SCIN 111 final exam
How many chloride ions (Cl-1) are needed to balance the positive charge of a barium ion (Ba+2)?
2
How many valence electrons does gallium (Ga, atomic no. = 31) have?
3
If an element has 15 protons and 16 neutrons and 15 electrons, what is the atomic mass of the element?
31
At lower elevations the air is generally
warm and heavy.
The ionosphere is an electrified ion-rich area
where atoms lose their electrons and become positively charged.
Ocean waves and currents generally form as a result of
wind.
In orographic lifting, precipitation is associated with the
windward slope.
As rock is heated, the first minerals to melt are those
with the lowest melting point.
How do the wind speeds of the Martian atmosphere compare with those of Earth?
About ten times more than Earth's
What is the cause of Jupiter's extremely high-energy radiation belts?
An enormous magnetic field that captures high energy particles.
What aspect of Titan may hold clues as to what Earth was like before life arose here?
An intriguing soup of organic molecules
Barium ions carry a 2+ charge, and nitrogen ions carry a 3-charge. What would be the chemical formula for the ionic compound barium nitride?
Ba3N2
For what reason was Pluto demoted from full planetary status in 2006?
Because of objects as large or larger than Pluto in the Kuiper belt
In what region of Mars is microscopic life most likely to exist?
Beneath the planet's surface, where melting water may pool.
For the following balanced reaction, which of the following is a gas? 2 Na(l) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(s)
Cl2
Which of the following is not an example of condensation at Earth's surface?
Clouds
For the following balanced reaction, which of the following is a solid? 2 Na(l) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(s)
NaCl
The shell model presented in this book is not very accurate. Why then is it presented?
The shell model is simpler and easy to understand.
In what sense can you truthfully say that you are a part of every person around you?
We are continually exchanging our atoms.
Symbols on a weather map are called:
Weather codes
Warmer temperatures can be expected
behind an advancing warm front.
A weather map has many symbols and lines. Isobars are lines that
connect points of equal pressure.
Air is considered unstable when it
continues to rise because it is warmer than surrounding air.
Which of the following shoreline features does not belong in association with the others?
Spit
How is Avogadro's number related to the numbers on the periodic table?
The atomic mass listed is the mass of Avogadro's number's worth of atoms.
What aspect of the Sun's behavior wraps and distorts the solar magnetic field?
The differential spin between the equatorial and polar regions
Towering cumulonimbus clouds are a common feature in regions where moist unstable air is heated from below. Such clouds are produced by
convectional lifting.
Classify the following bonds as ionic, covalent, or neither (O, atomic number 8; F, atomic number 9; Na, atomic number 11; Cl, atomic number 17; U, atomic number 92). O with F Ca with Cl Na with Na
covalent, ionic, neither
Clouds that develop about 1000 meters above the ground are generally
cumulus and stratus type clouds.
Riding down a river in an old canoe, if the discharge of the river does not increase and the river gets very wide and deep, the speed of the river will
decrease.
As air flows up the side of a mountain, the air pressure
decreases
The separation of charges within a polar molecule is called a(n) ________.
dipole
In general, sinkholes are found in areas
dominated by limestone.
In contact metamorphism, we generally find
dry, high-temperature rocks at the contact border.
Jet streams not only play an essential role in the global transfer of thermal energy but also aid
eastbound airplanes.
Is the synthesis of ozone, O3, from oxygen, O2, an example of an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
endothermic because ultraviolet light is absorbed during its formation
The layers of Earth's atmosphere, from top to bottom, are the
exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere
A terminal moraine marks the
farthest point of a glacier's advance.
As sediment travels in a downstream river, it changes by getting
finer.
The concept of a chemical bond is ________.
how two or more atoms are held together
Sedimentary rocks subjected to melting become
igneous rocks.
Heavy snow showers and low temperatures in Buffalo New York are most likely caused by a
maritime polar air mass.
When rock is broken down into smaller and smaller pieces, we say the rock has undergone
mechanical weathering.
Temperature in the air is increased by the process of
moisture condensation.
The Earth rotates about its axis once per 24 hours, while the Moon rotates about its axis once per
month.
Which of the following describes a nonmetal?
poor conductor of electricity
The wind blows in response to
pressure and temperature differences and Earth's rotation.
A non-foliated metamorphic rock is
quartzite.
When the mineral assemblage of a rock changes due to high temperature and pressure, the rock undergoes
recrystallization.
The main difference between sand dunes and ripple marks is
sand dunes are larger than ripple marks.
Sedimentary rocks provide clues about past geologic events and settings. A low energy, quiet environment such as a lagoon or lake bed provides the perfect setting for the formation of
shale and evaporites.
The largest volcano on Earth is a
shield volcano.
The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are
silicon and oxygen.
Air moves away from a high-pressure region where it
sinks.
The primary driving force of Earth's weather is
solar radiation
The core of the Moon is
solid.
For the crystallization of minerals from a magma, melting point determines which mineral will form first. For evaporite minerals
solubility determines which mineral will form first.
In the Northern Hemisphere, air rushing into a low-pressure region
spirals in a counterclockwise direction.
Galena belongs to the class of minerals known as the
sulfides.
Which of the following could NOT be represented by a conceptual model?
the floor plan of a house
A cloud of interstellar gas is held together by
the gravitational force.
The typical mountain valley that has been subjected to glaciation is shaped like
the letter "U."
What is the activation energy?
the minimum amount of energy to break the bonds in reactants
What is a reaction rate?
It is the speed at which reactants are consumed or product is formed.
How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
It lowers the activation energy.
Why is it better to recycle metals than to mine more?
It takes far less energy to recycle.
If one had the opportunity to walk on Triton, Neptune's largest moon, what would you observe the geysers to be spewing?
Liquid nitrogen
Which of the following elements will most likely form an ion with a +2 charge?
Mg
Which of the following molecules contains an ionic bond?
MgCl2
What coefficient is needed in front of the O2 molecule to balance the following equation? 2 C4H10 (g) + _____ O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10 H2O (l)
13
If a neutral atom loses one electron, what is the electrical charge of the atom?
+1
What is the formula mass of a molecule of CO2?
44 amu
The age of the Sun is about
5.5 billion years.
If a neutral element has the following chemical notation, how many electrons does it have? carbon-13
6
According to the following balanced chemical equation, if you want to generate two moles of H2O , how many molecules of O2 do you need? 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
6.022 × 1023
How many valence electrons does bromine (Br, atomic no. = 35) have?
7
If a neutral element has the following chemical notation, how many electrons does it have? fluorine-19
9
If a neutral element has the following chemical symbol, how many electrons does it have? 235/92U
92
If you mix a typical aluminum ion (Al, atomic no. = 13) with a typical oxygen ion (O, atomic no. = 8), what compound is formed?
Al2O3
Which of the following bonds would be the most polar?
C-F
What happens if nearly saturated air experiences a quick, significant temperature drop?
Condensation occurs.
Hurricanes fit into which category below?
Cyclones.
Where did Saturn's rings likely come from?
Either a moon that never formed, or a moon destroyed by tidal forces
What was Niels Bohr's explanation for the observation of atomic spectra?
Electrons could only move in discrete energy steps within an atom.
Which of the following has the greatest number of nonbonding pairs of electrons ?
F
Which of the following is most likely to have the weakest induced dipole-induced dipole interaction?
F2
The climate of northwestern Europe is greatly affected by the
Gulf Stream.
How is it possible to deduce the identity of an element from its electron configuration?
If the atom is electrically neutral, the number of electrons corresponds to the atom's atomic number.
What makes Europa the most likely place extraterrestrial life will be found in our solar system?
It has an ocean of liquid water, which is warmed by tidal force interaction with Jupiter, and may house underwater volcanic thermal vents.
What is a chemical equation?
It is a shorthand notation for illustrating a chemical reaction.
What causes pressure differences to arise, and hence causes the wind to blow?
Pressure differences are caused by the unequal heating and cooling of the surfaces of the Earth, as well as other atmospheric processes.
Why isn't dirt listed in the periodic table?
The periodic table lists only elements made of one kind of material. Dirt is a mixture of elements and compounds.
Which should be larger, the potassium atom, K, or the potassium ion, K⁺?
The potassium atom, K, with an additional shell of electrons is larger.
Given that the total number of atoms on our planet remains fairly constant, how is it ever possible to deplete a natural resource such as a metal?
The problem is with the expense of collecting metal atoms that are uniformly dispersed.
How do we account for the great variety of substances in the world?
There are many possible combinations of atoms
Given the following generic chemical reaction, which is the product? X → Y
Y is the product.
Does an ionic bond have a dipole?
Yes, the ionic bond is an example of a very strong dipole.
Does it make sense to say that a textbook is about 99.9 percent empty space?
Yes. A textbook like all material things is made up of atoms, which are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space.
What does the following element description actually mean? 238/92U
a uranium atom with 92 protons and 146 neutrons
Which of the following physical properties would you expect for krypton (Kr)?
a gas at room temperature
What is a molecule?
a group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds
Headward erosion of a group of cirques around a mountain may produce
a horn.
Which of the following statements best describes an element?
a material consisting of only one type of atom
The consequences of a comet's tail sweeping across the Earth would be
a meteor shower.
Which of the following describes an aqueous solution?
a mixture of some compound dissolved in water
When a warm air mass moves into a region occupied by a cold air mass, the contact zone is called
a warm front.
What is the formula mass of sulfur dioxide, SO2?
about 64 amu
The flow of a glacier begins
after it has reached a critical mass.
In which of the following molecules will water induce a temporary dipole?
all of the above
In a wet and humid climate, the mineral halite will succumb to weathering more easily than granite because
all of the above.
Our Earth has many resources, but they are not unlimited. In the case of abundant metals, supply will most often meet demand. However, problems can occur when
all of the above.
Which of the following would be a negative ion with a single charge?
an atom with 11 protons and 12 electrons
The carbon dioxide cycle is important to Earth because it
and the oceans are critical in moderating and regulating the Earth's temperatures.
Andesitic magma produces
andesite rocks.
Which of the following elements is a gas at room temperature?
argon (Ar)
If a water well is actively pumped, the water table will
be depressed around the well.
The three most common cementing agents in a sedimentary rock are
calcite, silica, and iron oxide.
The predominant gas in the atmosphere of Venus is
carbon dioxide.
If two protons and two neutrons are removed from the nucleus of an oxygen atom, a nucleus of which element remains?
carbon-12
Some reactions are more sluggish than others. To speed up these reactions and save energy a(n) ________ is sometimes added.
catalyst
The cross-sectional area and shape of a stream is called
channel geometry.
The main producer of sediment is
chemical Weathering.
What is the environmentally unfriendly component of chlorinated fluorocarbons that ultimately damages ozone?
chlorine atoms
Which of the following elements is in the fourth period?
chromium (Cr)
Saturn's rings are composed of?
chunks of ice and rock.
Which of the following properties most clearly reflects the internal arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material?
cleavage
The property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness is referred to as
cleavage.
The most common outpouring of lava occurs as
fissure eruptions.
The source of large icebergs is
glaciers.
As ocean currents carry warm water from equatorial regions northward, lands bordering the ocean are warmed. A prime example of such warming is the
gulf stream
In a delta environment the first grains to settle are
heavier, coarse-grained sediment.
A soil composed of well-rounded sand grains of uniform size will most likely have a
high porosity.
Cold days are associated with
high surface pressure.
Foliation in metamorphic rocks is due to directed stress, which causes elongated minerals to orient themselves
in parallel planes perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress.
When a contracting hot ball of stellar gas spins into a disk shape, it cools faster due to
increased surface area to volume.
As air temperature decreases, relative humidity
increases.
A soil composed of flattened soil particles will most likely have a
low hydraulic conductivity.
A rock with very low porosity will most often have a
low permeability.
The melting point of silicate minerals is strongly dependent on the amount of silica it contains. The first minerals to melt are those with
lowest melting point and highest silica content.
When an air mass is pushed upward over an obstacle, it undergoes
orographic lifting
Land subsidence is caused by
over-pumping of groundwater and the compaction of clay layers.
Nebular theory pertains to the formation of
the solar system.
The headwater flow of a mountain stream is generally characterized as
turbulent.
