Science Bee Study Guide, History Bee Study Guide

This tissue can be reabsorbed by cells that reside in small depressions called Howship's lacunae. Hematopoiesis occurs in the cancellous type of this tissue, whose Volkmann's canals connect the periosteum with blood vessels of Haversian canals. This tissue, which replaces cartilage at the epiphyseal plate during growth, is made up of a mineralized matrix that includes hydroxyapatite and collagen. For the point, what connective tissue makes up the skeletal system and is weakened in osteoporosis?

Bone tissue/Osseous Tissue

The first step of this process is catalyzed by an enzyme that is activated when a magnesium ion binds to carbamate. Malate breaks down in bundle-sheath cells to produce a molecule that begins this process, where 3GP molecules are reduced by NAPH and ATP. This process occurs in the daytime for CAM plants so that they can reduce water loss. For the point, RuBisCO is used in what light-independent cycle of reactions that occurs in the stroma and synthesizes sugars from carbon dioxide?

Calvin-Benson cycle (prompt on "photosynthesis")

This region, which includes "hot" and "cold" populations, has its namesake "cliff" at 1 to 2 resonance. NASA's New Horizons mission is currently exploring this region, where cubewanos like the dwarf planet Makemake can be found. The only moon with a retrograde orbit in the solar system, Triton, was once an object in this region before it was captured by Neptune, beyond which this region extends. For the point, Pluto resides in what region of space that is named for a Dutch-American astronomer?

Edgeworth-Kuiper belt

The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect is relevant on the scale of these astronomical entities. The center of the Great Attractor is the "Norma" one of these entities. Fritz Zwicky's discovery of dark matter used observations form the "Coma" one of these entities. The nearby one of these entities named "Virgo" includes M87 and along with the local group, forms the local "super" one of these entities. For the point, name these collections of galaxies.

galaxy cluster

The change in this quantity with respect to internal energy defines the reciprocal of temperature. The basic definition of this property is that it is equal to the Boltzmann's constant multiplied by the natural log of the total available microstates. This quantity is zero for a reversible process, but can never be negative by the second law of thermodynamics. For the point, name this property that is typically associated with the amount of disorder in the universe.

total entropy

The first Peano [[pee-ahn-o]] axiom is about the existence of this number. This value is the total length of the Cantor set. In the von Neumann [[noy-man]] ordinals, the empty set represents this number, and this integer represents false in Boolean algebra. This integer raised to its own power is often left undefined, but any other real number to this power gives a value of one. This integer is the additive identity. For the point, name this number that cannot be divided by.

0

Powers of this number are the only positive integers that are not trapezoidal numbers. If n is a perfect number, then its factors sum to this number times n. This number is equal to the geometric series "one plus one-half plus one-fourth an so on". Writing an integer as a sum of powers of this number can be used to find its representation in binary, a system that uses this number of digits. For the point, name this smallest prime number.

2

This man and Nathan Rosen proposed a type of "bridge" that connects two points of space-time, paving the way for future wormhole theory. In 1905, he wrote a paper on Brownian motion and another on using "photons" to describe the photoelectric effect. A theory by this man predicts time dilation and length contraction at extremely large speeds and describes the curvature of spacetime. For the point, name this German physicist who revolutionized our understanding of gravity with his theory of relativity.

Albert Einstein

This ancient mathematician found the area between a parabola and a line, as described in his treatise The Quadrature of the Parabola, and tried to estimate the number of grains of sand that could fit in the universe in his The Sand Reckoner. The first proof of the volume of a sphere within a cylinder was written by this man, who had the formula inscribed on his tombstone. This man was killed during the Roman siege of his hometown, Syracuse, in 212 BC. For the point, name this ancient Greek mathematician and physicist.

Archimedes of Syracuse

This geologic period's beginning is agreed to be the emergence of trace fossils known as Treptichnus pedum, although the organism leaving these fossils was not preserved. This period was followed by the Ordovician Period and is the first period of the Paleozoic Era. The Burgess Shale in Canada is a lagerstätte, or sedimentary deposit with well-preserved fossils, from this period. This period marked some of the first known animals to venture onto land. For the point, name this geologic period with a namesake "explosion" of diverse and complex life on Earth.

Cambrian Period

Complex numbers whose modulus is a squared prime number are known as this man's prime numbers. Wilhelm Jordan and this man co-name a variant of elimination used on systems of equations whose coefficients are entered into an augmented matrix. The normal distribution in statistics is named for this man, who proved the fundamental theorem of algebra. A childhood stunt of adding the numbers from 1 to 100 is among the legends attributed to, for the point, what 19th century German mathematician and polymath?

Carl Friedrich Gauss

According to the book The Right Stuff, this man replaced Chalmers Goodlin, who demanded $150,000 to attempt a feat that this man would later accomplish. This man, a World War II "ace in a day," only alerted his wife and fellow aviator Jack Ridley that he broke two ribs when thrown from a horse. That event occurred just days before this pilot used Glamorous Glennis, a Bell-X1 plane, to surpass 1 Mach. For the point, name this pilot, the first man to travel faster than the speed of sound.

Charles "Chuck" Yeager

One of only two known organisms to emit red light, Siphonophores belong to this phylum. Myxozoa, parasitic members of this phylum, have polar capsules that are similar to nematocysts, which are used by members of this phylum such as Lion's mane. Sessile members of this phylum have a polyp body form, as exhibited by the class Anthozoa, while the class Cubozoa displays its mobile medusa form. For the point, name this phylum of radially-symmetric marine invertebrates that includes anemone, coral, and jellyfish.

Cnidaria

Since low-temperature serpentinization produces diatomic hydrogen on this body, it has been theorized that methane-producing archaea may be able to survive on it. The fact that this object experiences more tidal heating than an icier relative is the subject of a paradox named for Mimas and this object. In the south polar region of this object, cyro-volcanism has been detected in its "Tiger Stripes," where geysers spew material that replenishes the E-Ring. For the point, what is this moon of Saturn, named for a Greek giant?

Enceladus

This scientist's namesake equation is modified for relativity in the Klein-Gordon equation. That equation was first published in this scientist's paper "Quantization as an Eigenvalue problem" and describes a particle's wavefunction. This man criticized the Copenhagen interpretation by imagining an atom's decay causing a hammer to break a flask of poison. For the point, name this Austrian physicist who developed a thought experiment about quantum states involving a dead and alive cat.

Erwin (Rudolf Josef Alexander) Schrödinger

A sequence of numbers named for this thinker has terms equal to 1 more than a product of the smallest primes. This thinker showed that whenever a prime divides a product it must divide one of the factors in Proposition 30 of his Book 7. This man popularized the theorem that isosceles triangles have equal base angles, and he used five axioms to open the first textbook in geometry. For the point, name this ancient Greek mathematician who wrote The Elements.

Euclid of Alexandria

This author of Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems allegedly stamped the ground and retorted "and yet it moves" when convicted guilty by the Catholic church. An apocryphal experiment conducted by this man describes him dropping two spheres of different mass from the Tower of Pisa. The discoverer of four moons of Jupiter was, For the point, what 16th century Italian scientist who was put on trial for defending heliocentrism?

Galileo Galilei

A constant associated with this force was experimentally determined by Henry Cavendish. Describing this force in quantum mechanics is key to providing a theory of everything for the universe. In classical physics, this force for two objects is inversely proportional to the square of their separation distance and directly proportional to the product of their masses. For the point, name this weakest of the fundamental forces that at the earth's surface causes acceleration of 9.8 meters per second squared.

Gravity

1. This virus's regulatory elements include the TAR element and genes called env, pol, and gag. The type of cell that this virus affects is determined through the Trofile assay. This virus uses CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors to enter its target cells, which bind to this virus with the help of gp120. A drug that selectively inhibits reverse transcriptase, AZT, is used to treat this lentivirus. For the point, the amount of T cells expressing CD4 decreases upon infection with what virus that causes AIDS?

HIV or human immunodeficiency virus (do not accept or prompt on "AIDS")

The Angular framework helps this language through directives and expressions. This language is the main language whose functionality is increased through Cascading Style Sheets. Common Gateway Interface allows programming languages such as PHP and JavaScript to produce files in this non-programming language, which uses angled brackets to designate tags. For the point, name this markup language that forms the backbone of websites.

HTML [or Hypertext Markup Language]

This statement is modified by the acentric factor in the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation. Maxwell's equal area rule is used below critical temperatures to correct an equation that generalizes this law. In that equation about this law, the variable "a" accounts for intermolecular attractions. Corrected by the van der Waals equation, this law is most accurate at high temperatures and low pressures. For the point, rules named for Avogadro, Charles, and Boyle are combined in what law written PV equals nRT?

Ideal gas law

This astronomer discussed how each planet of the solar system was like a different voice singing in a choir in his book Harmonices Mundi. This astronomer proposed a nested platonic solid model of the solar system. NASA's major extrasolar planet hunting telescope is named after this astronomer, who used Tycho Brahe's calculations to discover rules such as how solar system orbits are all ellipses. For the point, name this astronomer who developed three laws of planetary motion.

Johannes Kepler

Organic-rich black shale deposits have been correlated with the Toarcian Turnover, an extinction event during this period. The Solnhofen Limestone is home to fossilized creatures who lived in this period, including the earliest-known bird, the Archaeopteryx. During this period, much of western North America was covered by the Sundance Sea, whose receding led to the accumulation of the Morrison formation. For the point, what is this period between the Cretaceous and Triassic that was famed for its dinosaurs?

Jurassic Period

The brightest supernova seen since the 1600s was discovered in 1987 in this galaxy. This galaxy is home to a rapid star formation region called the Tarantula Nebula and one of the brightest known stars, S Doradus. This is the fourth largest galaxy in the local group and the largest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. For the point name this companion to a "small" galaxy, both of which are named for a Portuguese explorer.

Large Magellanic Cloud [or LMC)

This is the most iron-rich object in the solar system. Unusually, this planet's year is almost exactly 1.5 times the length of its day. The planet Vulcan was hypothesized to account for orbital anomalies of this planet, which was later explained using Einstein's theory of general relativity. This planet has the highest difference of any planet between its average daytime and nighttime temperatures. For the point, name this first planet from the sun.

Mercury

During development, members of this phylum can go into dauer stage, where larvae hibernate due to harsh environmental conditions. Members of this phylum possess a pseudocoelom, and one species in this phylum invades the small intestine in a disease called Trichinosis, which occurs due to the consumption of undercooked meat. UNC genes were discovered in a member of this phylum by Sydney Brenner, who established C. elegans, that member of this phylum, as a model organism for developmental biology. For the point, name this phylum that includes roundworms.

Nematoda (accept Nematodes; accept roundworms before mentioned)

The Nice model concerns the migration history of these objects. A 2016 paper led by astronomer Mike Brown hypothesized the existence of one of these objects. In 2006, the IAU stated that these objects must be nearly spherical in shape and also have "cleared their neighborhood". Ancient Greek astronomers called these objects "wanderers". For the point, name this class of objects that, within our solar system, no longer includes Pluto.

Planets (prompt on "gas giants")

One story claims that this man's experimenting with a set of differently weighted blacksmith hammers allowed him to discover the basics of musical tuning. The Law of Cosines generalizes the most famous work of this thinker, whose followers found meaning in a 10-point diagram called a tetractys and claimed he discovered the Platonic solids. For the point, name this ancient Greek mathematician whose namesake formula concerns the side lengths of right triangles.

Pythagoras of Samos

Richard Taylor, a student of this thinker, assisted him in revising the paper "Modular Forms, Elliptic Curves, and Galois [[gal-wah]] Representations," which was found to have a serious error shortly after its 1993 publication. This man was knighted for his efforts on the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture, which resolved a centuries-old conjecture of number theory. For the point, name this British mathematician who solved Fermat's Last Theorem

Sir andrew Wiles

The Hansen parameters define this property in relation to intermolecular forces. Le Chatelier's principle dictates the direction a reaction will shift when an equilibrium constant related to this property is exceeded, according to the common ion effect. Water and ethanol are miscible because they have this property for all proportions. Ammonium ions and nitrate ions exhibit this property for ionic salts in water. For the point, name this property, the ability of one substance to dissolve another.

Solubility

This scientist worked with Roger Penrose to model singularities in spacetime. He built on Jakob Bekenstein's idea that black holes have finite entropy to show that virtual particles should be able to escape black holes in this man's namesake radiation. Until 2009, he served as the Lucasian Professor at Cambridge for 30 years despite having early-onset ALS. For the point, name this British physicist, author of A Brief History of Time, who passed away in 2018.

Stephen (William) Hawking

A man from this country pioneered the use of an airtight, pressurized cabin, which he used while measuring cosmic rays. That man's grandson, Bertrand, is also from this country, and circumnavigated the world in the first nonstop flight by balloon. Aside from Auguste Piccard, this nation was home to a man who developed a principle stating that a rise in a fluid's velocity accompanies a fall in its pressure, a law that also helps explain how airplanes generate lift. For the point, name this European country, the birthplace of physicist Daniel Bernoulli.

Switzerland

The Hubble Space Telescope took the Hubble Deep Field image from this constellation, also the home to the Pinwheel Galaxy. Mirza and Alcor are a pair of visual binary stars in this constellation. Two stars in this constellation, Dubhe and Merak, form a straight line towards Polaris. For the point, name this constellation whose seven major stars forms the shape of a plough or a dipper that is larger than a nearby companion.

Ursa Major [prompt on "big bear" or "big dipper" or synonyms, do not accept or prompt on answers that use the adjective "little", "minor", or its synonyms]

The name for these spacecraft derived from a scrapped NASA mission to visit Mars. The "Pale Blue Dot" photograph of the Earth was taken by one of these spacecraft. These spacecraft were conceived in the aftermath of NASA's failed "Grand Tour" project. In 2012, one of these spacecraft was the first man-made object to leave the solar system. For the point, name this pair of spacecraft that went to study the four outer planets.

Voyager 1 and 2

RNA from the Xist gene inactivates these structures in lyonization, where they become Barr bodies. Too many CGG triplet repeats in the FMR1 gene on these structures are the cause of a disorder that is named for the fragility of these structures. One of these structures is missing in women affected by Turner syndrome, while men have at least two of these structures in Klinefelter's syndrome. For the point, name this sex chromosome present in both males and females.

X chromosomes (prompt on "chromosomes")

Shor and Grover name quantum types of these things. Edgar Dijkstra [[dike-stra]] names a greedy example of one of these things for a graph. Big O notation calculates the time and space requirements for these things. One named for Euclid calculates the greatest common factor of two integers. For the point, name these sets of computer instructions to do specific tasks like searching, which are implemented in computer programming.

algorithm [prompt on computer "program" or descriptions before mentioned]

Framework regions of these molecules are more resistant to the hypersomatic mutations that affect their complementarity determining regions. The "12/23" rule is enforced when these molecules undergo VDJ recombination. Monoclonal types of these proteins bind to the same epitope. In class-switching, these proteins' heavy chains are changed so that their '"M" or "D" types can become "G," "A," or "E" types. For the point, what Y-shaped proteins bind to antigens during the immune response?

antibodies (accept antibody, immunoglobulins, or Ig)

Retinal cells work with a cluster of cells in the forebrain to help execute this process at night. Both restlessness and increased food take can occur before this process, where northerly winds can cause its namesake "fallout" along the Gulf Coast. While the "reverse" type of this process can affect juveniles, proper navigation during it involves Earth's magnetic field. This process is longest for the Arctic tern. For the point, flocks go south for the winter during what large-scale seasonal journey?

bird migration

When water flows through ion deposits of this element and magnesium, hard water is formed. The majority of kidney stones are made up of a compound consisting of oxalate and this element's ion. Milk-alkali syndrome is caused by elevated levels of this element, whose ionic form is released from bone in response to actions of the parathyroid hormone. Vitamin D increases absorption of this element from the intestine. For the point, what element, necessary for healthy teeth, has atomic number 20 and is represented by Ca?

calcium

Mazuku are pockets or layers of this gas that collect in low-lying areas, often killing vegetation or unlucky humans. A limnic eruption can release this gas into the atmosphere, perhaps having concentrated from the decomposition of organic matter. Degassing is the primary contributor of this compound into the atmosphere from the mantle. Ash and aerosols released from volcanoes along with this gas can often cancel its infamous atmospheric heating effects. For the point, name this greenhouse gas released from volcanoes at a rate of about half a billion metric tons each year.

carbon dioxide [accept CO2]

GPCRs pass through this structure 7 times. The protein whose mutation causes cystic fibrosis is found within this structure. This structure can be described using the fluid mosaic model. Embedded in this structure include proteins called aquaporins. In plant cells a similarly named wall made up of mainly cellulose surrounds this structure. For the point, name this phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.

cell membrane (accept plasma membrane; prompt on "membrane")

Dr. William Farr was the leading proponent of the "Miasma" theory of this disease, which claimed it was caused by decomposing matter being released into the air around a river. An outbreak of this disease was traced back to the Broad Street pump by John Snow; that 1854 outbreak occurred in the Soho district of London. Diarrhea and vomiting are symptoms of, for the point, what disease that can be caused by drinking contaminated water?

cholerea

In one type of this process, the Van Deemter equation relates factors involved in band broadening to the height equivalent to a theoretical plate. This technique's results are often visualized with iodine vapors or ultraviolet light. Silica gel is used as a stationary phase in the "thin-layer" type of this process, whose retention factor measures the ratio between distance traveled by the sample and distance traveled by the solvent. For the point, what chemical process is used to separate mixtures?

chromatography

The lenticular type of these objects are created by waves of air rising along mountainsides. These objects are named by combining words for five forms, defined by convection patterns, with prefixes for three altitude-based levels. These objects can be created by humans using silver iodide in a process known as "seeding," or they can be created by water vapor released by factories, power plants, or airplanes. For the point, name these objects in the sky which are collections of condensed water droplets.

clouds

4. When preceded by the word "linear," this term describes an expression produced by adding together terms with constant coefficients. The calculations for the total number of possible lottery tickets or possible poker hands follow this type of calculation, whose formula involves three factorial signs and is often described as "n choose k." For the point, give this mathematical term for a selection of objects without care for their order, unlike a permutation.

combination (accept binomial coefficients; prompt on "choose" or "n choose k" before mentioned)

A function has this property if the limit as you approach an x value equals the actual value of the function at that x value. The absolute value function has this property everywhere, despite not being differentiable at the sharp turn at the origin. Examples of locations where this property breaks are holes and asymptotes. For the point, name this property of functions whose graphs can be drawn without lifting the pen from the paper. continuity (accept word forms like continuous)

continuity/continuous

A cycloaddition reaction that is the hallmark of click chemistry is catalyzed by this metal, which reversibly binds oxygen in hemocyanin. A red-colored compound containing this metal precipitates out of solution when reducing sugars are detected in Benedict's test. Bronze is an alloy made of tin and this element. This element is the lightest one to borrow an electron from the 4s orbital in order to completely fill the 3d orbital. For the point, name this transition metal with symbol Cu.

copper

One proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers uses the fact that any two Fermat numbers have this property. An integer a has a multiplicative inverse modulo n when a and n have this property, and the number of integers with this property is counted by Euler's totient function. The least common multiple of two numbers with this property is their product. For the point, identify this property in which two integers share no common prime factors.

coprime or relatively prime (do not prompt on or accept "prime"

Twisted magnetic flux causes this region's namesake loops, which have been analyzed by NASA's TRACE observatory. Heavily-ionized iron explains this region's unique spectral lines, which were initially attributed to an element named for this region. This region's "streamer belt" is the origin for the slow form of a certain phenomenon, whose fast form is emitted from places of open magnetic field lines, called this region's "holes." Solar wind interacts with mass ejections of plasma that are released from this region. For the point, name this extremely hot, outermost layer of the Sun.

corona

Defects in the structures of these objects occur at grain boundaries. "Quasi" types of these objects lack translational symmetry, which is used to describe fourteen arrangements of these objects named for Bravais. Miller indices specify the orientation of planes in these materials, whose smallest fundamental component, the unit cell, can be defined in terms of lattice points. For the point, Bragg's Law links X-ray diffraction patterns to what solids that include diamond and table salt?

crystals

This disease often occurs in conjunction with Aspergillus fungal infections. Measuring immunoreactive trypsinogen levels screens for this disease in babies. The Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is differentiated from this disease through normal result in a sweat test, which reports chloride ion levels. Most males affected by this disease are infertile due to a congenital absence of the vas deferens. For the point, name this genetic disorder where mucus accumulates in the pancreas and lungs.

cystic fibrosis or CF

In Griffith's experiment, this substance was why a mixture of a non-infecting "rough" strain and an infecting "smooth" strain killed mice, a fact later confirmed by the "transforming principle." Phoebus Levene's theory about this substance was corrected by Erwin Chargaff, whose namesake rules state that this substance has a 1 to 1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases. For the point, Watson and Crick discovered the double helical structure of what molecule that carries human genetic material?

deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA)

To perform this operation on expressions like "the square root of the sine of x," the chain rule must be applied; in doing so, it's helpful to know that this operation on sine gives cosine. Performing this operation on a constant value c gives zero, because the graph of y equals c is a horizontal line whose slope is zero. For the point, name this operation, the inverse operation of integration, a primary tool used in calculus.

differentiation (or finding the derivative; accept word forms and equivalents)

Uranium hexafluoride is enriched through a variant of this process, whose namesake coefficient is related to mobility, Boltzmann's constant, and temperature in the Einstein Relation. The rate of this process in gases is inversely proportional to the square root of their molar masses, according to Graham's Law. Fick's Law uses a concentration gradient to explain this process. For the point, particles move from areas of high concentrations to those of low concentrations in what process?

diffusion

Large values of this quantity allow for the stabilization of conjugate bases through charge delocalization, according to the inductive effect. In one definition of this quantity, Sanderson suggested that it is proportional to atomic size and was equalized in molecular compounds. A method devised by Mulliken calculates this quantity from the average of first ionization energy and electron affinity. The Pauling scale measures this quantity. For the point, fluorine has the highest value for what quantity, the ability of an atom to attract electrons?

electronegativity

Seracs are blocks or columns formed within these objects as crevasses intersect. Cup-like valleys known as cirques are created by these objects on mountainsides, while moraines are made up of the debris left behind by these objects' movement. These objects often appear blue, largely due to the absence of air bubbles, an effect caused by the density of ice. For the point, name these large, dense sheets of ice that cover about 10% of the Earth's surface and contain much of its fresh water.

glaciers

Alkyl groups are bonded to elements from this group in products of the Hunsdiecker-Borodin reaction. Members of this group bind to each other to form "inter" varieties, and one member is used in Lugol's solution to stain starches blue. In organic chemistry, a test named for an element from this group determines if a solution has carbon-carbon double bonds. Purple gas is formed when another member of this group sublimes. For the point, name this group of elements that includes bromine and iodine.

halogens (accept Group 17 and Group 17A)

Important cell groups in this organ include the SA and AV nodes. This organ's function can be measured using an EKG. A cycle performed by this organ includes the diastole and the systole. Two atria and two ventricles make up, in humans, the four chambers of this organ. Severe chest pains can signal the onset of a so-called "attack" of this organ. For the point, name this organ that pumps blood around the body.

heart

Crocodile icefish are the only known vertebrates to lack this compound as adults. The giant tube worm uses this molecule to transport hydrogen sulfide. Disorders known as thalassemias result from the abnormal production of this molecule, which confers a survival advantage against a disease when exactly one defective gene for this molecule is possessed. Its "S" form is the cause of sickle-cell anemia. For the point, name this iron-rich protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

hemoglobin (or Hb)

Amide groups in enzymes can take advantage of this phenomenon to create "oxyanion holes" in order to stabilize charged transition states. Three atoms share four electrons in this interaction's "symmetric" type," which occurs in the bifluoride ion. Antiparallel beta-sheets are slightly more stable than parallel ones due to this interaction that defines the secondary structures of proteins. For the point, name this dipole-dipole interaction between electronegative atoms and a namesake element.

hydrogen bonding (accept H bonding; prompt on "hydrogen" or "H" alone)

A sturzstrom is one of these events in which the horizontal distance is much longer than the vertical distance. One of these events in 1958 created the largest tsunami wave ever measured and is thought to have been triggered by an earthquake. When these events reach active streams, they can become much bigger thanks to the added water and debris. As a type of mass wasting, these events can be distinguished by their contents being largely soil or rock. For 10 points, name these sudden movements of earth down a slope which are similar to avalanches.

landslides

Differentiation of this material can occur through fractional crystallization, where this substance becomes more felsic in accordance with Bowen's reaction series. Flow banding results when viscous forms of this material come into contact with solid interfaces. Rhyolitic and andesitic types of this material have high silicon dioxide contents, while this substance's basaltic form has the fastest flow. For the point, name this molten rock that collects in namesake chambers beneath Earth's surface

magma (do not accept or prompt on "lava")

Some types of these landforms are created by fault blocks, often in an alternating pattern with grabens. Other types are created in a process called folding, such as many of the oldest examples of this landform along the U.S. east coast. The geologic process of creating these landforms is known as orogeny. Melting rocks at a subduction zone can cause rising magma to create these landforms in a similar process to what happens at hotspots. For the point, name these landforms, notable and steeply defined summits usually within namesake "ranges."

mountains [accept horsts until "folding"]

The motto for the French Revolution lends names to the arcs of a ring that surrounds this object. James Challis, George Airy, and John Couch Adams predicted the location of, but failed to observe, this object. This object is home to visible storms such as the Scooter and the Great Dark Spot. The cryovolcanic moon Triton orbits this object. For the point, name this object discovered after anomalies predicted a planet outside of the orbit of Uranus.

neptune

On Earth, this process may be possible by magnetically confinding deuterium and tritium in a tokamak. This process absorbs energy in elements heavier than iron and occurs when the strong force overcomes the Coulomb barrier formed from electrostatic forces. The CNO cycle and proton-proton chain are two reaction cycles of this process that form Helium from Hydrogen atoms. For the point, name this process that powers the sun, the act of two nuclei merging together.

nuclear fusion

In neutral geometry, these objects cannot exist at the summit vertices of a Saccheri quadrilateral. Two vectors form this type of angle when their dot product is negative. In a triangle, the square of the side opposite this type of angle is larger than the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Two altitudes lie outside triangles with this type of angle. The larger angle in a supplementary pair is, for the point, what type of angle measuring more than 90 degrees?

obtuse angle

In the Criegee mechanism, this compound interacts with an alkene to form two carbonyl groups. This compound is naturally destroyed by UV light rays, as described in the Chapman cycle. This compound can be made through the corona discharge method and is measured in Dobson units. The Montreal Protocol concerned this compound, which is destroyed by chlorine radicals. For the point, what compound has three oxygen atoms and makes up a namesake "layer" in the stratosphere?

ozone/trioxygen

The protein MDM2 regulates this protein's function. People are often affected by Li-Fraumeni syndrome when they inherit only one copy of this protein, which is inactivated by E6, a protein associated with Human Papillomavirus. This protein upregulates p21 and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S checkpoint. While its expression can be stimulated by UV light, this protein can initiate apoptosis when DNA is irreparable. For the point, name this protein commonly described as the "guardian of the genome" for its role in preventing cancer.

p5s or tumor protein p53

A shape named for this property has a volume equal to the triple product of vectors forming three of its edges. Playfair's Axiom concerns this property, and lines with this property form equal alternate interior angles when cut by a transversal. In analytic geometry, lines with equal slope have this property, which is represented in diagrams using arrows on their middles. For the point, name this adjective for lines in a plane that do not intersect.

parallel

A faulty telescope reflecting the blood vessels of his eye may be the reason that this astronomer thought he had discovered spoke-like features on Venus. After this astronomer's death, Clyde Tombaugh [tom-bo] took over much of his work. This American astronomer was the foremost supporter of Giovanni Schiaparelli's observations of Martian canals. For the point, name this astronomer who names a major observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona.

percival lowell

Pristane and porphyrin are biomarkers used to identify the sources of this substance. Kudryavstev's rule claims that hydrocarbon-rich areas exist in multiple layers, which he saw as support for an abiogenic origin of this substance. Thomas Gold proposes a "deep hot biosphere" with decaying bacteria providing the source for this substance. Modern theories instead suggest that this substance arises from the formation of wax-like kerogen, which is then transformed by heat and pressure into liquid hydrocarbons. For the point, name this liquid fossil fuel sometimes called crude oil.

petroleum [accept crude oil before mentioned]

The lever rule can be applied to these structures to determine mole fractions. In these structures, the Clapeyron equation accounts for slopes of boundary lines, one of which is negative for water because water is more dense as a liquid than as a solid. The unit Kelvin is defined by water's triple point, which is displayed on these structures when three curved lines intersect. For the point, name these diagrams that display different physical states of substances at varying temperatures and pressures.

phase diagrams

Ferdinand Lindemann showed that a square with this area could not be constructed with compass and straightedge because this number is transcendental. The probability that a random point in a square is within a side length of a given corner is one-fourth of this number. This period of the tangent function is equal to half of tau. The area of the unit circle is, for the point, what number equal to the circumference of a circle divided by its diameter?

pi

The Mark-Houwink equation relates the molecular weight of these substances to their intrinsic velocity. Amorphous types of these substances become rubbery above the glass transition temperature. These substances, which are modeled by the Flory-Huggins theory, can be synthesized with different types of tacticity through use of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The "chain-growth" method produces these substances, which include PVC and teflon. For the point, name these substances made up of many monomers.

polymers

In a radiometric dating technique, this element's radioactive isotope-40 decays to produce argon gas. This element, which has a lilac flame test, is used along with nitrogen and phosphorus in three-component fertilizers. This element's concentration within cells is maintained by an enzyme that actively pumps this element into cells and sodium out of cells. For the point, name this alkali metal with atomic number 19 that is symbolized K.

potassium (accept K before read)

In 2017, an oral vaccine was developed to protect this animal against sylvatic plague, thereby helping increase the population of this animal's main predator, the critically-endangered black-footed ferret. This animal executes the "jump-yip" to warn members of its coterie, who often identify each other by kissing. A classic example of a "keystone species," this animal comes Gunnison's, Utah, and black-tailed varieties. For the point, name this rodent that lives in underground burrows.

prairie dogs

A theorem named for this type of number notes that the amount of these numbers less than a given value is roughly that value divided by the log of that value. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic notes that every natural number greater than 1 is either one of these numbers or can be expressed as a product of these numbers. For the point, name this class of numbers that cannot be evenly divided by whole numbers other than itself and 1.

prime numbers

This particle's "crisis" refers to its observed spin being different than its constituents. This particle, the primary material in cosmic rays, is the heaviest particle formed in Beta minus decay. This particle is composed of two up quarks and one down quark and is 1800 times heavier than its negative counterpart. The atomic number of an element is determined by the quantity of this particle. For the point, name this nucleon that has a positive charge.

proton

The first one of these objects discovered and also the closest to the Earth is 3C 273. One of these objects is seen four times because of gravitational lensing in the Einstein Cross. These objects are active galactic nuclei powered by accretion into their central supermassive black hole and come in "radio loud" and "radio quiet" variants. For the point, name these extragalactic objects whose name is a contraction of "quasi-stellar radio source".

quasar/quasi-stellar radio source/quasi-stellar object

The 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for the discovery of this process to Willard Libby, a professor at the Institute for Nuclear Studies. This process is possible due to the absorption of a particular element by plants and animals, some of which was created by cosmic rays interacting with atmospheric nitrogen. This process then measures the amount of a certain isotope of that element left in such organic material after it has radioactively decayed over time. For the point, name this process by which isotope 14 of an element is used to measure the age of organic material.

radiocarbon dating [or carbon-14 dating; prompt on "dating"]

Variation in this phenomenon defines the seasons along the intertropical convergence zone. Anabatic winds cause this phenomenon to be more common on the windward side of mountains. Virga is a type of this phenomenon in the atmosphere. Petrichor is the scent produced by this phenomenon on the soil or rocks. Particularly dangerous tornadoes may be "wrapped" by this phenomenon. For the point, name this atmospheric phenomenon which can result in flash flooding if too much of it happens in a short time period.

rain [accept precipitation]

Aldehydes are converted into alkanes during a reaction of this type named for Clemmensen, and lithium aluminium hydride commonly catalyzes these reactions. In acidic solutions, permanganate become manganese (II) ions through a reaction of this type, a fact made more clear with half reactions. Because fluorine is the most electronegative element, it most often undergoes this type of reaction. For the point, the second half of the mnemonic OIL RIG refers to what chemical reaction involving the gain of electrons, the opposite of oxidation?

reduction reactions

Transactions within these things must be atomic, consistent, isolated, and durable, commonly abbreviated as "ACID". Mongo and Apache Couch are two commonly used programs to work with these things. Commands such as "Join" and "Select" are used to access specific parts of these things. The language SQL ["sequel"] can perform queries on the relational types of these things. For the point, name these large data collections often displayed as tables.

relational database

This device's strength, when unknown, can be measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit. They aren't inductors, but the strength of these devices is the sum of the reciprocals if they are added in parallel and directly if they are in series. This device often comes with four colored bands to indicate its strength and is represented by zigzagging lines on a circuit diagram. For the point, name this electrical component that slows down current, whose strength is measured in Ohms.

resistors

The triacontahedron [[try-a-con-ta-heed-ron]] has this shape for its faces. The dice lattice is a planar tiling using these shapes with 60 and 120 angles. The diagonals of this type of polygon bisect each other, and their area is half the product of the diagonal lengths. Three of these quadrilaterals can be arranged into a regular hexagon. Equilateral examples of this type of quadrilateral are squares. For the point, name this type of quadrilateral with four equal sides.

rhombus

The north pole of this astronomical object contains a prominent hexagonal pattern. Pioneer 11 was the first space probe to fly by this planet. This planet's moon Iapetus has two distinct colors while its moon Mimas includes a huge impact crater. This planet, which is the least dense planet of the solar system, was the target of the recent Cassini-Huygens spacecraft. For the point, name this outer solar system gas giant with prominent rings.

saturn

This type of rock covers about three-quarters of the Earth's surface, but makes up less than 10 percent of the volume of the crust. Cross-bedding can occur in these types of rocks if deposition occurs along the angle of repose. Karst landscapes are created due to weathering of this type of rock, often the limestone type. Conglomerates and breccias are subtypes of these rocks with larger particles than sandstone. For the point, name this type of rock created by the cementing together of small particles of minerals or other rocks, often contrasted with igneous and metamorphic rocks.

sedimentary rocks

In the unit circle, a point's height along the y-axis represents the value of this function for the appropriate angle. This trigonometric function, whose graph passes through the origin and has a period of 2 pi, is positive for all acute, right, and obtuse angles. In a right triangle, this function for an acute angle is equal to the length of the opposite side over the hypotenuse's length. For the point, name this basic trigonometric function whose co-function adds the prefix co- to its name.

sine function

Species that lack these structures are called gynoecious. In one part of these structures, stomium cells degenerate so that dehiscence can occur. According to the ABC model, mutations in genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA lead to the formation of carpels instead of these structures in Arabidopsis thaliana. One part of these structures contains microsporangia, which develop into gametophytes that are released as pollen grains. For the point, name these male organs in flowers that consist of both filaments and anthers.

stamens

Griffin and Davies name different HLB methods for classifying these substances, whose pulmonary type is made up of DPPC and secreted by alveolar cells. Proteins can be denatured with SDS, one of these substances, which remain in their crystalline forms below the Krafft temperature. Surface tension of these substances steadies at the CMC, beyond which micelles form. For the point, name these substances that have hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails and are often used in detergents like soap.

surfactants

An enzyme named for these structures was discovered in Tetrahymena. When rich in guanine, these structures can form G-Quadruplexes, which can stabilize T-loops in these structures. These structures are thought to be a cause for cellular aging and cancer. The Hayflick limit is explained when these structures shorten after repeated DNA replication. In humans, these structures have a sequence of TTAGGG. For the point, name these structures that protect the ends of chromosomes.

telomeres

The power radiated from a black body is proportional to this quantity raised to the fourth according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. This quantity is plotted on the x-axis of an HR diagram. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is determined by this quantity's value for the reservoirs. Two objects in a closed system will have the same value for this quantity if allowed to exchange heat. For the point, name this quantity measured in Kelvin, Celsius and Fahrenheit.

temperature

The inventor of the stethoscope, Rene Laennec, was diagnosed with this disease when his nephew used Laennec's stethoscope to do so. French monarchs used the "Royal touch" to rid their subjects of this disease, which is often diagnosed with a test created by Charles Mantoux, the PPD test. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine targets this disease, which is caused by a bacteria of genus Mycobacterium. For the point, what disease affects the lung and was historically known as "consumption"?

terburculosis

Gyroscopic precession refers to precession induced by this phenomenon that for a charged particle can be calculated by crossing the dipole moment with the electric field. This quantity which can be measured in newton-meters or joules per radian is equal to the angular acceleration times the moment of inertia. Defined as the cross product of radius and force, it's direction can be found using the right hand rule. For the point, name this twisting force that causes rotation.

torque

In quantum mechanics, this quantity is given by the Hamiltonian operator. The "lattice" type of this quantity is released when gaseous ions condense into a solid. The conservation of this quantity is stated in the first law of thermodynamics. For a falling object, this quantity is calculated as mass times little g times height plus one-half mass times velocity squared. For the point, name this quantity that has both potential and kinetic forms.

total energy (accept lattice energy; accept potential energy; accept kinetic energy)

P-bodies store molecules necessary for this process, which begins in eukaryotes after Kozak's sequence is recognized. Release factors mediate the end of this process, and during it, GTP hydrolysis powers translocation, where elongation factors help move a certain molecule from the P site to the A site. Wobble base pairing accounts for why an anticodon of t-RNA can pair with more than one codon during this process. For the point, what process occurs in ribosomes and creates proteins from mRNA?

translation

This compound's active form is used as a coenzyme in the Krebs cycle's pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A deficiency of this compound causes a disease manifested by a triad of ataxia, mental confusion, and paralysis of eye movements in alcoholics. Low levels of this compound result in a "wet" form of a disease that weakens capillary walls and a "dry" form characterized by neuropathy. For the point, over-consuming white rice is a risk factor for beriberi, a disease caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

vitamin B1 or thiamine

This phenomenon's existence in matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1924. Two rotating black holes created the gravitational version of this phenomenon that was detected by LIGO in 2016. The namesake "length" of this phenomenon is equal to its speed over frequency, and it comes in transverse and longitudinal varieties. For the point, name these periodic disturbances which are exemplified by light and sound.

waveforms

The term for these astronomical objects was coined by Charles Misner and John Wheeler. A Roman Ring is a collection of these objects that do not allow for time travel. One type of these objects is an Einstein-Rosen bridge. A link between a black hole and a white hole and create, for the point, what type of hypothetical object that can allow for faster than light travel by introducing a direct connection between two distant regions of the universe?

wormhole