Scientific Method & Forensics

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Inductive Reasoning

Drawing conclusions based on probabilities

Deductive Reasoning

Drawing conclusions based on true premises

Observation & Question

First step in the scientific method to observe a natural phenomena and question why it is happening

Dependent Variable

Item that changes because the independent variable changed

Controlled Variables

Items that are kept the exact same in the experiment

Quantitative Data

Numerical data

Modified Scientific Method for Forensics

Observation & Question, Collect Data, Analyze Data, Conclusion

Scientific Method

Procedure for explaining the events of nature in a reproducible way

Control

Reference level of the independent variable- the 'normal'

Pie chart

Shows part-to-whole relationship

Scenario Building

Storytelling of what happened at a crime scene, should not be done on scene before processing or analyzing any physical evidence

Scientific Research

Submission of research to a peer-reviewed journal, propelling humanity forward in various fields

Independent Variable

What is changed by the scientist, corresponds to the question and hypothesis

Qualitative Data

Categories of data

Individual evidence

Characteristics pointing to one person, e.g., DNA found on murder victim

Class evidence

Characteristics shared by a group, e.g., size 9 Nike Air Jordan shoe prints found

Limitations on Forensic Science

Compiles physical evidence and has experts interpret the evidence, with admissible testimony if there is general scientific consensus

Data

the facts gathered through the experiment

Science

the use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process

Formal Science

Branch including Mathematics, Computer Science

Experiment

A scientific procedure undertaken to test a hypothesis

Conclusion

A summary of what was learned from an experiment, including data explained, significance of results, and improvements to experiment

Scientific Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of the natural world on how or why something works

Principles of Parsimony

Aka Occam's Razor, the simplest explanation is usually the best

English word theory

An idea for an explanation, not the same as scientific theory

Hypothesis

An idea or explanation about the natural world that can be tested through experiments or observations

Forensic Science

Application of science to connect a violation of law to a specific criminal, criminal act, or behavior and victim

Line graph

Best to show changes over time, with independent variable on the X-axis and dependent variable on the Y-axis

Bar graph

Best when used for categories comparison

Natural Science

Branch including Biology, Chemistry, Physics

Social Science

Branch including Economics, psychology, sociology


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