Scientific Revolution
All of the following describe the beliefs of the philosophes
-The center of the Enlightenment was France. -They wanted to understand the "natural laws" that governed the universe. -Enlightenment thinkers protested the ill-treatment of prisoners and the insane, and they condemned slavery -The philosophes were not really revolutionaries, but instead argued for "enlightened despots."
What view of the universe was Copernicus famous for presenting again to the modern Europe in the sixteenth century?
Heliocentric
During the great witchcraft persecutions of the 16th and 17th centuries, those most often tried as witches were:
Older women
Which of the following roles was most socially acceptable for an educated woman in Renaissance Europe?
Patron of the arts
John Locke based his Two Treatises on Government primarily on which of the following views of human nature?
People are basically rational and learn from practical experience.
How did the Scientific Revolution (Renaissance Science if you will!!!) change the attitudes toward traditional sources of authority? Give two specific examples.
-Decline in the authority of religious authorities to explain the physical world. -Decline and eventual destruction of Aristotle as the sole source informing the worldview on a physical level. -Growth if scientific university -Making historians challenge previously accepted documents and explanations—think "Donation of Constantine"
What were the motives, according to Sir George Clark, for the Scientific Revolution?
-ECONOMIC: (examples) The Portuguese wanted new instruments to aid in navigation. The Germans wanted new methods of working with metals and better machines for carrying and lifting heavy loads. The Italians wanted new methods to improve their canals, locks and harbors. The English trading companies desired better charts to aid in their exploitation of resources and markets in the New World, Africa and Asia. -MEDICAL: Harvey wanted to better understand the body and the circulation of blood. Doctors wanted a better understanding of anatomy and physiology (remember Da Vinci's sketch of man) to aid in operations. -MILITARY: Soldiers wanted a greater understanding of ballistics and fortifications to aid in the new style of warfare as Europe evolved from knights to mercenary armies to full time professional standing armies
What were the economic, medical and military motives for the Scientific Revolution according to Sir George Clark?
-ECONOMIC: mining, ships, production -MEDICAL: better medicines and understanding of human anatomy -MILITARY: better military weaponry
What does the historian Michael Poston identify as the intellectual and practical reasons for the stagnancy of science in the Middle Ages?
-PRACTICAL-lack of technology -INTELLECTUAL-religion dominated discussion and patronage of learning-think of "self-interest"
What are three long term lasting legacies (read: "big picture" changes over time or trends) that resulted from the Scientific Revolution.
-The growth in the faith of science and the decline in the faith of establishment sources of authority such as religion (still a big, big deal, but slowly declining). -Growth in secularism and skepticism -Well established scientific communities developed which were engaged in constant discussion to flesh out the ideas and consequences of Newton's "laws of universal gravitation".
Each of the following is a major result of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
-a belief in human progress -a belief in the ability of man to understand the physical world -a growing movement toward secular government
Each of the following is a major result of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
-belief in human progress -a belief in the ability of man to understand the physical world -growing movement toward secular government
All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
-firearms -moveable printing type -the compound microscope -the compass
All of the following are part of the Liberal (Enlightenment) belief system
-freedom of speech -due process of law -constitutional government
What are three "isms" from the Renaissance period which contributed to or were results of the Scientific Revolution?
-humanism -secularism -individualism -capitalism
"Why Was Science Backward in the Middle Ages?": What does the author identify as the intellectual and practical reasons for the stagnancy of science in the Middle Ages?
-practical: The lack of technological advancements in the medieval period (Middle Ages) did not allow scientists the necessary equipment to make specific observations and computations of the physical world necessary to produce theories and laws explaining the physical world -intellectual: The Church dominated education and the intellectual giants of the Middle Ages were focused on theological pursuits and not scientific pursuits. The growth of the European scientific intellectual community was the result of a changing focus on education from the medieval scholasticism toward a liberal arts curriculum which resulted from the Renaissance.
All of the following are part of the Enlightenment belief system
-religious tolerance -laissez-faire economics -freedom of assembly
What are three specific contributions from the Scientific Revolution and show how each changed the world?
-telescope aided astronomy -navigational equipment and the longitudinal and latitude charting system helped in the exploration of the world -military hardware and the understanding of ballistics helped European militaries develop better siege cannons which deemed walls relatively useless.
Timeline: Copernicus' publishes "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres", Newton publishes "Principia", Galileo dies and Newton is born, Descartes writes "Discourse on Method"
1. Copernicus' publishes "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" 2. Descartes writes "Discourse on Method" 3. Galileo dies and Newton is born 4. Newton publishes "Principia"
The French monarchy in the 17th century sought to expand France's borders to its "natural frontiers" by gaining control of:
Alsace
The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?
Aristotle and Ptolemy
What nations opposed the French attempt to "make the Pyrenees cease to exist" (Louis XIV's claim)
England, Austrian Hapsburgs, Dutch Republic
A social historian would be most likely to research which of the following:
Family life in a French village
"Mariners, such as Columbus, de Gama, and Cabot, explored the globe and shattered the medieval image of a ______________world."
Finite
"Whereas you...in the year 1615 were denounced to this Holy Office for holding as the false doctrine taught by many, that the sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth moves, and also with a diurnal motion..." This was the charge brought against
Galilei Galileo
After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, which of the following cities claimed to be the "third Rome":
Moscow, Russia (due to Byzantine influence and Eastern (Russian) Orthodox religion)
How might the allegorical drawing that appeared on the front of one of Keppler's works, relate to the later statement made by Newton that he "arrived on the backs of giants"?
Newton gives credit to the other "giants" of science who came before him. Newton recognizes their achievements and notes that he would not have been able to arrive at his systematic explanation of the natural phenomena had it not been for the previous discoveries since Copernicus.
The poet Alexander Pope wrote, "Nature and nature's laws lay hid in the night./ God said, 'Let Newton be and all was light." How does this quotation capture the change from medieval science to modern science as it relates to the role of God in the physical world.
Newton referred to God as the "Great Engineer". We might describe the God in the scientific community in the aftermath of the Scientific Revolution as the "clockmaker" God. Since scientist could now describe and explain the physical universe through calculus and mechanics, the superstition of the Middle Ages was no longer necessary. God was considered the "Creator Being", but his intervention in the daily affairs and in the physical universe was no longer viewed as purely scientific.
Heretics
People who challenged Church doctrines (ex. Galileo, Bruno)
What happened to the pace of scientific discovery in the early modern period?
Quickened
The phrase, "cogito ergo sum", ("I think therefore I am"), reflecting the process of logical deduction, is associated with:
Rene Descartes
"Knowledge is power"
Sir Francis Bacon
In fifteenth-century Europe, Muslim culture exerted the greatest influence on which of the following societies?
Spanish (due to Spanish Reconquista)
Which of the following best characterizes the Western European economy (discovery of New World), as a whole, in the sixteenth century?
Spiraling inflation - Price Revolution of the 16th century
Reaction of church authorities
The Church authorities (both Catholics and Protestants) quickly spoke out against the new theory. The Church had taught the geocentric worldview for centuries. An admission that they could be wrong about how the universe operated would undermine their credibility. However, secular science would prove that indeed we live in a heliocentric galaxy and the Earth is not the center of the universe as previously believed.
Scientific method
The basis of scientific inquiry. Scientists used this trial and error approach to build on previous knowledge. Copernicus stated a hypothesis. The scientist Brahe gathered hard data. The scientist and mathematician Keppler used that knowledge to prove that the planets traveled in ellipses, not circles, as previously thought by Copernicus. Galileo would add to his findings to this theory. In the 1680's, a full 140 years after Copernicus made his bold assertion, Sir Isaac Newton published his synthesis of the previous knowledge, Principia Mathematica. In this scientific achievement, Newton proved through mathematics and his law of universal gravitation that the medieval or Aristotelian worldview was inaccurate.
What has the Scientific revolution produced?
The birth of modern science and the need to produce evidence to justify claims is a distinctive feature of Western Civilization. At our best, we demand data (remember, we love "wonks" or "policy geeks"). The explosion of science in the West set this area of the world apart during the 19th century and saw the growth of Western technical dominance for nearly 150 years.
Which statement best describes the Old Regime in France?
The burden of taxation fell almost entirely on the Third Estate
Newton "arrived on the shoulders of giants"
The great scientists who came before Newton (Copernicus, Keppler, Brahe, Galileo, etc.)
What humanist scholar challenged the geocentric theory?
The humanist scholar Copernicus challenged the formerly accepted Aristotelian geocentric worldview. Upon reading the works of great Greek and Roman thinkers like Pythagoras, Copernicus (near the end of his life), published his famous work On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies.
Which of the following contributed most to population growth in western Europe during the second half of the 18th century?
The introduction of new food staples/ discovery of New World
Why did the witch trials come to a halt?
The need to produce actual evidence at trial rather than suspicion, rumor, or superstition led to the end of the witch trials. The growth of rationalism influenced the courts. The world as a scientific machine associated with the Scientific Revolution meant that superstition was no longer acceptable. It became increasingly accepted science that the physical phenomenon of the universe were explainable and predictable, not mysterious and superstitious (which was considered medieval).
What areas of Europe started to transform economically in the early modern period from self-sufficient manorial community life of the middle ages to a more modern form of market capitalism?
Western Europe or the "inner zone" is becoming market capitalist oriented with mass urbanization. This is especially true during the Industrial Revolution. (Eastern Europe remained mired in medieval manorialism.)
Result of Renaissance
a questioning spirit began to play a role in European civilization. Formerly accepted traditional sources of authority were questioned by those who wanted empirical evidence to back theory.
Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the 17th century by:
articulating theories of the scientific method
Seventeenth century rulers supported the development of scientific academies primarily because rulers:
believe that academies offered valuable technical benefits and enhanced royal prestige
The middle class in the 18th century Europe:
consisted of bankers, traders, lawyers, and manufacturers and were called the bourgeoisie
A striking feature of the Old Regime (a.k.a. Ancien Regime or Old Regime) was the:
contrasts in the lives and experiences of people of different social ranks (a.k.a. order or estates)
An important characteristic of the 18th century Enlightenment was:
criticism of the Old Regime
In his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke's famous tabula rasa held that human knowledge was derived from:
environment and reason
Which of the following was NOT a belief of the Enlightenment philosophes?
equality of outcome
The key to the future development of the Copernican revolution lay
in the fusion of mathematical astronomy with further empirical date and observation
During the 18th century, young peasant women in western Europe increasingly:
left home to work as domestic servants
Which of the following was an important consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?
limits were put on the power of the English monarchy.
"...there is no place for industry...no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." This quotation from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) described the concept known as:
state of nature
Which of the following is least important in explaining the growing tensions between the aristocracy and the middle class during the 18th century in France?
the amount of lands owned by the peasants declined dramatically
The Enlightenment in Europe is characterized by:
the desire to improve society, a calling into question of traditional beliefs, and a faith in the idea of progress.
Middle Ages truth?
the geocentric or Aristotelian worldview was accepted as fact and taught as "truth".
The Scientific Revolution stemmed from (developed as a result of, was caused by, was stimulated by
the imposition of important incremental small changes over time and the desire to pose new kinds of questions and to use new models of investigation
Which of the following does NOT describe European Society during the 18th century?
the nobles made up a rough majority of the population in France.
The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and Newton embraced:
the science of mechanics
The Ancien Regime (a.k.a. Old Regime or Ancient Regime) refers to:
the social, economic, and political relationships before 1789
Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid-to-late twenties because:
they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family
Copernicus' main contribution to the Scientific Revolution was:
to provide an intellectual springboard for criticism of the then dominant geocentric view (Ptolemaic system) position of the earth in the universe.
