SCMT 364 Exam 2

DMAIC:

Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control Improvement; followed by six sigma companies

If a process is functioning as it should, it is still possible to obtain sample mean observations that are outside of the control limits. In this case, the quality manager stops the process and examines for assignable cause of variations.

TYPE 1

If a process is not functioning as it should, it is still possible to obtain sample mean observations that are inside of the control limits. In this case, the quality manager did not stop the process to examine for assignable cause of variations.

TYPE 2

Common variation:

deviation in the output of a process that is random and inherent in the process itself

The purpose(s) of control charts for a production/service process is (are) to:

distinguish between random and assignable variation in the process determine if the process is centered around a target value

Injury and the pain caused to patients due to side effects of a drug which is later banned by FDA is an example of:

external failure costs

Injury and the pain caused to patients due to side effects of a drug which was later banned by FDA. This is an example of:

external failure costs

Value stream mapping:

graphical way to analyze where value is or isn't being added as material flows through a process

Which of the following elements is not part of an X-bar control chart?a. The long-run centerline, X-bar-barb. The control limits, LCL and UCLc. The specification limits, LSL and SCLd. X-bar values from each samplee. Range values from each sample

he specification limits, LSL and SCL

Lean Production:

integrated activities designed to chive high volume, high quality production using minimal inventions of raw materials, WIP, finished goods

Lost productive time in an x-ray department due to incorrect images and repeated image processing is an example of:

internal failure costs

External benchmarking:

looking outside the company to examine what excellent performers inside and outside the industry are doing in the way of quality

Which of the following are sources of performance variance in healthcare environments?

medical workers medical equipment environment tooling used in medical equipment

Statistical quality control:

number of different techniques designed to evaluate quality from a conformance point of view

Poka-yokes:

procedures that prevent mistakes from becoming defects; commonly found in manufacturing but also can be used in service processes

Attribute:

quality characteristics that are classified as either conforming or not conforming to specification

Capability index:

ratio of the range of values allowed by the design specifications divided by the range of values produced by a process

Statistical process control:

techniques for testing a random sample of output from a process to determine whether the process is producing items within a prescribed range

What does six-sigma stand for?

3.4 DPMO

What is used to indicate suggested changes in a process that may lead to improvements in a value stream?

Answer: Kaizen burst.

The periodic inspection and repair of equipment designed to keep the equipment reliable, thus eliminating unplanned downtime due to malfunctions is called − − − − − − − − −−.

Answer: Preventive maintenance.

What are the four general categories of quality costs?

Appraisal, prevention, internal failure, external failure

Both the p-chart and the c-chart use variable data (expressed in continuous numbers).

FALSE

Common (or natural) cause variability can be reduced by taking a larger sample size.

FALSE

Control limits may also be called specification limits

FALSE

It is not necessary to have a process in control when establishing control limits.

FALSE

Parts per million is the expected number of defective parts in a random sample of 10 million.

FALSE 1 million

Both the p-chart and the c-chart use variable data (expressed in continuous numbers). True or false?

False

It is not necessary to have a process in control when establishing control limits. True or false?

False

Parts per million is the expected number of defective parts in a random sample size of 10 million. True or false?

False

If a process is functioning as it should, it is still possible to obtain sample mean observations that are outside of the control limits. In this case, the quality manager stops the process and examine for assignable cause of variations.

It is possible and is called Type 1 error

Kaizen:

Japanese philosophy that focuses on continuous improvement

Kanban: Kanban pull system:

Kanban: signaling device used to control production Kanban pull system: inventory or production control system that uses a signaling device to regulate flows

What is the name of the national quality award given by the government of the United States?

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award

Type 2 error

Not checking something when it's out of control

Which of the following charts helps identify 20% of the causes that account for 80% of the problems?

Pareto chart

A control chart used to monitor the process variation of the service time of customers in a process is the:

R-chart

A diagram used to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between two variables in a service/production system is:

Scatter diagrams

A histogram provides a bar chart of the frequency of outcomes of a process.

TRUE

A process is "out of control" when special cause variability is present in the process.

TRUE

A system governed only by common (or natural) cause variability is called a stable system.

TRUE

Cause and effect diagrams are also called fishbone diagrams

TRUE

Control chart limits are defined by standard deviation of the sample distribution.

TRUE

Control charts help to detect assignable cause of variations in the process.

TRUE

If a large fraction of items do not conform to required specification standard, some corrective action must be taken to withe redesign the goods or correct the process that makes them.

TRUE

If items do not conform to standard, some corrective action must be taken to either redesign the goods or correct the process that makes them.

TRUE

In normal distribution approximately 68% of all the observations fall within one standard deviation of the mean.

TRUE

In normal distribution approximately 95% of all the observations fall within two standard deviation of the mean.

TRUE

In normal distribution approximately 99.7% of all the observations fall within three standard deviation of the mean.

TRUE

Items (or services) not conforming to the specifications required by the design are called defective.

TRUE

Six-sigma is a business process for improving quality, reducing costs, and increasing customer satisfaction.

TRUE

Six-sigma organizations try to achieve Cp index = 2 or more for all their processes that affect quality.

TRUE

Six-sigma process is a process that has the specification limits at least six standard deviations away from either side of the mean of the process.

TRUE

TQM means managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer

TRUE

The central limit theorem states even if the population from which samples are taken is not normal, the distribution of sample averages tend towards normality provided the sample size is at least 4.

TRUE

The mean is the simple average of the observation in a data set. The mean is used to determine whether, on average, the process is operating around a desirable target.

TRUE

The term "quality at the source" means "making the person who does the work responsible for ensuring that specifications are met".

TRUE

The term "sigma" denotes the spread from the mean of a process.

TRUE

X-bar charts track the mean of the sample.

TRUE

Type 1 error

Thinking something is wrong when it isn't

Costs of inspectors, testing, test equipment, and labs in a service/production setting are examples of:

appraisal costs

Quality circles are groups of employees who:

are voluntarily engaged in solving quality problems of an organization

Control chart limits are defined by the standard deviation of the sample distribution. True or false?

True

Control charts help to detect assignable cause of variations in the process. True or false?

True

If a large fraction of items do not conform to required specification standard, some corrective action must be taken to either redesign the goods or correct the process that makes them. True or false?

True

Items (or services) not conforming to the specifications required by the design is called defective. True or false?

True

Six-sigma process is a process that has the specification limits at least six standard deviations away from either side of the mean of the process. True or false?

True

X-bar charts track the mean of the sample (also known as X-bar). True or false?

True

Which of the following relationships must always be incorrect?a. Process width, 6sigma > Width of the Control limits, (UCL - LCL)b. Width of the Control limits, (UCL - LCL) > Process width, 6sigmac. Tolerances, (USL - LSL) > Process width, 6sigmad. Process width, 6sigma > Tolerances, (USL - LSL)e. Specification width, (USL - LSL) > Process width, 6sigma

Width of the Control limits, (UCL - LCL) > Process width, 6sigma

Pareto Chart

a bar graph whose bars are drawn in decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency

The objective(s) of process control plan is (are):

to provide timely information to determine if currently produced items are meeting design specifications to detect shifts in the process that signal future products may not meet specifications

Design specification limits are also called:

upper and lower tolerance limits