believe that the world is dangerous and that they are at risk for being a crime victim
What are some issues with the modern school climate?
There is less individual contact between teachers and students; there is too much emphasis on teacher control (more like babysitters than actual teachers)
Why do college students experience more stress and depression than in the past?
There is less of a positive transition between high school and college. There is also a lot of PRESSURE to succeed in college and have a great and fulfilling life afterward....leads to an overwhelming feeling that leads to stress and depression.
Why do adolescents self-handicap?
To protect their self-esteem
Medicinal Substance Use
To relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness
Culture and Risk Behavior
Traditional cultures have less of a problem with antisocial behavior than cultures in the West; especially with females. American adolescents higher rates of most types of risk behavior in other Western countries.
Gifted adolescents
Traditionally req. an IQ of 130+. Today, there is no main criterion which leads to an issue of potentially over-labelling the amount of students considered "gifted"
Stephen Hamilton and Transparency vs. Permeability
Transparancy: How clearly the path t oa job is marked through the education leading to the job market. Permeability: How easy it is to change job prospects. US System: Low in transparency, high in permeability. European System: High in transparency, low in permeability.
What can improve the unemployment situation?
Upgrade education (equal financial support for schools), Improve school-to-work programs (especially in urban areas), Improve access to employment (inadequate transportation and no cars), Provide government-funded public service jobs (nurse's aid or bridge painters gives work experience and quality of life)
Five Uses of Identity Formation: Coping
Use media to relieve negative emotions; Watch Tv/ Listen to music most often coping strategies ado use when upset. In early ado when issues rise, music intake also rises. Ado watch tv to turn off stressful emotions that have accumulated throughout the day.
Social Substance Use
Use of drugs or alcohol during social activities with one or more friends, usually at parties or nightclubs, is a group activity.
Substance Use
Use of substances that have cognitive and mood-altering effects, including alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs such as marijuana, LSD, and cocaine
Flow
Used to describe optimal experiences in life
Delinquency
Violations of the law committed by juveniles
Attribution Theory
We explain others' behavior with two types of attributions: 1) Situational Attribution 2) Dispositional Attribution
Media vs. Other Sources of Socialization Effects
While other socializers main goal is to promote good personhood and citizenship, media is market driven. This means that ado have larger control over their socialization from the media than from family members/school. Consequences of this: Diversity in which media to choose from. Socialization goes over the head of other socializing adults; adults cannot control restrictions well. Media has greatest similarity with peer socialization.
What is "White Privilege"?
White privilege (or white skin privilege) is a term for societal privileges that benefit people identified as white in Western countries, beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances. There are many types of privilege: economic privilege, gender privilege, heterosexual privilege, and of course... racial privilege.
Pros to holding employment during teen years
Working at a job that involves learning new skills is positively related to psychological well-being and self-esteem and higher life satisfaction/Money to spend on leisure/Sense of responsibility, improve abilities to manage money, develop better social skills, learn to manage time better
- More Psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression) - Decline in Sleep - Disruption in Eating & Exercising - Problem Behavior (smoking, alcohol, drugs)
Working more than 10 hours per week can cause..
The more generations an Asian American or Latino spends in the US the ____ they do in school. Why?
Worse because the values become diluted over time; there is a greater emphasis on socializing rather than academics
the most effective school based dropout programs encompass which of the following characteristics
counseling, tutoring, early reading programs, monitoring
second shift
Young *women* may anticipate the challenge of balancing *work & family* - the..
what is index offenses?
criminal acts, juveniles or adults- aggravated assault, rape, and homicide
College Preparatory
about *half* of adolescents attend this type of secondary education offered in *European countries*
social intelligence was related to peer popularity but not
academic achievement
(1) What are my *talents & choices*? (Teens) (2) Make a *decision* & begin educational *training* (Emerging adults) (3) Complete education/ training & *enter job* (Late emerging adulthood) (4) *Establish yourself* in your career (5) *Advance*
according to Donald Super's *Development of Occupational Goals Theory*, what steps are involved in choosing a career?
Crystallization
according to Super, the stage during which individuals typically 14-18, first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations
Specification
according to Super, the state during which individuals typically 18-21 first begin to consider narrowly define occupational pursuits
*Incorporate or Resist* the content into their *Identity*
according to the *Media Practice Model* (Uses & Gratification Approach), Adolescents engage in *Application* of the media content & they may..
*Interaction* w/ those products (*evaluation, interpretation*)
according to the *Media Practice Model* (Uses & Gratification Approach), Paying *Attention* to certain media products leads to..
*selection* of media products
according to the *Media Practice Model* (Uses & Gratification Approach), Each adolescent's *identity motivates* the..
aggression
acts done to be intentionally harmful
Influences on Ethnic Minority Youth's futures
awareness of negative appraisals, conflicting values, restricted job choices lack of successful ethnic minority role models, especially for inner-city youth negotiating two value systems - that of their own ethnic group and that of the non-Latino White society
according to research on bullying which of the following children is most likely to be the victim of a bully
bane, who is socially withdrawn
females
based on gender differences, *depression* is a *greater risk* for..
NOT to promote successful socialization
bc in cultures w/ *broad socialization* the media is *market driven*, the goal is to make money & NOT to... like other socializing agents (ex: parents)
in the first year of junior high school, students tend to
be less satisfied with school than they were in 6th grade, dislike their teachers more than they did in 6th grade
adolescents (age most likely to start smoking)
because *brand loyalty is strong* among smokers, Advertising campaigns directed at ... have been influential
research has shown that utilizing a combination of medication and ______- can improve the way children with adhd act more than medication alone
behavior management
Which of the following is not a risk factor for attempting suicide during adolescence?
being white
which of the following is benefits of a good marriage
better health, increased longevity, lower risk of early death
primary control strategies
coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressor
which of the following statements about cyberbulliying is true
cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal idealtion than traditional bullying
What is inclusion?
describes educating a child with special educational needs full-time in the regular classroom
substance dependence
the misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes physical addiction
school climate
describes the *quality of student-teacher interactions*, what sort of expectations & standards they have for students & what kind of methods are used in the classroom
another aspect of popularity is there _________ popularity
dating
TV and aggression study: Eron and Huesmann
longitudinal study where the participants were 8 years old and half watched violent tv, monitored again at age 19 and 30. Results: Boys who watched aggressive TV at 8, more likely to have aggressive behavior when 19, and more likely to have been arrested, or abuse their children at age 30. Controlled level of initial aggression amongst 8 year old boys.
which of the following are negatives in online dating
loss of interpersonal connections, dishonesty of self, misrepresentations of identity
are there higher or lower rates of marital satisfaction of couples who live together before marriage
lower
_________ are more likely than ________ to drop out of school
males, females
neglected children are describe as _____ by their peers
shy
The Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders (CCBD)'s definition of emotional or behavioral disorders
• Behavioral or emotional responses in school programs os different from appropriate age, cultural or ethnic norms that the responses adversely affect educational performance • More than a temporary expected response to stressful events in the environment • Consistently exhibited in two different settings at least one of which is school • Unresponsive to direct intervention applied in general education or general education interventions would be ineffective
Differentiation in curriculum and instruction
• Bloom's Taxonomy: asking questions that require students to demonstrate different types of knowledge about a given topic o Remembering o Understanding o Applying o Analyzing o Evaluating o Creating
Participation in extracurricular activities is linked to
• Higher grades • School engagement • Less likelihood of dropping out • Improved probability of going to college • Higher self-esteem • Lower rates of depression, delinquency, and substance abuse
• In 1989 the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development issued an extremely negative evaluation of U.S. middle schools, Turning Points: Preparing American Youth for the Twenty-First Century - The conclusion was reached that
• Most young adolescents attend massive, impersonal schools • Learn from seemingly irrelevant curricula • Trust few adults in school • Lack access to health care and counseling
Spina bifida
•Develops in the early stages of pregnancy •Causes the spinal cord and brain to develop abnormally •Congenital defect (present at birth) •Hydrocephalic condition is common (build up cerebrospinal fluid around the brain) o Important for the teachers to be aware of the signs and sx because it can be treated with a shunt that diverts the fluid to the blood where its washed out. The shunt can be blocked however causing other problems.
Functional effects of disability and their impact on school performance
-atypical movements and motor abilities: inaccurate, slow, or restricted arm movements can negatively affect access to school materials, even with proper adaptations -sensory loss: things like vision loss that impact student performance -communication loss: asking and answering questions may be limited even with augmentative communication device due to what is programmed into the device or how well the student can use the device -fatigue and loss of endurance: they need rest breaks, throughout the day or a shortened school day which can impact the amount of school material learned -health factors: students experiencing pain or discomfort from their conditions or devices will not be able to attend well tot eh lessons being taught. frequent illness or surgeries may lead to extended absences -experiential deficits: lack common experiences due to physical or motor issues that their peers usually have acquired. These missed experiences or concepts can be important for school success -cognitive impairments and processing issues: increase of cognitive impairments and processing issues with certain physical disabilities that will affect school performance
Causes of emotional or behavioral disorders (Table 9.3)
-behavioral: behavior is a function of environmental events. Maldaptive behaviors are thought to be learned and maintained by the environment. Seeks to establish a replicable cause-and-effect relationship. -Psychodynamic: underlying conflict between hypothetical mental functions (id, ego, superego) that are in dynamic interaction. Unconscious motivation for behavior must be understood.psychotherapy for parent and child is often used -Psychoeducational: also emphasizes unconscious motivations but is balanced by realistic demands of functioning at home, at school, and in the community. Use therapeutic conversations and try to help teh student gain insight and acquire self control -Ecological: student's interactions in the family, at school and in the community. lack of a "goodness of fit" between the student and social milieu. Intervention attempt to alter the social settings -Humanistic: stresses self-direction, self-fulfillment, and self-evaluation. Pupils are encouraged to be free and open. Believed that children are capable of generating their own solutions to their problems when provide with a caring and supportive environment where teachers are nonauthoritarian -Biological: disorders are result of physiological flaws. treatments consist of drug therapy, biofeedback, dietary management, or even surgery
problems inherent in using the discrepancy model for identifying students with learning disabilities
-discrepancy: in regard to learning disabilities, the difference between the student's actual academic performance and his or her estimated ability -This discrepancy would not be anticipated on the basis of the pupil's overall intellectual ability; generally average to above-average IQ
Psychosocial factors related to disability and their impact on school performance
1) motivation: lack of due to other priorities, degeneratice changes, or learned helplessness 2) self-concept: poor may occur dur to difficulty mastering tasks, or how they are treated by peers 3)self-advocacy: if they do not advocate for themselves they may not have access to materials to do well in school or life threatening things like a snack 4) behavior and emotional functioning: negative impact on school; difficulty expressing emotional problems like depression, anger, or hopelessness 5) social environment and social competence: difficulty socializing due to misunderstandingn about their disability or due to delayed or maladaptive social functioning 6) physical and technological environments: if proper accommodations and assistive technology are not in place for students with physical disabilities. their ability to succeed in the school environment with be negatively impacted 7) learning and attitudinal environments: performance may be affected if there are negative attitudes toward the student or if proper education supports and adaptations are not in place
Classroom management strategies for when a student experiences a seizure
1) stay calm and note time of onset 2) move furniture out of the way to prevent injury 3) loosen shirt collar and put something soft under head 4) turn student on his or her side to allow saliva to drain out of mouth 5) if seizure continues more than five minutes, or if multiple seizures occur one right after another, or if this is the first seizure call an abulance DO NOT 1) PUT ANYTHING IN MOUTH 2) RESTRAIN MOVEMENTS 3) GIVE LIQUIDS IMMEDIATELY AFTER SEIZURE
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A disability in which children or adolescents consistency show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity and (3) impulsivity
direct instruction approach
A teacher-centered approach that emphasizes the adolescent's active, cognitive construction of knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Authoritative strategy of classroom management
A teaching strategy that encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring. Authoritative teachers engage students in considerable verbal give and take and show a caring attitude toward them. However, they still set and enforce limits when necessary.
Authoritarian strategy of classroom management
A teaching strategy that is restrictive and punitive. The focus is mainly on keeping order in the classroom rather than on instruction and learning.
Permissive strategy of classroom management
A teaching strategy that offers students considerable autonomy but provides them with little support for developing learning skills or managing their behaviors.
Helpless orientation:
Adolescents with thisorientation seem trapped by the experience of difficulty; attribute their difficulty to lack of ability
Renzulli's three-trait definition of giftedness
o Above average ability (general and specific) o Task commitment o Creativity
Table 7.4: Principles of Effective Cognitive Training Programs (LD)
Teach a few strategies at a time, teach self-monitoring, teach them when and where to use the strategies, maintain the students' motivation, teach in context, don.t neglect a nonstrategic knowledge base, engage in direct teaching, regard cognitive training as long term
Public Law
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which requires all students with disabilities to be given a free, appropriate public education.
Self-efficacy:
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes A critical factor in whether or not adolescents achieve Has much in common with mastery motivation influences a student's choice of activities High self-efficacy adolescents enjoy learning
Standardized assessment tools (LD)
WISC-IV/V, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievements Frequently used: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
Approaches to teaching academic skills to students with LD
o Cognitive Training • Help students learn new ways to complete tasks and think about their learning (see Table 7.4, page 231) o Direct (explicit) Instruction • Teacher-directed lessons that provide step-by-step explicit instruction • Teacher provides o Range of examples o Provide models of proficient performance o Having students explain how and why they make decisions o Provides frequent positive feedback o Adequate practice opportunities o Learning strategies • Teach students how to learn • Taught to use task specific strategies o Mnemonic strategies • Aids with recall by creating an association that is easily remembered
Piirto's Pyramid Model
o Foundation of genetic endowment o Personality attributes o Intelligence o Talent in a specific domain o Environmental influences
Silverman, 1995: Characteristics of the highly gifted
o Intense intellectual curiosity o Fascination with words and ideas o Perfectionism o Need for precision o Learning in great intuitive leaps o Intense need for mental stimulation o Difficulty conforming to the thinking of others o Early moral and existential concern o Tendency toward introversion
Gardner's multiple intelligences
o Linguistic Intelligence o Logical mathematical intelligence o Spatial intelligence o Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence o Interpersonal (understanding others' emotions) Intelligence/ Intrapersonal (understanding one's own emotions) Intelligence o Naturalistic Intelligence
Assessment tools for ADHD
o Multidimensional evaluation process •Medical evaluation •Behavioral/educational evaluation o Common assessment tools •DMS-5 •ADHD rating scale -4th edition •Conners' Teachers Rating Scale-3 •Continuous performance tests - computer based tests of attention, processing speed, response inhibition •Integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test
Prevalence data
o Prevalence varies across states due to variations in state definitions o 3-5% of school-aged children; some professionals believe that 10-15% is more accurate o Students found across all different groups; diverse group are gifted and talented o An estimated 3 million American children are gift and talented
Common characteristics among students with severe/multiple disabilities
o Slow acquisition rates for learning new skills o Poor generalization and maintenance of newly learned skills o Limited communication skills o Impaired physical and motor development o Deficits in self-help skills o Infrequent constructive behavior and interaction o Stereotypic and challenging behaviors
Classroom suggestions for LD
o Suggestions for teaching students with learning disabilities • Capitalize on the student's strength • Provide high structure and clear expectations • Use short sentences and a simple vocabulary • Provide opportunities for success in a supportive atmosphere to help build self-esteem • Allow flexibility in classroom procedure (for example allowing the use of audio recorders for note taking and test taking when students have trouble with written language) • Make use of self-correcting materials that provide immediate feedback without embarrassment • Use computers for drill and practice and teaching word processing • Provide positive reinforcement of appropriate social skills at school and home
Prevalence and gender information
o The US department of education reports that 371,600 students ages 6-21 received special education services for an emotional disturbance during the 2011-2012 school year o 6th largest category for children this age o The most under-identified disability category • The estimated percentage of children is far higher then overall school aged students that receive help o Most likely boys have externalizing disorders • Girls have internalizing which are often missed because they are less disruptive
Prevalence estimates of ADHD
oAffects 3-9% of school-aged children (estimated 5.4 million children) oOne of the most chronic childhood condition oThere has been an increase in recent years in the number of students identified in the OTI category by 117% oBoys are more likely than girls to receive a diagnosis of ADHD •Girls tend to internalize it more
Executive functioning and ADHD
oCognitive process which activate, integrate and manage other brain functions EXAMPLES • Cognitive: working memory, planning, use of organization strategies • Language: verbal fluency, communication • Motor: response inhibition, motor coordination • Emotional: self-regulation of emotion, frustration tolerance BUT • EF deficits overlap with ADHD sx • EF deficits are not unique to ADHD • Not all children with ADHD have EF deficits
The IDEA definition of emotional disturbance
oFederal definition: " a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance" • Inability to learn not explained by other factors • Inability to have interpersonal peer relationships • Inappropriate behavior or feelings under normal circumstances • Pervasive mood of depression or unhappiness • Tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears
Characteristics of gifted and talented students; also of highly gifted students
oLearning and intellectual characteristics • Ability to rapidly acquire, retain, and use large amounts of information • Ability to relate one idea to another • Ability to make sound judgments • Ability to perceive the operation of larger systems of knowledge that may not be recognized by the typical person • Ability to acquire and manipulate abstract symbol systems • Ability to solve problems by reframing the question and creating novel situations oPeer relations • Few available peers with whom to connect • Tend to gravitate towards older peers • Need for multiple peer groups
Suspected etiologies of ADHD
oNeurological dysfunction • Anatomical differences and brain chemistry imbalances oHereditary factors • Family studies and twin studies oEnvironmental factors • -pre, peri-, and postnatal traumas oAverage heritability of .80 - .85 • envirnmetnal factos are not the cause, but may contribute to the expression, severity, course and comorbid conditions oDysfunction in prefrontal lobes • involved in inhibition, executive functions oGenes involved in dopamine regulation oPossible differences in size of brain structures •Prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, caudate nucleus oAbnormal brain activation during attention and inhibition tasks
Educational considerations and accommodations/strategies for students with ADHD
oSeat the student away from distractions and in close proximity to the teacher oState classroom rules, post in an obvious location and enforce consistently oUse simple, concise instructs with concrete steps • Break down complex questions into smaller more manageable steps oProvide preferential seating options close to the board oTolerate (understand the need) excessive movement oProvide a peer tutor/helper oTeach compensatory strategies for organization oMonitor for stress and fatigue; adjust activities oAdjust assignments to match attention span, etc oVary instructional pace and activities frequently oCheck for a students attention before giving instructions oCheck for a students understanding of instructions/content after having just said that information oUse positive reinforcement when child engages in oAllow testing in a small group or individually proctored format oPresent information via multiple modalities (auditory, visual, etc.)
Managing problem behaviors
oWhy do undesired behaviors occur • Unintended reinforcement of the behavior • Unrecognized antecedents of the behavior • Adult error • Communication difficulties or roadblocks • Self-stimulation/sensory needs oA specific behavior is considered to be a problem behavior if it: • Interferes with learning • Interferes with the ability to respond to the environment • Strategies for managing problem behaviors o Determine the function of the behavior • Think about the "ABCs" of behavior • Observe the behavior and collect data • Analyze the data to determine the function oImplement behavior change strategies • Antecedent strategies • Consequence strategies • Skills acquisition
NJCLD definition of learning disabilities
refers to a group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or math abilities • Problems with self-regulatory behaviors, social perception, and social interaction may coexist but do not themselves constitute a learning disability • Although learning disabilities may occur with other handicapping conditions or with extrinsic influences they are not the result of those influences
responsiveness to intervention (and the advantages of RTI)
•States have the option to use a discrepancy model to determine eligibility or they may implement RTI strategies •Aims to keep children in the classroom whilst providing attentive assistance •RTI is generally a process that increases the levels of instructional interventions provided in the regular classroom •Students who do not meet with success with intensive interventions may have a learning disability •Provides instructional support without waiting for a special education label •Advantages: oEarlier identification of students using a problem-solving approach oReduction in the number of students referred for special education oProvision of more instructionally useful data than that provided by traditional methods of assessment and identification oIncreased likelihood that students are being exposed to high-quality instruction in the general education classroom by stipulating that schools use evidence- based instructional practices and routinely monitor the progress of all students oEncourages access to early intervention because at-risk students are identified early and an infrastructure for the appropriated delivery of services is already established oService to all students with achievement problems, so that only those students who fail to respond to multiple levels of intervention efforts receive the label of having learning disabilities
top-dog phenomenon
the circumstance of moving from the top position (in elementary school, biggest and most powerful students) to the lowest position (in middle or junior high school, the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students).
How can the transition be less stressful?
when students havepositive relationships with friends and go through the transition in team-oriented schools in which 20 to 30 students take the same classes together
Definitions of giftedness and talent
• Children capable of high performance include those with demonstrated achievement and/or potential ability in any of the following areas: o General intellectual ability (intelligence) o Specific academic aptitude o Creative or productive thinking o Leadership ability o Visual and performing arts o Psychomotor ability • Each state establishes own definition: no federal definition
characteristics of students with learning disabilities
•Disorders of attention •Hyperactivity •Poor motor abilities •Psychological/ informational processing difficulties •Lack of use or understanding cognitive strategies needed for efficient learning (related to lack of metacognitive skills) •Memory difficulties •Oral language difficulties (pragmatics) •Reading Difficulties •Written language problems (spelling, handwriting, composition) •Math difficulties •Success (they see luck as success; unattainable goal no matter what- no attempt) and failure attributions •Social skills deficits
TBI and the different types covered in class
•Temporary or permanent injury to the brain; Often mild, varies by area of brain injury; May impair cognition and social/behavioral functioning; Acquired injury to the brain that affects function; TBI is the most common acquired disability in childhood. oDiffuse axonal injury: can be sustained in violent car accidents, shaken baby syndrome, where the elongated body of neurons in the brain (axon) are stretched and torn and severed and experience shearing, diffusely in various regions of the brain o Closed head injury: bat to the head o Open head injury: bullet hitting head o Coup contrecoup: if person isn't wearing a seatbelt in a car accident and their head hits the steering wheel, brain will hit the front of the skill, bounce back and hit the back of the brain.
