Science Study Guide

In the following scenario what is the independent variable? A lack of sleep can make you gain weight.

Amount of sleep/sleep loss

Define reaction

An act taken in response to something

What is the manipulated variable in an experiment?

An independent variable

The nozzle of a rocket is pointed downward so that as fuel is ignited, the exhaust pushes downward. Why is this arrangement necessary for a rocket to function properly?

As fuel is combusted, the rocket pushes the gases backward and the gases push the rocket forward.

Where would an object have the most potential energy?

At the highest point where it can reach; it has maximum potential energy.

On a roller coaster... where would the riders experience the most potential energy?

At the top of each hill on the ride.

The gravitational force between two objects will be very small, unless which of the following is true?

Both objects must have very large masses.

What is the formula for Newton's Second Law of Motion (Force)?

F=ma

Forces always cause some changes in motion.

False

Gravitational force depends on what the object is made of.

False

True or False. A valid experiment can have more than one manipulated variable.

False

True or False. It is harder to pull a puppy then it is to pull a dog.

False

What is Newton's Third Law of Motion?

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

When you are sitting in a chair, your body exerts a __________ on the chair and the chair exerts the ____________force back.

Force, same

Define balanced force

Forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction; no movement

The part of a parachute jump before the parachute opens is an example of?

Free Fall

What data would support the claim that the gravitational force between objects depends on mass?

Gravitational force is stronger on more massive planets.

What is supported by the data? Object #1: 187, 78, 4,54 Object #2: 194, 121, 19,67 Gravitational Force: 500, 250, 35, 190

Gravitational forces are proportional to the masses of the two objects.

Which force was the first to be discovered?

Gravity

What statement is true about Sir Isaac Newton?

He made a connection between the mass of objects and the distance between them.

The point of a compass needle points to Earth's north pole. The point in the compass needle has-

the opposite polarity from Earth's north pole.

The illustration shows all the forces in Newtons (N) acting on a box. The sum of all the forces acting on the box results in a net force acting on the box- (18 newtons to the left, 7 newtons to the right)

to the right with a strength of 11 Newtons

The (blank) an object's mass, the greater its gravitational pull.

greater

A hypothesis should be formatted in the following way....

"If... (independent variable)...then...(dependent variable)... because.... (scientific research)."

A baseball bat hits a baseball with a force of 100 Newtons. What is the force and its direction exerted by the ball on the bat?

100 Newtons, opposite direction

How far is the International Space Station from Earth?

250 miles

Lying in bed you notice that you get cold every time your brother opens the door. This is most closely associated with which step in the scientific method?

Making an observation

The condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless is:

Microgravity

Do objects with more mass experience more or less kinetic energy?

More KE

What is an example of an object with only potential energy?

A ball resting on a shelf

Define motion

A change in an object's position over time

What is the measured variable in an experiment?

A dependent variable

How is sound produced?

A force causes an object to vibrate.

What would be an example of kinetic energy?

A hammer falling off a table

Define independent variable

A manipulated variable that "I" change

Define Mass

A measure of how much matter is present in a substance

Define dependent variable

A measured variable that responds to the independent variable (intertwined)

What is the difference between a prediction and a test?

A prediction is usually a specific statement, "If...then...because..." and a test is the actual experiment used to obtain data.

Define Force

A push or pull that can change the motion of an object

What shows that kinetic energy is being converted into potential energy?

A rock being tossed high into the air

What is the scientific method?

A series of steps used to solve/acquire knowledge.

For every ______________ there is an equal and opposite reaction between _______________. You may use these words more than once to answer the following question.

Action, interacting objects

To strike or hit something with great force:

Collide

A (Fill in the blank) is the standard to which comparisons are made in an experiment.

Control

What type of data is qualitative data?

Data dealing with descriptions

What type of data is quantitative data?

Data dealing with numbers

Students conduct an experiment using a toy car with the mass of 10g, a toy car with the mass of 20g, and a toy car with the mass of 30g. The students want to test the cars on a ramp and measure how far the cars traveled. Evaluate the information and determine the question they are trying to test with this experiment.

Does the mass of the car influence the amount of kinetic energy?

Newton's First Law is also known as the law of _________.

Inertia

Does kinetic energy increase or decrease when speed increases?

KE increases when speed increases.

In the following statement what are the two factors being considered in the experiment. A lack of sleep can make you gain weight

Lack of sleep and weight gain

Two balloons are given an electrostatic charge by rubbing them with a wool cloth. Which observation provides evidence of the force that the balloons exert on each other over a distance because of their charge? The amount of rubbing with the wool cloth can change the amount of charge. Both Balloon 1 and Balloon 2 are pulled downward by the force of gravity. Moving Balloon 1 can make Balloon 2 move without the balloons touching. The charge on the balloons gets weaker over time until there is no charge.

Moving Balloon 1 can make Balloon 2 move without the balloons touching.

A ______________ is the unit of measurement for force.

Newton

Passengers in a car without a seatbelt would fly through the windshield when it suddenly stops. This is an example of which of Newton's laws?

Newton's First Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction:

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Define interacting objects

Objects that affect one another

What is the first step in the Scientific Method?

Observation

The curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon, especially a periodic elliptical revolution is____________

Orbit

A satellite is traveling in an orbit around Earth. What change would cause it to experience more gravitational force from Earth?

Orbiting closer to Earth's surface

This is always equal and opposite to the action force:

Reaction

The head of a hammer is often made of steel. This makes the head heavy, which helps create a strong force for driving nails. Steel is also strong. The head of a hammer must be strong to resist what force?

The force of the nail pushing in the opposite direction.

Mr. Smith wanted to see if the color of light shined on a plant had an effect on the number of leaves it had. He gathered two groups of the same species of plants, gave them the same amount of water, and did the test for the same amount of time. On one group of plants he used white light. On the second group he changed the light color to red. What were the three constants (controls) Mr. Smith used?

Same species of plants, amount of water, and amount of time

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Scientific Method

What is the last step you should cover when doing experimental design?

State your conclusion and write a summary.

Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) states:

That an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Students are using an air rocket to investigate the relationship between force and an object's motion. Students pump air into the rocket, then release the rocket, and the compressed air pushes the rocket upward. In order to vary the amount of force acting on the rocket, which of the following should the students change in each trial?

The amount of air pumped into the rocket

How does Kinetic Energy relate to mass?

The amount of mass an object has determines the amount of KE

If you use the same force to push a truck and push a car which one will have more acceleration and why?

The car because it has less mass

Free fall

The condition of unrestrained motion in a gravitational field.

Which is easier... pushing an empty shopping cart or a full shopping cart? Why?

The empty one because it has less mass

Which statement about potential energy is correct?

The farther an object is from the ground, the greater the PE.

Define Gravitational force

The force between two masses

Maglev trains use magnetic PE to help them move along the track. Which statement below shows how they do this?

The magnets in the train and the track repel. The magnets in front of the train pull the train forward. The magnets behind the train push the train forward.

What two qualities of objects does gravity depend on?

The mass of objects and the distance between them

Which of the following does not affect the gravitational force between the Earth and the Sun?

The net electrical charge of the Earth

A pharmaceutical company wants you to try a new antibiotic to treat shipping fever in newly arrived cattle. You are currently not using any antibiotic to treat shipping fever in your cattle. The company claims that it is more effective and will save you money using this antibiotic. You will use the same feed, water, and conditions for the cattle. You will measure the temperature of the cattle's fevers to see whether or not the new antibiotic works on treating shipping fever.

The new antibiotic

What affects an object's potential energy?

The position of the object.

Newtons third law describes action and reaction forces. A table of four scenarios is provided. Which of the scenarios described in the table show equal and opposite reaction forces?

The rocket and balloon

Define Control

The standard to which comparisons are made in an experiment

A book rests on a table. The force of gravity pulls down on the book with a force of 20 Newtons. What prevents the books from accelerating downward at 9.8 m/sec2?

The table presses back up on the book with a force greater than 20 Newtons.

Define attract

The tendency to pull other objects toward itself

How is thermal energy generated?

The vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within a substance.

Define collide

To strike or hit something with any amount of force

In the following scenario which is the control. Tomato plants grown with music have more tomatoes.

Tomato plants played with no music

Balanced forces do not change the motion of an object.

True

Which of the following is the essential question we are exploring for our SSEP project?

What physical, chemical, or biological system would I like to explore with gravity seemingly turned off for a period of time, as a means of assessing the role of gravity in that system?

Define an unbalanced force

When one force is stronger than the other, which results into motion.

How do you make a conclusion?

You compare the data from your experimental results to the hypothesis they tested.

What is a hypothesis?

Your best "educated guess" of what the answer to your question will be.

Gravitational potential energy is related to-

an object's position

Gravitational forces are always (blank)

attractive

An asteroid flies close to Earth. Gravity-

attracts the asteroid and Earth to each other.

Students build an electrostatic charge on the surface of two balloons by rubbing them with wool cloth. Placing the balloons close to each other creates a system with potential energy. The potential energy in this system is a result of the fact that the balloons-

exert a force on each other.

According to Newton's Third Law, if someone jumps off a skateboard, the skateboard will roll backwards because -

for the force that sent the person forward, there is an equal force pushing back on the skateboard.

Two magnets rest on a table. Because like poles of a magnet repel each other, the magnets exert a force on each other. If Magnet 1 is moved closer to Magnet 2, Magnet 2 will move. This is because-

forces can affect objects over a distance.

An astronaut way out in space is considered to be "weightless" This is because-

gravitational force decreases greatly over long distances.

The PE of a magnet in the presence of another magnet is related to-

how close the magnets are together and which direction the poles point.

In the following scenario which is the dependent variable. Tomato plants grown with music have more tomatoes.

number of tomatoes per plant

In the following scenario which is the independent variable. Tomato plants grown with music have more tomatoes.

presence of music with tomato plants

A student holds two iron magnets, one in each hand. The south pole of one magnet is pointed toward the south pole of the other magnet. As the magnets get closer to each other, they will-

repel more strongly

Define energy

the ability to do work