Scientific Revolution

Galen

wrote about medicine and psychology

Novum Organum

is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon

Montaigne

known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre

William Harvey

English Physician Describes functioning of heart and Circulatory System Disproved Galen Ideas

Telescope

Invented in Netherlands Galileo (used to observe planets) Newton

Principia

book by Newton

Laws of motion

1. Law of Inertia (rest... stays in rest) 2. f = ma 3. = and opp reaction

Numismatics

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects.

Scientific Method

Observe object of phenomenon Develop Theory that explains the object or phenomenon

cartesian dualism

The mental and the physical world are different.

alchemy

Trying to turn lead into gold fake magic seen as not real

Anton Wan Leeuwenhoek

best known for his work on the development and improvement of the compound microscope and also for his subsequent contribution towards the study of microbiology.

Reasonableness of Christianity

by Locke

Cogito ergo sum(I think, therefore, i am)

deductive reasoning

Da Vinci

did engineering and scientific stuff had art

Paleography

the study of ancient writing systems and the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts.

The New Atlantis

Bacon portrayed a vision of the future of human discovery and knowledge, expressing his aspirations and ideals for humankind. The novel depicts the creation of a utopian land where "generosity and enlightenment, dignity and splendour, piety and public spirit" are the commonly held qualities of the inhabitants of the mythical Bensalem.

Empiricism

Belief that experience is only true source of knowledge Roger Bacon Shift toward empiricism a hallmark of the Scientific Revolution Helped develop Scientific Method

Archbishop James Usher

CREATION OF WORLD 4004 BC: This Anglican prelate to Ireland declared that 4004 BC was the date of creation. He took this date from his own interpretation of the Bible. This date was then printed in the margin of the Authorised Version of the English Bible. However, even in his own time this date was not accepted by many scholars. From European travels and studies of distant lands, the antiquity of China and Egypt was already established as older than Usher's Eden.

Richard Simon

CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT: Published in 1678 by a French priest this work was condemned by the Church and government of Louis XIV. However, Simon thought of himself as orthodox. Said faith depended on Church tradition rather than literal statements in the bible. He had openly doubted miracles and a number of events recorded in the scriptures.

Gregorian calender

Catholics switched to this in the 16th century under Pope Gregory XIII but protestants and some orthodox stuck with the old or Julian (Caesar) calendar. There was therefore a 10 day discrepancy in the 17th century. The English finally accepted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 and Russia accepted it in 1918(Revolution). Now all recognize the same calendar. This is an indication of the predominance of Europe in these Modern Times.

Andreas Vesalius

Correct Galen's errors Belgian anatomist(human body)

Deductive Reasoning

Definition: Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from one or more general statements to reach a logically certain conclusion.

Galileo

Definition: Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642) often known as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Significance: Galileo is best known for two things during his career. First, he discovered four moons of Jupiter with his better telescope of his invention. Secondly, he is also known for his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church who placed him under house arrest for the last few years of his life which marked the most dramatic disagreement between the science and church community.

Heliocentric View

Definition: Heliocentric means that the sun is at the center of the solar system which is the accepted astronomical model of the solar system. Significance: Heliocentric theories revolutionized the World and led to more discoveries in many fields such as medicine and agriculture.

Inductive Method

Definition: Inductive reasoning (as opposed to deductive reasoning) is reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion.

Kepler

Definition: Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 - November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Significance: Johannes Kepler is best known for his theory that planets, including Earth, rotate around the sun in elliptical orbits.

Copernicus

Definition: Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center. Significance: Nicolaus Copernicus theory regarding earth's place in the universe greatly contributed to the start of the Scientific Revolution.

Rene Descartes

Definition: Rene Descartes is a French mathematician, philosopher, and scientist who is considered the father of analytic geometry and the founder of modern rationalism. His main works, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) and Principles of Philosophy (1644), include the famous dictum "I think, therefore I am." Significance: Rene Descartes is best known for his work into the analytic geometry field which is still very important today in the modern world.

Francis Bacon

Definition: Sir Francis Bacon (22 January 1561 - 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. After his death, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. Significance: Sir Francis Bacon is best known for his introduction of inductive thinking regarding science. His idea regarding science has lasted until modern day.

Isaac Newton

Definition: Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 - 20 March 1727) was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book ''Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'', first published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal calculus. Significance: Sir Issac Newton is best known for creating the rules of classical physics and calcus. He also best known for his rules of gravity which stood unchallenged until Einstein changed the field in the 20th century.

Scientific Revolution

Definition: The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. Significance: The scientific revolution forever changed the world. With improved medicine, more people survived diseases. The scientific revolution also set the bases for modern technology such as computer, phones and the likes.

Tycho Brahe

Definition: Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Significance: Tycho Brahe's legacy is that he left a lot of astronomical data for other scientist to use.

Edmund Halley

English astronomer and friend of Newton. Viewed number of comets in the late 1600s. Especially between 1680 and 1682. His studies of one in particular caused it to be named after him. He predicted that Halley's comet would return again in 1757-9 (which it did). It also came again in 1910 and 1986.

Jean Mabillon

French Benedictine monk who wrote a book, On Diplomatics, in 1681 which referred to ancient charters and diplomas and how to interpret them. This contributed to the new science of paleography

Pierre Bayle

French philosopher and writer of the 17th century. Influenced by skepticism and new knowledge of world and other cultures. Held that belief systems were relative to time and place/culture. Influenced by scientific discoveries of his time, the writings of Montaigne and the realization that many popular beliefs were unfounded. In his book Thoughts on the Comet (Halley's came around in his lifetime) he argued against superstitions about comets. In 1697 he published Historical and Critical Dictionary in which he reveals fallacies of many previously accepted folklores. His views encouraged toleration. He stated that no opinion was worth burning one's neighbor for. In terms of his personal faith, he changed from Protestant to RC to Jansenist to Protestant.

Royal Society

Group of great scientists who came together to speak on ideas published papers together Newton leader at some point

3 laws of planetary motion

Law of Ellipses: Planets orbit the sun in elliptical patterns Law of Equal Areas : Speed of planetary motion varies depending on distance from Sun Law of Harmonies: Compares movement of all planets, similar in motion

Letter on Toleration

Locke's work appeared amidst a fear that Catholicism might be taking over England, and responds to the problem of religion and government by proposing religious toleration as the answer.

Instauratio method

The Novum Organum set forth a scientific method based on induction, or experiment, intended by Bacon to replace the old Aristotelian system of deduction. ... As a result of writing the ~Instauratio Magna~ Bacon became known as the restorer of the arts.

astrology

the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world.

John Harrison, chronometer

was a self-educated English carpenter and clockmaker who invented a marine chronometer, a long-sought-after device for solving the problem of calculating longitude while at sea. His solution revolutionized navigation and greatly increased the safety of long-distance sea travel.