Scrambled Questions

Does personality stays constant over a person's lifetime?

YES

Do all somatic cells have identical genome?

YES, DNA extracted from a skin or blood sample would reveal whether a patient have a specific mutation or not

Does alteration in ATP production affect the cytoskeleton?

YES. Actin is a polymer made up of individual actin proteins which require energy in the form of ATP to link together. If the ATP production is disturbed the actin molecules would not be able to form polymers of actin

The coupling coefficient, J is :

a measure of degree of splitting caused by other atoms in a molecule and it is measured in hertz

What is an allosteric molecule , provide example

a molecule that bind to a site that is physically distinct from the active site. 2,3-BPG binds to both oxygenated and deoxygenated Hb and promotes the release of remaining oxygen molecules bound to the neighbouring subunits of the same Hb.

Social exclusion

a reference to poverty and the way the poor are kept from participating in the activities of more wealthy groups

Cross-sectional study

a study that is performed at a single point in time

provide an example of social constructionism?

a woman's behavior is shaped by her socially constructed sense of what it means to "be a good girl."

Cultural capital

about education and non-monetary experiences that provide social advantage

What is the difference between the melting point of an alcohol and ketone?

alcohol can hydrogen bond with itself and would have higher melting point that a ketone that cant hydrogen bond with itself, it can only hydrogen bond with another molecule with F-H, N-H or O-H

What can be not generalized about the inhibitory effect of parasympathetic Nervous system?

although it has inhibitory effect, some of the effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system such as intestine are not inhibited.

Describe Strecker synthesis

amino acid is created from an aldehyde, the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde become the alpha carbon of the amino acid and any remaining alkyl chain becomes the R group. it includes: nitrile, imine and amine

What is interaction effect?

an effect which has a different effect on outcomes, based on a third variable.

What is the function of glucosidase?

an enzyme which break down a sugar by removing a monosacharide

Which strands of RNA would prevent mature mRNA in the cytoplasm from being transcribed?

antisense strand of mRNA is the one that binds to the produced mRNA creating double stranded RNA that is then degraded once found in cytoplasm.

Tangible support

any type of financial or material contribution to another person

why is the Hydrostatic pressure for liquids is linear as the depth changes?

because the density of the fluid remains constant as the depth changes and since fluid is non-compressible

Social capital

building up reliable,useful, social networks, from those you can find opportunities and advantages in society

What is the rate of DNA replication based on?

catalysis of nucleotide addition by DNA polymerase and is a function of the polymerase itself and not on telomerase

When cell B has higher capacitance compared to another cell A, what does that mean?

cell B has higher area , thus its larger than cell A

Consensus on resting membrane potential

cell membranes are most likely to have a resting membrane potential that is nonzero because it creates a state that is capable of responding to stimuli, resting membrane potential of zero does not maintain gradients for alter activity

How does prosthetic group differ from coenzyme?

coenzymes ( either organic or inorganic) are much less tightly bound to their respective enzymes than prosthetic groups are . Coenzymes are not used up but rather regenerated during the reaction.

Gliding joint

common at the junction between flat bones and allow the bones to slide past one another. An example would be the synovial joints between vertebrae in the spinal column.

In aqueous solution, pyrophosphate will :

degrade into 2 equivalents of inorganic phosphate

During free fall from rest, the motion equation simplifies to:

delta X= 1/2 gt^2

Response bias

describes situations where a survey respondent gives the response they believe is desirable, one that is advantageous to them

Resting membrane potential depends on

differential distribution of ions across the membrane ( resulting in polarization due to uneven distribution of ions between inside and outside) , active transport (Na/K ATPase), selective permeability of the phospholipid bilayer

Describe the ploidy number and the number of chromosomes in primary and secondary spermatocye

diploid means 2 copies of each chromosome , haploid means having only one copy of each chromosome. spermatogenesis and primary spermatocytes have 46 chromosomes and are diploid until Miosis I. Phases following Meiosis I until maturity which includes secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and mature sperm have 23 chromosomes and are haploid

How to calculate Avagadro number ?

dividing the charge of one electron by the charge on one mole of electron > (1.6 x10^-19) (C/electron)/ 10^ 5 (C/mol of electron)

Advantage of droppler ultrasound technique over standard ultrasound is that

droppler effect in which a sound wave emitted by or reflected from a moving object will change its frequency based on the relative speed of object

No Selection

each individual has equal chance of evolutionary success.

Financial capital

enhance social capital as well as cultural capital

Function of topoisomerase

ex: DNA gyrase, involved in DNA replication and mRNA synthesis. DNA gyrase is a type of topoisomerase that enhances the action of helicase enzymes by introduction of negative supercoils into the DNA molecule. These negative supercoils facilitate DNA replication by keeping the strands separated and untangled.

Topoisomerase I allows for what

for supercoils in DNA to be released in order to complete DNA replication.

How is the mature mRNA formed?

from the removal of introns, capping, and adding a Poly-A tail

Sphingolipids

gangliosides, along with ceramide, sphingomyeline, cerebrosides

ion channels are most commonly comprised of what proteins?

globular proteins

Hexokinase and glucokinase are independently responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6P. Glucokinase is found only in the liver and pancreas and hexokinase is found in all other tissues. Compared to hexokinase, glucokinase most likely have ____________ Km and _________ Vmax

higher Km and higher Vmax. Glucose is relatively abundant in liver and pancreas where glucokinase act so it will have higher capacity ( Higher Vmax) but a lower affinity for glucose ( higher Km). But, for maximum efficiency in low substrate conditions, hexokinase will have a higher affinity for glucose ( lower Km) but not a higher capacity ( lower Vmax)

Double stranded DNA is composed of two complementary strands that bind together and curl into a double helix; What is responsible for holding DNA strands together?

hydrogen bonds

Could nitrogenous bases be target of protein binding? where are nitrogenous bases located and what is responsible for their positioning?

hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the DNA together preventing them from being exposed and preventing them from being targeted for direct protein binding interaction

How can u know the atomic number of X+2 if you know the number of electrons?

if you know the number of electrons and the charge of the ion ; the atomic number is Predicted due to the fact that the number of electrons and protons are the same

What do impurities do to the melting point of a substance?

impurities lower the melting point of a substance

Prejudice

inclination towards or against certain people that is not based on reason but their group membership. Someone who opposes changes in health policy on the ground that health inequalities are caused by bad decision making ( not on reason) among the poor ( group membership)

Then what should be done to increase resolution?

increase the size of the aperature

You are given the following reaction: A + 2B → C Three experiments were done to determine the rate law for this reaction. The following results were obtained: Trial 1: [A] = 0.1, [B] = 0.05, Initial Rate = 1 x 10-4 Trial 2: [A] = 0.1, [B] = 0.1, Initial Rate = 2 x 10-4 Trial 3: [A] = 0.2, [B] = 0.1, Initial Rate = 5 x 10-5 What is the rate law for this reaction? A Rate = [A][B] B Rate = [A]2[B] C Rate = [A][B]2 D Rate = [A]-2[B]

The answer is D. To solve rate law problems in a systematic fashion by comparing two experiment trials in which the concentration of one reactant is held constant. This can be repeated again to determine the rate law of the other reactant. Thus in this problem, we can first compare trials 1 and 2 since [A] is the same. We see that when [B] doubles from 0.05 to 0.1 M, the rate also doubles. Thus, the rate law for B is 1. Comparing trials 2 and 3 (since [B] is the same), we see that if [A] doubles from 0.1 to 0.2 M, then the rate decreases by a factor of 4. This means the rate law for A is -2. Hence, the rate law is Rate = [A]-2[B]

If all other things being equal, the combination of two water soluble components will have higher yield of product if the product is ______ in water

insoluble

Name two bonds that are within a molecule

ionic and covalent

What is the role of topoisomerase I ?

it allows for the supercoils to be released in order to complete DNA replication which occur in S phase.

What does social constructionism assert?

it asserts that people develop understandings and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people, and that the mediating force in this interaction is primarily language

What would misfolding do to the hydrophobic groups of the protein?

it can expose hydrophobic or non-polar amino acid residues at the proteins surface and would likely expose hydrophobic interactions with other exposed nonpolar side groups

Freezing point depression is a colligative property Means:

it depends on the quantity of molecules present and not the physical property of those molecules.

What does the protein denaturation do?

it disrupts secondary, tertiary, quarternary structure while leaving primary structure or amino acid sequence intact

What happens to amide in acidic conditions when undergo hydrolysis?

it forms ammonium ion

What does Social constructionism hinge on?

it hinges on social interaction

What does Cytoplasmic Cytochrome C represents?

it is a marker of apoptosis

HOW IS POLY SPERMY BLOCKED?

it is blocked by release of calcium ions

What is one of the symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome?

it is confabulation - making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing that those memories are true

Confirmation bias

it is eliminated by blinding the researchers to group assignment

What is mitosis responsible for?

it is responsible for cell culture growth and for maintaining genetic integrity between parent cells and daughter cells within a cell culture.

What factors make the mtDNA susceptible to mutations?

it is similar to prokaryotic DNA and its a circular loop of double stranded DNA with no nuclear structure surrounding it with no protection by histone complexes

What is thymidylate synthetase ?

it is the enzyme necessary to synthesize T from U important during DNA synthesis,

WHAT IS AN IDEAL CONTROL GROUP?

it is the one that has all the factors of the test group except for the exact one being tested.

What is center of mass?

it is the single point at which all the mass of an object or system can be considered to be concentrated. It is the point through which a single force can be applied in any direction to cause all points in the system to accelerate equally. The location can be determined as long as the makeup and the shape of object is known,

What does it mean to say something has high stiffness ?

it means so much force is required to compress the something ( like a bone) a set distance, higher stiffness means higher spring constant as well

What does it mean if a reaction is thermoneutral?

it means that no ATP is required or produced

What does it mean for a species to have more orthologous genes to a certain species?

it means that species has not evolved away from that species as much as another species. The new species is more closely related to that species.

What is non-response bias?

it pertains to error caused by the fact that certain types of people are less likely to answer a survey. For example, if people who overeat are less likely to answer a survey due to social shame or other factors, this means there was a non-response bias taking place

What is a centimorgan> ?

it represents the cross over frequency and it is a way of mapping the distance between genes.

What does solubility constant show?

it represents the dissociation of that compound in water

If treated with inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase what happens to methylation profile of the genes?

it will lead to hypomethylation

What is true about binding of any molecule other than the substrate to the active site of enzyme?

it will reduce the enzyme catalysis because it prevents the enzyme from binding to its substrate

If something has higher thickness or higher linear mass density, it would be displaced by what frequency?

it would be displaced by lower frequency

If proteins are adhered to surface of a lipid droplets with even distribution , how would that affect the center of mass of that protein?

it would have no effect due to the added protein being evenly distributed

How does Proline create Kink?

its R group is bounded to its N-terminus

What is a coenzyme

its an organic cofactor

What is a chromic acid?

its an oxidizing agent ; H2CrO4

What is antisense strand

its the DNA strand that serves as the template strand for the transcription of the codons

A characteristic of Parkinson's disease patient would be

mask-like facies as if he does not convey emotion through facial expression

What does it mean if data point for a particular group is above a positive linear regression?

meaning that the outcome measure of that group is higher than expected for what it should be ( refer to Question 33 EK-1-PHYS)

What does residue refer to?

monomer

What is the correct linear arrangement of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, and anus

Electrolytic cell

nonspontaneous , delta free energy= + and E' cell is negative ; Keq must be less than zero to result in In keq<0 and causing delta free energy to be greater than zero

According to Piaget, when empathy is developed

not until after pre-operational stage (they have egocentric view)which is 2-7, thus any age after 7 yrs

Relate the nth harmonic to antinode and node?

nth harmonic = n+1 node , nth harmonic = n anti node ex: 1st harmonic have = 2 node , but 1 anti node

Avagadro number

number of electrons/ mole

What affect acid strength?

number of resonance structure, atomic radius, and polarity influence acid strength. When the conjugate base of an acid is more stabilized by having resonance. When the atomic radius of conjugate ion is larger. When the electronegativity differences within an acid allow the hydrogen of the acid to be easily abstracted.

Imitative Learning

occurs when social behaviours are acquired through imitation

How is one allele different from another allele?

one allele is different from another allele of the same gene by having a different nucleotide sequence.

Why is the C_N bond of amide planar?

one resonance structure of a C-N bond in an amide has double bond, thus C-N bond has some SP2 character resulting in planar geometry

Hund's rule

posits that each orbital must contain one electron before any electrons are paired. This is demonstrated in the 3d subshell.

Decreasing the pressure (increasing the volume) will have what effect on the change in direction of the equilibrium?

reaction shift to the side with higher moles of gas to reach equilibrium

NErst equation

realtes the intra and extracelllular concentraiton of ions to the potential gradient. E=61.5/z x ( log (out/in)

How can it be ensured that the proteins are separated based on charge alone in IP:

remember that for proteins to be separated in IP, the drag force should be constant for a molecule through the gel; and not necessarily drag forces should be equivalent across all molecules. If the gel does not have uniform density, then molecules will experience varying magnitudes at different points in the gel.

N_H bond in IR:

sharp peak at 3300 cm-1

If one (A) of the two polypeptide chains of insulin has 2 acidic amino acids and the other chain (B) has 2 acidic and 5 basic amino acids, what pole would the protein move toward under physiologic PH?

since the 2 acidic side chains of A becomes negative under PH of 7, the net charge of A chain will be -2 and the net charge of B chain will be +3 due to the basic side chains having +5 charge and cancelling the -2 charge of the acidic side chains.

Sphingomyelin have

sphingosine backbone, they are ceramide > they have sphingosine backbone bound to Fatty acid that has amide; they are also phospholipids since they are sphingophospholipid, thus they have Phosphodiester bond

Speed of sound is dependent on what properties of the material which it moves through?

stiffness ( the stiffer the material, the stronger the intermolecular forces and the higher the speed of sound) , density ( the less dense the material is, the higher the speed of sound) v= ( B/p) ^(1/2)

What can we do to check if a protein follow Michaelis-Menten Kinetics?

substrate concentration needs to be proportional to reaction rate until the maximum is reached. That protein will have to have a binding affinity to the substrate. We can check by increasing the substrate concentration and monitoring the product.

What happens to the O-H bond in carboxylic acid of an amino acid?

the C=O bond withdraws electron density from the O-H bond, shifting the absorption frequency from 3300 down to 3000 cm-1

Before absorbing an ultraviolet photon, electrons can be found in:

the Highest Occupied molecular Orbital (HOMO) , Only after absorbing ultraviolet light is an electron excited from the HOMO to the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO)

Sapir- Whorfian hypothesis

the LANGUAGE one uses influences individual's THOUGHTS

What is conformity?

the act of ADAPTING one's own behaviour to reflect the behaviours of the MAJORITY

Incorporating cDNA analogs of the antisense RNA into the cells own genome will ensure the dysfunctional protein is not produced forever, what would be the requirement so this occurs?

the antisense mRNA must be regulated in the same manner as the target gene so that they are both transcribed at the same time and they bind each other to form a dsRNA which would prevent the translation of the target gene.

In a velocity graph vs time, what is displacement?

the area under the curve

Shockwave

the build up of wavefronts that occurs when the source is travelling at or above the speed of sound

What happens in prophase?

the chromatin is condensed into chromosome

if a sodium hydride or K+ hydride is used, what will form?

the elongate will form that is thermodynamic elongate , it is very stable due to high substituion. For stability , we look at substituition. Depending on the base that we use, we can decide what product we want to form

Self-esteem

the measure of one's own competence and self-worth

Striate cortex

the primary visual cortex (part of occipital lobe)

Medicalization

the process in which a condition that was previously considered normal and is not inherently biological or medical comes to considered under the purview of medicine. example: ADHD

Memory consolidation

the process through which short term memories are transferred into long term memory

How does DNA remain stable in polar environment?

the sugar- phosphate backbone interacts with the cytosol and protects the bases.

Where are the phosphodiester bonds positioned?

the sugar-phosphate backbone is exposed outside DNA and more likely a target of protein binding

what happens when the pulmonary compliance increases?

the work required to expand the lungs decreases at a given atmospheric pressure

If mitochondria of two cell types facilitate the metabolism of neurotransmitters, in the absence of any mutation that means, what?

they both have the mtDNA that encode the same enzymes, since without mutation, mtDNA is consistent

A guitar or piano strings , thicker strings have what tones compared to thinner strings

thicker strings have lower tones than thinner strings

What increases the ability of an ionic solution to conduct electricity?

those salts that have lower molecular weight have higher molarity , thus increasing the molarity of an ionic solution will increase its ability to conduct electricity

What are homologous structures? provide examples

those that have similar evolutionary history arising from the same source, even if they have different functions. The forelimbs of mammals ( human arm, walrus flipper, bat wing) would all be homologous despite their different functions.

What is the most important function of enzymes?

to decrease the activation energy of a reaction

What is the role of pulmonary surfactant?

to decrease the surface tension

What are the requirements to donate H- bonds?

to donate hydrogen bonds, a molecule must contain a hydrogen atom that is covalently bound to either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine

The frequency of the sound produced in vibrating cord and strings of fixed length is proportional to what?

to speed of the sound through the cord. The speed of propagation is directly proportional to the tension applied along the cord

What happens if topoisomerase is rendered non-functional?

topoisomerase cut the DNA backbone to allow the supercoils to unwind. If it is rendered non-functional, too many supercoils would build up in front and behind a processing RNA polymeras. This would prevent the formation of mRNA transcripts.

Esteem suport

touches more directly on affirming qualities and skills of the recipient

Nonsense mutation lead to

truncated and non-functional protein

Network support

type of social support that makes a person feel a sense of belonging

Which of the following best explains what would result if CoQ accepted only one electron instead of two? A. There would be no change. B. There would be a negative charge on the molecule. C. It would become ubiquinol. D. There would be a free radical.

ubiquinone > Ubiquinol his question requires us to think about what will happen if only one electron and H+ atom are added to ubiquinone. We know from question 3 that the electrons are added to one of the ketones. If only one is added, then the pi electrons from the ketone bond will be transferred into the ring, pushing the pi electrons from one of the double bonds onto the adjacent single bond, pushing the pi electrons from the other ketone bond to the oxygen and a H+ will be grabbed from solution to create an alcohol. Normally, when two electrons are added, the original ketone oxygen will have a negative charge as well and grab a H+. However, if only one electron is added, there will be 5 valence electrons on that oxygen and it will be a free radical. The resulting molecule is called a semiquinone. B: There would not be a negative charge on the molecule. C: The molecule would need one more electron to become ubiquinol.

What would a social constructionism critique of gender would most likely assert?

under social constructionism, ideas about gender are not inherent in the nature of reality itself, but are socially constructed and transmitted every day through countless language-based interactions between members of society.

So whats the best way?

use an expression system to produce large quantity of a protein; expression system uses another organism or synthetic biotechnology system to crate a large amount of a protein.

Latent heat

use it to find the heat Q needed to change phase

What happens when degree of conjugation increase

wavelength of light is absorbed and increased wavelength and decreased E

What is the important point to notice about questions dealing with genes and environment?

we have to remember that experience together with genetics produces psychology and behaviour. For example: experience (trauma) causing a change in genetics ( up-regulation of neuronal genes) leading to behaviour ( symptoms of PTSD)

what does it mean to say that " the specific heat of calorimeter is negligible"

when the specific heat of calorimeter is negligible, it means that the heat is not absorbed by the calorimeter, the only heat transfer would be between the water and the substance.

When is displacement = 0

whenever the initial and final positions are the same

if an object is completely submerged , and decelerates while descending, what explains this deceleration?

while an object is descending, the divers weight doesn't change, the buoyant force is constant once the diver is completely submerged. when there is deceleration, the net force is upward due to

Ksp

writing out the concentration of the products raised to the power of their coefficients dividing by the concentration of reactants raised to the power of their coefficients. liquid or solids are left out of the equilibrium expression, thus for solubility product constant, there is no denominator

If something is needed for bipolar mitotic spindle, what happens if it does not work anymore, which phase of mitosis, does this dysfunction disable the cell to enter into?

The cell would enter metaphase, but it would not be able to complete it, so the cell does not enter Anaphase since the mitotic spindle was not able to form

If cells are arrested at G2/M, what can we deduce?

The cells are stuck either in G2 or early mitosis before chromosomes separate in anaphase. They can be either arrested with the chromosomes aligned at metaphase plate, or have partially broken nuclear membrane and they would definitely stain + for two centrioles which are replicated in "S" phase.

Fovea

The central section of retina called macula has a high concentration of cones that its center most point called Fovea which contains only cones

Why do we use control group and what is the difference and similarities between the experimental group vs "matched"control?

The control group should be comparable to the experimental group on all factors except the variable being studied or manipulated. Thus, it is important to control for extraneous variables on the dependent measures.

What property does atomic weight describe? The mass of any atom of that substance The weight of 1 mol of that substance The weight of an average atom of that substance The mass of an average atom of that substance

The correct answer is The mass of an average atom of that substance

What affect the bouyant force?

The density of liquid, g, and the volume of the object

If an acidic protonated form of an indicator absorbs UV light, what do u predict about its de-protonated form?

The deprotonated form absorbs visible light because it shows in the table that it went from colorless to blue.

The sanger method of DNA sequencing utilizes dideoxy nucleotide ( ddNTP) to interrupt DNA synthesis. Which carbons of the ddNTP are missing hydroxyl groups? A. 2' and 5' B. 3' and 5' C. 2' and 4' D. 2' and 3'

The difference between DNA and RNA is that the second carbon does not have -OH group. so eliminate any that does not have the 2'. B is out. To terminate DNA synthesis either the OH- of the 3' carbon or 5' carbon has to be removed. - OH of 5' carbon cannot be removed since there would be no Phosphodiester bond, and it has to be called nucleoside not nucleotide! A is out. ( -OH on C3 bond to P and bond to C5). it is then D over C !

Where would you find disulfide bonds?

The disulfide bonds hold two portions of a protein together and it can form the nucleus of a hydrophobic core of the folded protein. Thus wherever there is disulfide bond, it is less likely that there will be water and its more likely that there will be local hydrophobic residues that condense around the disulfide bond and onto each other through hydrophobic interactions

What does Hook's law states?

The force that a spring applies when displaced is proportional to and in the opposite direction to its displacement. At equilibrium, this means the force holding the spring out of equilibrium is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium.

What is the general concensus on the relation between the frequency of a wave travelling through a medium with tension and linear mass or thickness?

The frequency of a travelling wave through a medium increases with increasing tension and decreases with increasing linear mass or thickness

What is the generation of electric fields limited to?

The generation of electric field from biological sources is limited to environments where connectivity is high and resistivity is low. Air has higher resistivity than water so electroperception form where the resistivity of the medium is is lower, i.e aquatic environments

Reference group

The group to which an individual compares him or herself for a given identity. Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behaviour.

What happens when the elasticity or tension of a vibrating string increases?

The higher the tension in the string, the higher the frequency of the vibration

How does heat separate the double stranded DNA

The hydrogen bonds between the base pairs give DNA its shape and stability; it occurs between the substituents on the pyrimidine rings of both C and G; A and T. Hydrogen bonding occurs between the pyrimidine rings ( the ring that looks like the benzene ring that has two Nitrogen instead of carbon in the ring) of all A, T, C, G. The 2 nitrogens in all the pyrimidine rings involve the hydrogen bonding except in Thymine where only one of the nitrogens participate as well as the carbonyl)

Converging lenses

The image is always real and inverted if the object distance is larger than the focal length of the lens

When would an image be real in converging lens?

The image will always be real and inverted if the object distance is larger than the focal length of the lens.

Social capital

The investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards

EK BIO-1-C

The last section for Chapter 1

Can u explain more about it?

The location of where the DNA is inserted is not relevant, as long as they are regulated in the same way and the inserted DNA is actively transcribed at the same time as the target, they will reach the cytoplasm at the same time where they can bind to each other.

The magnitude of spring constant is _________ proportional to how easily a spring is compressed, because a high spring constant means a _______ force is required to compress the substance by the same amount.

The magnitude of spring constant is _inversely__ proportional to how easily a spring is compressed, because a high spring constant means a __higher__ force is required to compress the substance by the same amount.

What happens to the specific heat of the unknown substance if it is found that the specific heat of calorimeter was not actually negligible?

The measured value will be less than the value which we would have assumed that the calorimeter does have a specific heat. when we assume negligible specific heat of calorimeter: qsubstance= qwater but when calorimeter in fact has specific heat: qsubstance= qwater + qcalorimeter

What is the role of microtubule in mitosis and how they are prevented in mitotic division by taxol?

The mitotic spindle is made up of kinetochore microtubbules as well as polar MT. For MT to serve its function, it must be able to grow on the plus end of MT. If they are held stabilized, then they cant change their length

Molar solubility

The molarity of a solute that can dissolve at equilibrium

If Plaques form due to oligomerization, what is the cause of oligomerization?

The most likely cause of oligomerization in cytosol or extracellular environment would be the association of hydrophobic amino acids that do not like to associate with water

Tautomerization is an example of :

The movement of alpha hydrogen and the double bond. Since there is bond breaking and making, the atoms in the molecule are connected differently. Thus, they are actually a different molecules and are thus constitutional isomers.

The nucleolus is the site of synthesis for what component of translation? A. RNA polymerase B. Ribosome C. mRNA D. tRNA

The nucleolus is the subnuclear compartment that ribosome synthesis and assembly takes place. rRNA and robosome are assembled here into the large and small subunit that will go on to privide the machinery for translation. RNA polymerase is involved in trasncription, not translation. mRNA and tRNA are both involved in translation, but they are cytosolic and assemble with the formed ribosome to synthesize proteins. Because mRNA and tRNA are not synthesized in the nucleolus, C and D are eliminated.

The striate cortex is located in what lobe in the brain?

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for visual perception, which the striate cortex is involved in

Dishabituation and example

The opposite of habituation. The process by which the diminished response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure is reversed. A teacher who is burnt out from teaching repeatedly, but then reverts back to a motivated state.

What would the hybridization or complementary suggest for a probe hybridizing to a normal DNA or a DNA which has deletions from a diseased individual?

The probe would have higher complementary bp to the normal DNA than to the diseased DNA; this allows one to recognize the two by comparing the hybridization of the probe to the two DNA samples. The diseased DNA that has deletions will have lower hybridization to the probe.

Socialization

The process by which individuals are taught the expectations of their society.

What is apoptosis?

The process of cell death when it becomes too stressed to survive or proliferate

Synthesis reactions are those where multiple substrates join together to form a single product. Many biochemical compounds, as well as larger structures like proteins, are created through synthesis reactions. Gases X and Y are contained in a moveable piston system. They are beneath the pistons in an enclosed space. They react completely to form gas XY, and the reaction is not reversible. What movement will the pistons exhibit during the reaction? They will move up due to an increase in the volume of gas. They will move up due to the energy given off by the reaction. They will not move. They will move down due to a decrease in the volume of gas

The reaction of two moles of gas, X and Y, to form one mole of gas, XY, will decrease the total moles of gas. Since volume and moles of gas are directly related, less volume will be taken up by gas molecules. The force exerted by the gas molecules on the pistons will also decrease, so the pistons will move down until that force is again in equilibrium with the atmospheric force. The correct answer is D.

What is the relation between refractive index and frequency?

The refractive index increases with increasing frequency

What is the relation of the speed of sound in gas?

The speed of sound in gas is inversely proportional to its molecular weight, thus speed of sound in helium must be higher than nitrogen (28 g/mol) or Argon ( 40 g/mol)

List the following molecules in order of increasing boiling point: Br2, Cl2, F2, I2. Cl2 < Br2 < I2 < F2 F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2 F2 < I2 < Br2 < Cl2 Cl2 < Br2 < I2 < F

The stronger the intermolecular attraction, the higher the boiling point. Since dispersion forces are the only forces present in these molecules, the largest and heaviest molecules will have the most intermolecular attraction and the highest boiling point.

When only conservative forces are acting:

The sum of the change in the mechanical energies is zero.

If optic chaism is lesioned, what happens?

The temporal/ peripheral visual field is processed by the nasal fibers and they are crossed through the optic chaism, a lesion in optic chaism will lead to loss of peripheral visual processing since the contribution of the nasal retinas to the visual processing is eliminated

Groupthink

The tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas and ethics; based on pressure to CONFORM and remain loyal to the group

What is the IR spectrum for C-H stretches?

The various C-H stretches are typically observed slightly below 3000 cm-1

Electromotive force

The voltage across the terminals of the battery when there is no current flowing

What does Levorotary refer to?

The way a molecule rotate plane polarized light in CCW direction / or - rotation

What does Dextrorotary refer to?

The way a molecule rotate plane polarized light in CW direction/ or + rotation => alpha=+ alpha=> observed rotation

What happens if there is a mutation on tRNA encoding gene of the mtDNA disrupt the function of the gene product?

There will be an increased risk of error with the tRNA molecule coded by the mutated gene as well as all the proteins that require it

What is the relationship between alpha-D and beta-D glucose?

They are a pair of anomers and anomers differ only in the absolute configuration at the anomeric carbon which is at the center of a hemiacetal group whose configuration determines whether the -OH is axial or equatorial in cyclic glucose

How are T cells activated?

They are activated by Antigen presenting cells including B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells , these cells display antigens on MHC molecules on the membrane

Where can glycoproteins be found?

They are found in plasma membrane and function in Extracellular matrix adhesion and interaction with cell surface molecules from other cells.

What are genic non-coding sequences?

They are introns

What is special about the 7-helix trans-membrane protein that associates with other proteins in the cell?

They are known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and help exchange GDP for GTP in the proteins associated with cytosolic face. GPCRs help catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP which activates proteins intracellularly.

What do transcription factors do?

They bind to certain regions of DNA that contain the consensus sequences called binding sites which are within promoter region. They increase the expression of genes by binding DNA and recruiting other transcription machinery like helicase and RNA polymerase

When a glycol is subjected to HIO4 or NaIO4, what happens?

They cleave vivinal glycols to aldehydes

What doe steroid hormones directly regulate by binding to the receptors in nucleus?

They diffuse into nucleus and bind to receptors and the steroid/receptor complex binds to DNA and regulate RNA transcription that eventually lead to mRNA

How are cyclic anhydrides formed? For example succinic anhydride

They firm spontaneously from dicarboxylic acids when heated

What happens to amide in alkaline conditions when undergo hydrolysis?

They form ammonia and the salt of the corresponding acid; ammonia gas bubble out the liquid solution. Ammonia is a base and when the gas hit the limus paper turns it to blue

Remember this about diasteromers

They have a subtype called Cis-Trans isomers in which the substituents differ in one immovable bond; they are

What about globular proteins?

They have non-structural proteins acting as enzymes or signalling molecules

What do error bars represent?

They represent uncertainty or variability in the data; this is a reflection of how precise the data is

What doe nonconservative forces do?

They transfer energy between mechanical and internal energy

Where do allosteric inhibitors work?

They work by binding to sites outside the active site and often do not structurally resemble to normal substrate

In order to transmit an action potential, a neuron requires stimulation from multiple presynaptic cells at the same time. Which of the following concepts best describes this phenomenon? A. Threshold potential B. Dendritic stimulation C. Temporal summation D. Spatial summation

Think of the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation. Threshold potential is the potential each individual neuron must achieve to initiate a single action potential, just as dendritic stimulation is simply the postsynaptic reception of a signal. The two answer choices we should be drawn to are Choices C and D. Temporal summation is where a high frequency of action potentials from a single presynaptic neuron are required to generate a response from a postsynaptic neuron. Spatial summation is where a postsynaptic neuron requires input from multiple presynaptic neurons. Therefore, the answer is choice (D

IF bite force increases proportionally to the square root of muscle mass and an 800 Kg animal generates 10 KN of force, how much bite force will a 1200 Kg animal generate? A. 10 KN B. 12 KN C. 14 KN D. 15 KN

This is a great question to prevent using calculations: we know it is not A. since a higher mass is being used. we know if the mass was double the 800, which is 1600, the force would have to be multiplied by sqrt of 2 which is 1.4 and therefore it would have been 14 KN. The best answer is between 10 KN and 14 KN which would be "B"

What does decreased number of cells in G0 means?

This is the non-proliferation and non-dividing phase, thus it means the cells are proliferating

What could be the cause of the disease that shows 100% penetrance if the mutation is in some other genes?

This means that every time that person inherits a particular nucleotide sequence, he is almost 100% certain to be affected by the disease. A gene is a heritable nucleotide sequence that codes for set of products, like proteins, depending on alternative splicing and other modifications. If nearly 100% of persons inheriting the disease, it is more likely the disease is Mandalian.

Which of the following will NOT result from hyperventilation? 1. Hypoxia 2. Net exhalation of CO2 3. Increased blood pH 4. Increased hemoglobin O2 affinity

This question asks us to determine the effects of hyperventilation. During hyperventilation, there is a loss of CO2 and an increase in O2 in the blood. Hypoxia is another term for oxygen deprivation. B: During hyperventilation, CO2 is lost due to excess exhalation. C: Loss of CO2 corresponds with increased blood pH. D: Loss of CO2 corresponds with increased hemoglobin affinity for O2.

Which of the following locations likely has the most glucagon receptors?

This question is asking you to recall the function of glucagon and where it is likely to induce this function. Glucagon is released by the pancreas as a response to low blood glucose levels. Its main purpose is to increase glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose. Glycogen is stored in the liver, therefore, most of glucagon's action occurs in the liver.

The alkali metals (M) are a highly reactive group of elements that react with water according to the following reaction: 2M(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2MOH(aq) + H2(g) Which of the following alkali metals will react the most violently with water? Sodium Magnesium Zinc Cesium

This question is testing your knowledge of reactivates among elements belonging to the alkali metals family. From outside knowledge, you should know that the alkali metals correspond to the first column of the periodic table. Additionally, the reaction given in the question stem shows the metal M is oxidized from its elemental state to an oxidation state of +1, which is the preferred oxidation state for elements in the first column. Thus, answer choices B and C can be eliminated. To choose between sodium and cesium, you must apply the periodic table trends for ionization energy. Since the metal M loses an electron in the reaction with water, the metal that is the most easily oxidized will be the most reactive. The trend for ionization energy increases going up and to the right in the periodic table, which makes cesium the more easily oxidized element. Thus, D is the correct answer

What are analogous structures? provide examples

Those structures that evolved independently to carry out the same function. for example, the wing of a bee and the wing of a bird

Which two amino acids have chiral carbon in their side chain?

Threonine and isoleucine

A base that has a six membered heterocyclic ring that has two nitrogens and a methyl group.

Thymine

What is the only steroid hormone that is not derived from cholesterol? What is it made from then?

Thyroid hormone is not derived from Cholesterol. It is made from tyrosine

What does protein aggregate means?

To cluster together

What is the effective way to separate racemic mixtures?

To use substances which interact differently with one enantiomer than with the other enantiomer; this is possible by using chiral substances. Use separation technique where substances associated with the stationary phase have chirality

What is the most effective technique for sterilizing used laboratory materials?

To utilize autoclave which bring the materials to temperature of over 120 C and pressure over 2 atm that is enough to kill almost anything.

Transcription primarily occurs in ___________ phases of cell cycle

Transcription primarily occurs in growth phases like G0 and G1 phases of cell cycle

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Transfer of genes from one organism to another through any way other than reproduction.

Vertical gene transfer

Transfer of genes from one organism to another through reproduction.

True or False : Light with greater wavelength diffract light more

True

What is ubiquitination? What is ubiquitination of histone?

Ubiquitination is a protein that helps target other proteins for degradation by proteosome. ubiquitination of histones would lead to degradation of histone proteins depeleting the pool of proteins that are able to bind DNA.

Implicit and explicit learning are

Unconcious and concious learning

Base rate fallacy

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors rather while ignoring actual numerical information.

A projectile is launched at an angle of 30, if the maximum height reached by the projectile is 45 m, what is the velocity of the projectile right after launch? A. 15 B. 30 C. 60 D. 120

V= sqr 2gh = 30 Vinitial sine 30 = 30 Vinitial = 60

IF A FUNCTIONAL GROUP CONTAINS CONJUGATED DOUBLE BONDS NOT DETECTED BY UV SPECTROSCOPY, WHAT CAN WE USE?

VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTROSCOPY IDENTIFIES MOLECULES WITH 8 OR MORE CONJUGATED BONDS. SHIFTING THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT USED IN SPECTROSCOPY WILL BE HELPFUL TO IDENTIFY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS WITH MORE CONJUGATED DOUBLE BONDS

If the boiling points of two liquids that need to be separated are higher than 150, what would we use?

Vacuum distillation

Which reinforcement produce the highest response rate?

Variable ratio schedules produce the highest response rate and is the most resistant to extinction.

Genetic drift

Variation in the gene pool caused by chance.it occurs when the composition of the gene pool changes as a result of chance

What is the relationship between velocity of an incompressible fluid to the radius of the cross-sectional area of a pipe?

Velocity is inversely proportional to cross sectional area and the radius, velocity = 1/r^2

Name which hormones or vitamins have cholesterol as their precursor?

Vitamin D lipid soluble vitamins which are maid of steroids : Vitamin A,D,E,K s well as sex hormones such as progesterone and testosterone which are steroid hormones

What increases the reabsorption of Ca+2 in kidneys and intestines? What is the precursor of Vitamin D?

Vitamin D increases reabsorption and balance the Ca+2 homeostasis/ Vitamin D is derived from Cholesterol

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

WHEN NEW INFORMATION CAUSES FORGETTING OF OLD INFORMATION

What are the products in titration of a strong acid and strong base?

Water and salts are formed. Placing a solute leads to a boiling point elevation or increase in boiling point. The osmolarity changes since after the neutralization is complete, there are additional sodium and chloride ions in solution. Increase in boiling point is equivalent to decrease in vapor pressure.

Financial capital

Wealthy families have this and they can invest on something and obtain other things such as social capital. Financial capital can also connect to cultural capital such as a parents sending their children to golf, study abroad, and even cultural items in house and children know about them thus enabling them to gain reward.

Scientist interested in identifying the specific locus of of a gene would most likely use: A. PCR B. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) C. DNA isolation and gel electrophoresis D. Western Blotting

What is the locus of gene? The locus of a gene is its specific location on the DNA chromosome. Scientists would be interested in designing oligonucleotide sequences that bind to specific region of the gene and detect these regions in the cell. PCR is for amplification of a sequence of DNA but does not physically show its locus. DNA isolation and gel electrophoresis may show the size of the gene but would be unable to predict its location in the genome. Western blot is to detect specific proteins, not specific nucleic acid sequences.FISH uses fluorecently tagged nucleotides that are complementary to a specific sequence of DNA. The hybridization of the tagged nucleotide would be the best way to identify the specific locus.

When does chromatin condensation occur?

When DNA winds tighter around its associated histones and the adjacent histones clump together

When is a reaction thermoneutral?

When Keq=1 and (delta G is zero) products is similar to reactants, it can be assumed that the reaction is thermoneutral

When does a beta particle form?

When a neutron in the nucleus forms a dispelled electron and proton, leading to a net change of +1

Social constructionism example

When a social reality that we create ( misinformation and misconception that men and women experience CVD in the sam way , this is due to the criteria for diagnosing the disease determined by humans )is different from the factual reality ( the pathology of CVD in men and women)

HOW CAN we find out the smallest ions?

When all the ions are isoelectric, the smallest ion is the one with highest positive charge since a greater positive charge, the greater the effective nuclear force that the outer valence electrons experience and electrons will be pulled towards the nucleus more strongly, leading to smaller ionic radius

What is confabulation?

When asked to recognize sentences, Korsakoff's patients picked incorrect sentences, suggesting they were confabulating the memory of having heard those sentences.

How is focal distance is changed through ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments?

When ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligament relax, and the shape of the lens is its natural spherical, this decreases focal distance. When ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligament contract, and the lens is flattened, this increases focal distance

Stereotype

When specific preconceived traits or characteristics are associated with people based on their membership in a group. Example: Using individual's group membership to extrapolate member's characteristic

When does the light reflect back from the surface into the first medium?

When the angle of incidence is higher than the critical angle, the light reflect back

When does the relative configuration stay the same?

When the bonds to stereocenter is not broken , thus maintaining the position of the groups around chiral carbon

When should we use the work= force X d equation?

When the force applied is constant

How is a new allele is created?

When the nucleotide sequence of a gene changes but not the location on a chromosome itself. So a change of C to G single nucleotide variation (SNV) in a gene as a synonoumous change in DNA sequence

When will objects be reduced in converging lens?

When the object is more than 2f away from the lens, the image is reduced.

How can we know there is no net force?

When the object is stationary and does not have any acceleration, that means it has no net force or torque

Splitting occurs when....

When the peak for a hydrogen or groups of chemically identical hydrogens is split into two or more peaks resulting from the number of non-equivalent hydrogens on adjacent carbons. If there are two peaks for a group, means there is one nonequivalent neighboring hydrogen that is splitting the peak of a hydrogen or a group of hydrogen

When do we see signal in IR:

When there is a change in dipole moment when it vibrates

How can we know there is no net Torque?

When there is no rotation occurring or it is stationary with no net force or no acceleration

When do antisense mRNA would be helpful?

When they block a gene from being expressed by preventing the cell from translating the disease protein from the mRNA.

When would displacement be zero then?

When two area under the curve cancel out and the last mark would be on the x axis meaning that the thing has reached back to its original position or starting position

Publication bias

When undesirable data is excluded from publications

Where is the antinode ?

Where the is a maximal change

What does it mean when PH=PKa

(HA)=(A-) , at PH of 7.5, there should be 50% of both the acid and conjugate base in the solution.

What are the products of each round of TCA cycle?

1 ATP ( production of high energy nucleoside triphosphate), 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 which are dinucleotide that results from reduction of oxidized dinucleotide (NAD+ , FADH+) and 2 CO2 molecules

Faraday constant

1 Faraday= 10^ 5 C/mol of electron

What are the two roles of cholesterol in membrane?

1. Cholesterol help in modulating membrane fluidity 2. associate with the hydrophobic tails of the lipids in the membrane to help prevent the diffusion of small molecules across the membrane

What are the Functions of Lymphatic system ?

1. Removal of proteins from the interstitial spaces 2. absorption of fats from the GI tract 3. Removal and destruction of foreign particles ; Keep in mind that lymphatic system does not drain excess fluid from CNS, superficial areas of skin, deeper peripheral nerves or bones.

What are the key features of fatty acids found in eukaryotes?

1. The presence of an even number of carbons 2. when double bonds are present, they are almost always cis not trans

A word of caution when deciding the type of bonds

1. first determine if you are looking at inTERmolecular or intRAmolecular bonds 2. know that ionic and covalent bonds are inTERmolecular 3. inTERmolecular bonding are about polarity, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity

What are the type of bonds that are apparent in secondary and tertiary structure of a protein?

1. hydrogen bond 2. hydrophobic interactions (play role in arrangement of the amino acid R-groups in aqueous environment that affect the overall shape of the protein) 3. electrostatic interactions (due to interaction of charge amino acid R-groups that are brought into close contact and interact due to folding of the proteins)

Similarities and Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene control

1. in prokaryotes, the function of the repressor protein represents a protein-DNA interaction but Eukaryotes require the protein DNA interaction in order to promote transcription The similarity would be that both are dependent on specific protein-DNA interactions 2. Multiple transcription factors are necessary to promote binding of eukaryotic RNA Polymerase to DNA 3. Translation occur concomitantly with transcription in prokaryotes but in eukaryotes, the RNA is processed before translation begins 4. Eukaryotes rely on splicing but prokaryotes rarely do

Important things to note when reading a graph

1. please READ THE LABELS CAREFULLY AND WHEN COMPARING THE FIGURES, LOOK CAREFULLY AT THE NUMBERS OF THE Y AXIX ANS COMPARE, THIS IS NOT SOMETHING YOU HAVE TO MAKE MISTAKE IN!!!! 2. MAKE SURE YOU ARE ANALYZING THE RIGHT FIGURE OR TABLE

Gabriel synthesis

2 SN2 rxn steps, > hydrolysis > decarboxylation

What is the range of frequency that human can perceive?

20 - 20,000 Hz

CpG is shorthand for

5'—C—phosphate—G—3' , that is, cytosine and guanine separated by only one phosphate;

IF EACH SUBUNIT HAS THREE DOMAINS AND THE PROTEIN IS A HOMOTETRAMER, WHAT DOES IT MEAN ABOUT THE NUMBER OF UNIQUE TERTIARY STRUCTURE?

A SUBUNIT IS THE ENTIRE TERTIARY STRUCTURE , DOMAIN IS PART OF A TERTIARY STRUCTURE

Ball and socket

A ball and socket joint permits the greatest range of motion and allows for 360o of rotation in most cases. The shoulder and hip are examples of ball and socket joints.

When an ethanoic anhydride is reacted with NH3 ( ammonia), what is formed?

A carboxylic acid and an amide is formed, the carboxylic acid is in a base environment so it will be ammonium carboxylate

An example of meritocracy

A company bonuses are determined based on a complicated metric that measures personal efficiency

What aspects separate single-crossover events from double-crossover events?

A double-crossover event is one in which chromosomal arms of homologous chromosomes cross over in two different places along the arm. This results in a section in the middle of each chromosome being exchanged.

What is an example of ethnocentrism?

A father discourages his son from playing with children who are not members of their culture.

A flat plane mirror

A flat plane mirror has a radius of curvature that is infinite (it doesn't curve!) and thus a focal point distance that is also infinite. Thus the equation 1/f = 1/object + 1/image can be simplified to 1/object = -1/image

Cell differentiation is mediated primarily by: A. gene expression levels. B. differing genetic material. C. location within an organism.

A is correct. Cell differentiation occurs primarily through different gene expression levels. B: Nearly all cells share the same genome, so differences in the genetic material isn't a realistic explanation. C: Location within the body is not responsible for cell differentiation. A skin cell transplanted to the liver, for example, will not become a liver cell.

A certain type of tissue is sensitive to radiation with the damage the tissue receives being directly proportional to the charge on the irradiating particle. Which of the following radiation types will cause the least damage? A. Gamma B. Positron C. Beta D. Alpha

A is correct. Gamma particles have no charge, as they are simply high-energy photons. Since the question says that the damage is proportional to charge, a particle with no charge would cause the least damage. B, C: Beta particles are either electrons (beta- particles), which carry charges of -1, or positrons (beta+ particles), which carry charges of +1. From the question stem, we can assume that these particles would cause equal amounts of damage. D: Alpha particles (helium nuclei) have a +2 charge and would be the most damaging, according to the question.

Ten moles of the monoprotic, weakly acidic medication tolbutamide were added to water to make one liter of solution. The pH of the resulting solution was 5.9. What is the approximate Kb for the deprotonated form of tolbutamide? A. 1 x 10-1 B. 1 x 10-6 C. 1 x 10-12 D. 1 x 10-13

A is correct. Since we are given pH in the question stem, we will not be able to find Kb immediately. Instead, we need to calculate Ka and solve for Kb from that value. The Ka for the dissociation of a generic acid HA can be written as Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA], where all concentrations are measured at equilibrium. In the solution of tolbutamide described, the initial concentration of tolbutamide is 10 moles per liter, or 10 M. Since only a small amount of this weak acid will dissociate, this value is a good approximation for our equilibrium [HA]. Next, we must find the proton concentration. Remember, [H+] = 10-pH. Here, the pH of the solution is 5.9, so [H+] = 10-5.9 M ~ 10-6 M. Since each HA molecule dissociates into equal parts [H+] and [A-], our value for [A-] must be 10-6 M as well. Returning to the Ka expression, K a = [(10-6 M )( 10-6 M)] / (10 M). Remember, we estimated that [HA] = 10 M, even though its true final value is 10 M - 10-6 M! [(10-6 M )( 10-6 M)] / (10 M) = 10-12 M / 10 M = 10-13 M In water at 25°C, Ka•Kb = 10 -14. Given this, Kb = 10-14/Ka = 10 -14/10-13 = 10-1.

The reaction between propanal and cyanide forms a: A. cyanohydrin. B. primary amine. C. secondary amine. D. enamine.

A is correct. When cyanide reacts with propanal (an aldehyde), it forms a cyanohydrin. Interestingly, it is the carbon - not the nitrogen - atom that acts as a nucleophile to attack the carbonyl carbon. The final cyanohydrin product consists of the former carbonyl carbon bound to -OH, -H, the original -R group from the aldehyde, and -C≡N. D: An enamine is composed of a nitrogen atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond, which does not exist here.

High valent metals (those with large, positive oxidation states) are often used as strong oxidizing agents. Which of the following compounds would have the most positive reduction potential vs. a standard hydrogen electrode? FeCl3 OsO4 Zn(NO3)Cl W(CO)6

A large, positive reduction potential indicates a strong tendency to be reduced, and hence ability to act as an oxidizing agent. The question states that high-valent metals act as strong oxidizing agents. Examining the oxidation states of the metals in question, we see that Fe = +3, Os = +8, Zn = +2, and W = 0. Therefore, since Os bears the largest positive oxidation state, we know that it is the strongest oxidizing agent.

What is pulmonary compliance?

A measure of lung volume change at a given pressure of inspired air

what is a mediating factor?

A mediating factor explains the relationship between one factor and another.

What is a synanomous mutation?

A mutation that changes the nucleotide sequence but does not change the amino acid sequence.

What mutation causes a truncated protein?

A nonsense mutation which changes the nucleotide sequence to a stop codon.

Stereotype threat

A person who is native English speaker and is concious of his classmate's opinions regarding his speaking abilities and tend to demonstrate lower proficiency in class than outside of class, experiences stereotype threat rather than SFP since she is worried about being thought of as an unskilled speaker to to English being a second language and demonstrate lower level of proficiency ; its not SFP bec she does not expect to speak poorly

saddle joint

A saddle joint is formed between reciprocal concave and convex bones. An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

What does a missense mutation results in , and what type of mutation is it?

A single amino acid change; it is a nonsynonomous mutation

Foot in the door technique

A small request is made and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

What happens when proteins are in solution?

A solvation layer is formed which normally forces hydrophobic residues into the interior of the protein creating hydrophobic core.

Beta decay

A spontaneous process that results in the conversion of a neutron into a proton and the emission of an electron from the nucleus and a neutrino from the nucleus. Thus, the atomic number increases by one and the mass number stays the same.

Example of Base rate fallacy

A student is about to flip a coin and states that it will land on heads because there have been more instances of tails in the previous flips

Example of Availability heuristic

A student states that most dogs are brown. he does so because the three dogs he sees most often are all brown

Configuration of carbohydrates in nature that those that are tolerable by humans are in A.____________ configuration which in carbs correspond to B.__________

A. D configuration B. in R configuration

Ribose is ___________ carbon sugar so it is an example of B._____ _________ and it is a derivitive of _____________ pathway.

A. Five carbon sugar B. pentose C. PPP ( pentose phosphate pathway)

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD BE MOST LIKELY TO DISRUPT THE BONDING BETWEEN THE THIOL GROUPS OF TWO CYSTEINE AMINO ACIDS? A. HOCH2CH2SH B.CH2CL C. CO( NH2)2 D. CH3COOH

A. HOCH2CH2SH ( ANOTHER VERSION OF MERCAPTOETHANOL) USED TO REDUCE THE DISULFIDE BOND (COVALENT BOND) OF CYSTINE B.CH2CL ( DISRUPT HYDROPHOBIC BONDS) C. CO(NH2)2 ( UREA WHICH DISRUPT HYDROGEN BONDS D. CH3COOH ( WHICH PROTONATE AND DISRUPT ELECTROSTATIC BONDS)

Cross-sectional area of a blood vessel is proportional to what?

A= r ^(2)

What does saturation mean?

AKA equilibrium, meaning that the rate of dissociation= rate of precipitation

ATP is necessary for Actin polymerization thus, ___________ Kinase is needed for Actin polymerization.

ATP is necessary for Actin polymerization thus, ___ADP________ Kinase is needed for Actin polymerization.

Beer's law

Absorbance of a solution equal to : length of light path x concentration x molar absorptivity

For graphs and figures

Accurately examine the X. and Y axis , then predict accurately based on the figure; eliminate wrong answer choices based on the figure. Then, choose the best from the remaining while still matching the choice with the figure

Stimulation of the iris dilator muscle is the result of activation of what?

Activation of sympathetic motor neurons leads to stimulation of the iris dilator muscle. Dilation of the pupils is a flight or fight response that is part of sympathetic nervous system.

What's the difference between adenosine monophosphate and adenosine?

Adenosine monophosphate is a nucleotide but adenosine is a nucleoside

Systematic error

Affects the entire experiment in the same way

What is affirmative action?

Affirmative action is a policy of favoring members of a social group that are perceived to suffer from discrimination within a culture. Examples include setting aside certain US federal government contracts for minority-owned businesses, reserving certain positions for members of a disfavored caste in India, or setting aside spots in exclusive schools for members of Aboriginal tribes in Australia

When does an object reach terminal velocity when there is Air resistance?

Air resistance is dependent on the number of air molecules that an object interacts with, which is primarily affected by velocity. Once the object reaches a sufficient speed to interact with many air molecules, it will start slowing down as air resistance increase. Eventually, air resistance will cancel out gravity as terminal velocity and a zero acceleration will be reached.

O3 (ozone ) ad zinc cleaves to form what?

Aldehydes

Which type of molecules can be oxidized to organic acids?

Aldehydes and alcohols

Halothane is an alkyl halide used as an inhalational general anesthetic. Which of the following could be used to reduce an alkyl halide to an alkane? LiAlH4 Zn, H+ Mg in anhydrous ether, then water All of the above

All of these methods could be used to reduce an alkyl halide to its corresponding alkane. In answers (A) and (B), a hydrogen atom replaces the halogen atom, reducing the alkyl halide to an alkane. Choice (C) describes a Grignard reaction with the Mg forming an organometallic with the reactant followed by a reaction with water to form the alkane.

Arrhenius acid base

An acid is a proton donor and a base is a hydroxide donor

What is the definition of Bronsted Lowry acid-base?

An acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor

What is an electron volt?

An electron volt is the energy gained by a particle with the charge of an electron when that particle is moved through 1 volt

What does a negative net energy balance means?

An individual eats fewer joules of energy than he or she burns through metabolic expenditures or exercise.

Which of the following pure compounds form ionic bonds? CaCl2 HCl NaF Mg(OH)2 I only I and II only I, III, and IV I, II, III, and IV

An ionic bond is formed between two atoms when one atom loses one or more electrons and another atom gains one or more electrons. This results in a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion. The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions creates the bond, which can be measured by the finding the difference in electronegativity of the two atoms. Generally, a metal and nonmetal atom form ionic bonds. Metals prefer to give up electrons to form cations whereas nonmetals prefer their reduced anion form. In the case of CaCl2, NaF, and Mg(OH)2, each atom contains a metal that is bonded to a nonmetal. These all represent ionic bonds. While hydrochloric acid tends to dissociate in water to form H+ and Cl-, a pure solution cannot. Pure HCl contains two nonmetals, which forms a polar covalent bond. Therefore, C is the correct answer.

What does free fall mean?

An object has no force acting on it besides the gravitational force

A tone from a tuning fork travels down the ear canal of a listening musician. Given that the musician's ear canal can be thought of as a pipe with one closed end with a length of 2.5 cm, what is the wavelength of this tone's third harmonic in the ear canal? A. 0.033 cm B. 0.67 cm C. 3.3 cm D. 6.7 cm

Answer: (C) 3.3 cm is correct. This question gives us a closed pipe with a length of 2.4 cm and asks us to calculate the wavelength of the third harmonic. Wavelengths of harmonics for closed pipes are given by the formula wavelength = 4L/n, where L is the length of the pipe, and n is any odd integer. Plugging in our values we get wavelength = 4(2.5)/3 = 3.3 Since our length was in cm, our wavelength will also be in cm making (C) the best choice.

What type of process is the creation of gametes through meiosis?

Arranging nuclear DNA in preparation for transmission to offspring - in other words, the creation of gametes through meiosis - is a noncyclical process.

Carbonic anhydrase is a key enzyme within red blood cells that regulate blood PH by:

As biological catalysts , enzymes affect only the kinetics of the reaction not the thermodynamics or position of the equilibrium, Carbonic anhydrase affect the kinetic of the reaction by lowering the activation energy of both H2CO3 degradation and synthesis.

Why does a higher number of oxygen atoms results in increased acidity?

As more oxygen are added the compound increases in acidity because the dissociated anion's negative charge is better stabilized across more oxygen atoms, as the conjugate base is more stabilized, the acidity of the original acid increases since the proton more readily dissociates from the acid.

How are attitudes form?

Attitudes form in response to a number of different conditions, including media pressure, peer pressure, and rewards or punishments provided by others

What best describes the relationship between attribution theory and fundamental attribution error?

Attribution theory relates to an attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them; fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another's actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events

Availability heuristic

Availability heuristic is applied when an individual makes a decision based on how easily they can imagine a similar instance or how AVAILABLE similar instances are to them

A single sports fan is capable of yelling at an intensity level of 80 dB from a given distance. If 10,000 similar fans were all yelling from the same distance, which of the following would be closest to the observed intensity level? A. 84 dB B. 120 dB C. 160 dB D. 320 dB

B is correct. 10,000 fans would be capable of yelling at an intensity 10,000, or 104, times greater than the single fan alone. According to the decibel scale, this would correspond to an increase of 40 dB.

Consider the course of a typical SN1 reaction. The intermediate generated by the rate-limiting step is best described as: A. a transition state, which cannot be isolated using ordinary chemical techniques. B. an unstable intermediate with vacant orbitals. C. a positively-charged, unstable intermediate with no vacant orbitals. D. a stable intermediate with high local electron density.

B is correct. The intermediate mentioned in the question stem is the carbocation, a species with a positively-charged carbon atom. Carbocations, though unstable, are intermediates, not transition states; as such, they can be observed using typical chemical means. Finally, remember that carbon atoms tend to bind to four species. As a carbocation has only three substituents and no lone pairs, it does not have full orbitals. D: A carbocation is not particularly stable. In addition, its positive charge makes it a particularly strong electrophile; in other words, it is very electron-deficient.

Which of the following is most likely a symptom of hypersecretion of aldosterone? 1. High renin concentration 2.Low blood potassium 3. Low blood sodium 4. Hypotension

B is correct. This question is asking you to recall the effects of aldosterone and how it achieves those effects. Aldosterone increases H2O and Na+ reabsorption from the kidney while exchanging K+ ions for Na+ ions. A: Hypersecretion of aldosterone will negatively feedback and inhibit renin production. C: Hypersecretion of aldosterone will result in high blood sodium. D: Hypersecretion of aldosterone will result in high blood pressure.

The quantum number that denotes the subshell and the angular momentum of an electron is the: A. principal quantum number. B. azimuthal quantum number. C. magnetic quantum number. D. spin quantum number.

B is correct. This value tells us whether a particular electron is found in an s, p, d, or f subshell. It is also said to describe the shape of a particular orbital. A: The principal quantum number corresponds to an electron's shell and energy level. This number can be found by looking at the element's row in the periodic table. C: The magnetic quantum number narrows down the electron's location to a particular orbital within a subshell.

Which compounds would be expected to decarboxylate when heated?

B-ketoacids ( c=0 in Beta position from a carboxyl group) and B-dicarboxylic acids because they can form a cyclic transition state that permits simultaneous hydrogen transfer and loss of CO2

What category do rod shaped bacteria belong to?

Bacilli

Nucleophilic acyl substituition is favored by what solution? Acid, basic or both

Basic ( which makes the nucleophile more nucleophilic) and acidic ( which makes the electrophile more electrophilic) and by good leaving groups like weak bases

BAF60 allows cell cycle progression beyond G1. Somatic epithelial cells treated with an inhibitor of BAF60 contain: A. 23 Chromosomes B. 23 Chromatids C. 46 Chromosmes D. 92 Chromatids

Before DNA replication, cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent. Because G1 arrested cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, they have total 46 chromosomes. Cells in G1 have not replicated, sister chromatids have not been synthesized. A somatic cell has 92 chromatids after DNA replication in S phase. If they are arrested in G1 and do not proceed to DNA replication, they will not contain 92 chromatids. Ans: C

Social cognitive theory

Behaviour, personal factors and environment continuously interact to influence learning

What do we know about CrO3 and K2Cr2O7?

Both CrO3 and K2Cr2O7 are strong oxidants and will thus oxidize a primary alcohol directly to a carboxylic acid. K2Cr2O7 is a strong oxidant and will oxidize the newly formed aldehyde to a carboxylic acid.

Would the primary methods of amino acid synthesis results in optically active solution?

Both contain planar intermediates which can be attacked from either side by a nucleophile resulting in a racemic mixture of enantiomers , thus optically inactive solution

What is the similarity between double and single cross over?

Both single- and double-crossover events will only affect one arm of each chromosome.

Why does a catalyst not change the concentration of product or reactant?

Both the forward and reverse reaction increase in speed and thus the equilibrium constant does not change

Which organs is most likely to rely heavily on glucose?

Brain

How do we find Isoelectric point?

By averaging the pka of the group that gives the amino acid +1 and pka that gives the amino acid -1

How does surfactant play its role in increasing the compliance of alveolar tissue?

By decreasing surface tension and reducing the total force resisting the expansion. decreasing surface tension leads to decrease in the pressure difference required to inflate the airway

Which of the following is NOT a means by which cells migrate? A. Flagella B.Actin polymerization C. Microtubule polymerization D.Cilia

C is correct. Microtubule de-polymerization is responsible for separating chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis I or II, however it does not contribute to overall cell migration. A, D: Flagella and cilia are structures that allow simple eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells to propel themselves or nutrients in their environment. B: Rapid actin polymerization near the edge of the cellular membrane is believed to be responsible for cellular motility in complex eukaryotic cells.

Channel A transports only the smallest solutes dissolved in the intracellular fluid through the axon membrane. Which of the following is most likely transported by channel A? A. Albumin B. Oxygen C. Potassium ions D. Chloride ions

C is correct. Of all of the species listed, potassium ions will be the smallest and thus, carried by channel A. Of particular note, Cl- and K+ have the same electron configuaration. Of those two, the potassium ion has more protons and will attract the electrons more tightly than the chloride ion. A: Albumin, a plasma protein, is larger than any ion. B: Oxygen molecules (O2) are larger than potassium ions. D: Chloride ions are larger than potassium ions.

Cefoperazone is a β-lactam antibiotic used to treat infections by resistant strains of Pseudomonas. In what way is the structure of this compound similar to that of α-acetolactone? A. Both contain small, strained rings that are highly reactive. B. Both contain at least one nitrogen atom. C. Both contain at least one cyclic ring. D. Both contain an ester functionality.

C is correct. Since these compounds are likely unfamiliar, we must use their names to discern their chemical structures. The antibiotic mentioned first is said to be a lactam, or cyclic amide. In contrast, the second molecule is a lactone; this term refers to cyclic esters. From this alone, we know that both compounds must include at least a single ring. A: This statement describes α-acetolactone, but we have no way of knowing whether it applies to cefoperazone. In reality, it does not. B: This is true of lactams, but not necessarily lactones. D: This choice is wrong for the opposite reason as choice B. Esters are present in lactones, but may be absent in lactams.

A student is studying the following chemical equation: MgF2 (aq) + Sr(NO3)2 (aq) → SrF2 (aq) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq) Which statements accurately describe this process? I. For every molecule of magnesium fluoride that reacts, one molecule of magnesium nitrate forms. II. For every atom of strontium that reacts, one molecule of magnesium nitrate forms. III. For every two moles of magnesium that react, one mole of magnesium nitrate forms. IV. For every two moles of fluorine that react, six moles of oxygen must be consumed as well. A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II, and IV only D. II, III, and IV only

C is correct. This reaction is already balanced, so we can use the molar ratios that are given. Since there is a 1:1 ratio of Mg(NO3)2 to MgF2, statement I is accurate. There is also a 1:1 ratio of Sr(NO3)2 to Mg(NO3)2, and each mole of strontium nitrate contains one strontium atom, making II correct. Finally, statement IV is true, as the two atoms present in one moles of MgF2 react with exactly one mole of Sr(NO3)2, which contains six O atoms. III: Each mole of magnesium reacts to form exactly one mole of Mg(NO3)2, not two.

THE PEAK WITH THE HIGHEST INTENSITY N MASS SPECTROSCOPY,

CORRESPONDS TO THE MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN BECAUSE MORE IONS WOULD ARRIVE AT A DETECTOR IF MORE OF THE ORIGINAL PROTEIN WERE IN THE SAMPLE.

What is the action of telomerase over-expression in cancer cells?

Cancer cells become immortal

Carbohydrates have _A._______isomeric configuration from amino acids, since amino acids are in B._________ configuration which means most of the 20 L amino acids correspond to C.__________ except in Cysteine.

Carbohydrates have _A._opposite______isomeric configuration from amino acids, since amino acids are in B.____L_____ configuration which means most of the 20 L amino acids correspond to C.___S_______ except in Cysteine.

In electrolytic cell that is filled with water, what move toward the cathode?

Cations (Positively charged ions) and electrons from the anode

What happens if a residue in the active site of the ribosome subunit of rRNA is mutated?

Changing the active sire will modify its activity and prevent it from catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds.

What is jonet reagent

Chromium trioxide (CrO3) in aqueous sulfuric acid as an oxidizing agent

What can we say about oxidizing primary and secondary alcohol groups with CrO3?

Chromium trioxide (CrO3) is a strong oxidizing agent and is reacting with a molecule that contains tertiary, secondary, and primary alcohols. The primary and two secondary -OH groups will be oxidized into a carboxylic acid and two ketones, respectively. The tertiary alcohol will not be oxidized, as that would require the breaking of a C-C bond;

What type of protein is collagen?

Collagen is involved in connective tissue, indicating a structural role. Structural proteins are typically fibrous proteins

Social group

Collection of people with common identity and regular interactions.

Why a larger mass of electrodes are require for lead-acid batteries compared to other batteries to produce a certain current?

Compared to other cell types, lead-acid batteries have a characteristically low energy density, and its electrolytes less readily dissociate than other batteries, leading to less dissociation of the electrodes, the less easily electrodes dissociate, the harder it is to carry out the redox reactions

Could increasing the transcription of the enzyme prevent the competitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibition can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the enzyme.

What happens during inspiration?

Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles lead to expansion of thoracic cavity and decrease in intra-pleural pressure which would be called negative pressure

The role of Basal Ganglia

Control motor movement

What explains how both graphite and diamond may be found to occur naturally?

Conversion of diamond to graphite is spontaneous thermodynamically, it is extremely slow kinetically

Which of the following statements regarding electric current is true? A. Electric current will only flow from a higher potential to a lower potential. B. Electric current will only flow from a lower potential to a higher potential. C. Oscillate between potentials of higher and lower energy. D. Remain in equilibrium

Correct Answer: A. Electric current will only flow from a high potential to a lower potential. Electric current moves in the direction positive charges move in. Therefore, the electric flow of current flows from the point of higher potential to lower potential, similar to how water falls from the top of the waterfall to the bottom.

Crossing over occurs during ________and requires the DNA of two homologous chromosomes to be exchanged. This process requires ___ ____ of DNA to be cut and rejoined with DNA cut strands from the homologue. Endonucleases are enzymes that cut ____ bonds and DNA ligases join severed DNA strands

Crossing over occurs during prophase I and requires the DNA of two homologous chromosomes to be exchanged. This process requires phosphodiester bonds of DNA to be cut and rejoined with DNA cut strands from the homologue. Endonucleases are enzymes that cut PD bonds and DNA ligases join severed DNA strands

Ion product

Current snapshot of where the system is in relation to equilibrium

What is proactive interference?

Currently existing long-term memories can interfere with the process of forming new long-term memories. Old information is interfering with the learning of new information.

Which of the following is NOT a method by which enzymes decrease the activation energy for biological reactions? A.Modifying the local charge environment B.Forming transient covalent bonds C.Acting as electron donors or acceptors D.Breaking bonds in the enzyme to provide energy

D Enzymes are not altered by the process of catalysis. A molecule that breaks intramolecular bonds to provide activation energy would not be able to be reused

Cryodesiccation is a method used to preserve fragile liquid-based medications for shipment across long distances without reliable refrigeration. This technique separates the pharmaceutical molecules from aqueous medium first by freezing the sample and then removes water by: A. addition of sodium hydroxide. B. extraction with benzaldehyde. C. fractional distillation using steam D. sublimation at 300 Pa

D is correct. Only the sublimation of the water under reduced pressure (300 Pa ~ 0.003 atm) will keep the medication cold and will maintain the drug molecules in their native state while allowing for water to escape as a gas. Remember, sublimation is the transition directly from the solid to the gas phase. A: Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It may deprotonate some of the water molecules, but it will not remove them from the frozen sample. B: Extraction is a method of separating liquid mixtures. This solution is frozen, so extraction is not a feasible option to separate water from the drug. Even if we were dealing with liquids, a polar/inorganic solvent would be best for removing polar water molecules from solution. C: Fractional distillation is used to separate molecules based on boiling point. The solution is slowly heated, and the molecules with lower boiling points evaporate first and are collected. This process involves heating the mixture, which may destroy or damage the fragile drug molecules.

How can DNA methylation lead to higher gene expression?

DNA Hypermethylation of negative regulators of gene expression can lead to higher gene expression since siRNA s would not be expressed.

What is the role of DNA polymerase III?

DNA polymerase III is responsible for DNA replication in cell division

How do DNA polymerase know the exact location of DNA replication?

DNA polymerase associate with ohter proteins at the origin of replicaiton to initiate DNA replication in the S phase of the cell cycle.

A western blot was used to confirm the growth arrest during G2/M phase. Which protein was most likely assayed? A. Cyclin B. DNA polymerase C. RNA polymerse D. Actin

DNA polymerase would be expressed during S phase where DNA is duplicated. eliminate B. RNA polymerase would also be expressed during all phases of the cell cycle in order to produce the necessary proteins during that phase, eliminate C. Actin would also be expressed during all phases of cell cycle in order to mediate the cytoskeletal architecture. Cyclin proteins bind cyclin depenent kinases to drive cell cycle progression and the cyclin specific to G2/M would be the target of the western blot.

Homologous recombination can occur only after _________ ____

DNA replication

A myelinated cell membrane cause the capacitance of the membrane to:

Decrease due to thickness of the myelin sheath which increases the distance between the two plates . Axon is thought of as a parallel plate capacitor with cell membrane acting as an insulator between the negative inside of neuron and positive outside

What is the consequences of absence of telomerase reverse transcriptase

Decrease in the number of TTAGGG repeats due to enzyme inactivity

Terms that all appear within groups

Deindividualization, peer pressure, social loafing

Discrimination

Describe the actions that often arise as a result of stereotyping or prejudice

Which of the following elements would be most strongly attracted to a magnetic field? Mg Ca Cr Zn

Diamagnetic atoms are repelled by magnetic fields and paramagnetic atoms are attracted to magnetic fields. Para magnetic atoms have unpaired electrons in their valence orbitals. Mg and Ca are in the same group and have the same valence configuration, so both cannot be the right answer. Zn is at the end of the d block and has a valence shell with all of its electrons paired. Cr only has four electrons in its 3d sub shell, resulting in four unpaired electron orbitals. Cr is the only choice that is paramagnetic and would be attracted to a magnetic field.

What is the effect of a smaller aperature or slit on the diffraction and resolution?

Diffracted waves diverge more and the resolution goes down

Random error

Does not specifically push the results in one particular direction

IR spectroscopy is most useful in distinguishing:

Double bonds and triple bonds

What is the relation between the index of refraction and the frequency and the wavelength?

Due to an increase in index of refraction, as the frequency of light increases ( a decrease in wavelength), the light bends more and create a smaller angle of refraction. As the index of refraction increases, the angle of refracted wave must decrease.

During meiosis, microtubule- containing spindle apparatus forms during ___________ to separate homologous chromosomes and anaphase II to separate ___________

During meiosis, microtubule- containing spindle apparatus forms during anaphase Ito separate homologous chromosomes and anaphase II to separate sister chromatids

WHICH INTERACTION PLAY A ROLE IN TERTIARY AND QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS

ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION

Logarithmic scale of PH

Each PH points represent an increase in hydrogen ion concentration by a factor of 10

When chromosomes replicate, how many copies of a gene do they have? In what cell cycle can we say that they have higher number of cells with 4 copies of a gene?

Each chromosome contains two copies of a gene meaning that when the chromosome replicates, it will have 4 copies of a gene. G2, because, more cells have their chromosomes replicated, that now has 4 copies of a gene

Based on what do proteins get separated on gel electrophoresis?

Electrophoresis separates proteins based on length and charge. The primary structure of a protein contains all the amino acids that make up the total structure and it is the determinant of protein length!

What is the consensus on Energy and bond formation and breaking?

Energy is released when bonds are formed as in bond formation, molecules become stable (lower energy) and energy is given off to the environment. Energy must be put into a system in order to disrupt bond stability. Hydrolyzing a bond requires energy and thus its endothermic

If a reaction is catalyzed and its Keq is 10^8 what is the Keq for the un-catalyzed reaction?

Enzymes CANNOT CHANGE THE Keq because the equilibrium is determined by thermodynamics not kinetics, enzymes only lower the activation energy making it significantly lower so that reaction is more likely to occur

CpG MEthylation is an example of what kind of gene regulation

Epigenetic

Erythrocytes have lost their ____________ and _____________ through maturation process in _______________ and they do not undergo mitosis.

Erythrocytes have lost their __Mitochondria________ and _____nucleus ________ through maturation process in ___Bone Marrow____________

What is ethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrism is a world view in which one's own culture and traditions are seen as inherently superior to those of other people. It is propagated from one generation to the next through a variety of cultural channels, the first and most important of which is the family.

Whenever we have the constant force applied which causes a block to move from rest along a surface for about some distance, how can we find the KE of the block where a force is applied to it at an angle?

F.d.Cos (theta) = 1/2 mV^2 The work done on the block is manifested as the KE

The majority of fatty acids leave the liver in the form of what?

FA are hydrophobic and insoluble in the blood. In order for FA to travel from the digestive system to different organs, they are emulsified into particles called micelles and micelles are packaged into chylomicrons which carry the FA to the liver. the liver packages these FA into VLDL proteins which travel to other organs.

ADVICES

FOR better preparation and choosing the best answer choices

what are the factors that influence socialization?

Family, peers, media and the workplace

To float:

Fb=Fg > pVg=mg >>>> pV=m >>> g is not a factor to determine if something float or not

To find the greatest effective nuclear charge, what should we do?

First confirm that they are all isoelectronic, i.e. they all have the same number of electrons , if they do, look which has the highest number of positive charge that are able to pull outer electrons inwards, making sure they all have the same shielding effect.

Fructose is a __________ member ring sugar but it is a ___________ sugar which has six carbons

Five member ring sugar B. hexose sugar because it has 6 carbons

Decreasing the concentration of cholesterol decreases membrane ____________

Fluidity

What is the relation between the intensity or power and increase in 10 dB?

For every increase in 10 dB, the intensity or power increases by a factor of 10. If there is a 20dB increase in intensity level, the power is amplified 100 fold

The pressure above a solid compound is slowly reduced. Which of the following is true? A) If the substance is H2O it will transition from solid directly into gas. B) The substance will transition into liquid phase as then gas phase as the pressure is reduced for all substances except H2O. C) The substance will transition from solid directly into gas for all substances except H2O. D) If the substance transitions from solid directly into gas it must be H2O.

For most substances the solid phase is more dense than the liquid phase, thus lowering the pressure will cause the solid phase to transition either to the liquid phase or the gas phase, depending on the temperature. Because this transition (melting vs. sublimation) is temperature-dependent, neither (B) nor (C) is always true. Similarly, both water and other substances are capable of subliming at certain temperature/pressure combinations, so (D) is not always true. You should also remember that although H2O is rare in having a less-dense solid phase, it's not unique. Thus (A) is true. Because reductions in pressure favor the less-dense phase, ice will transition directly to gas as the pressure is reduced.

Secondary group

Formal Groups wherein interactions are based on weaker and impersonal bonds

if boiling points are within 25 degree Celsius of each other, what should we use?

Fractional distillation

Wavenumber is directly proportional to:

Frequency, since its cm^-1 so it is inversely proportional to wavelength

One copy of DNA is only found in _____________

G0/G1

IF a dad has G at position 67 in one gene and a C in position 65 in another gene, and has children with a woman that has C at position 67 in one gene and a A in position 65 in another gene, assuming no mitotis recombination, what is the probability taht a germ cell will have G at position 67 in one gene and a A in position 65 in another gene, if RF is 25 cM between the two genes?

GA allle is a combination of the two parental allele. the recombined parental alleles would be GA and CC and if there is 25% chance of recombination, then each alleles will have 12.5% chance

___________Kinase is necessary for microtubule polymerization since __________ Kinase add phosphate to __________ to make _________

GDP_Kinase is necessary for microtubule polymerization since ____GDP______ Kinase add phosphate to ___GDP_______ to make __GTP_______

Reduction of GTP leads to reduction of which activities?

GTP is used in different processes such as translation, G-protein coupled receptors and gluconeogenesis. Lack of GTP disrupt these processes.

Why does the atmospheric pressure does not change linearly with the depth change?

Gases are compressible and their density changes with depth change

What does it mean to say methylation is a form of epigenetic regulation?

Gene expression is controlled by means other than elements of the primary DNA sequence

WHAT IS A Gene expression REGULATOR?

Gene expression occurs when the regulator binds to DNA and PREVENT the expression of the gene. SOME GENE EXPRESSION REGULATORS ARE BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONTROLS.

What is the bond between glucose forming glycogen?

Glycogen is a glucose polymer with α-1,4 glycoside links.

How is glycol formed?

Glycol is a vivinal syn diol and it is formed from reaction of OsO4 with a double bond

What is the property of a good conductor ?

Good conductor will have a low dielectric constant and it has a reduced ability to store charge

HOW MANY UNIQUE TERTIARY STRUCTURE DOES A HOMOTETRAMER HAS?

HOMOTETRAMER MEANS THAT EACH OF ITS SUBUNITS ARE IDENTICAL

WHICH BONDING ALLOW ALPHA HELICES TO MAINTAIN THEIR HELICAL SHAPE?

HYDROGEN BONDING

Ribozyme

Has peptidyl transferase activity in the 60 S ribosome subunit of rRNA. It has enzyme characteristics such as specificity for its substrate

Which of the following pairs of molecules have bond angles that are the most similar? A) CH4, CO2 B) BF3, NH3 C) H2O, SO2 D) CH4, H2O

Having similar bond angles means having similar VSEPR geometries. Compare the geometry of each molecule to find the right answer: A) tetrahedral, linear B) trigonal planar, trigonal pyramidal C) bent, bent (correct) D) tetrahedral, bent

What is the byproduct of energy metabolism?

Heat

Which of the following substances does NOT have a heat of formation equal to zero at standard conditions? F2(g) Cl2(g) Br2(g) I2(s)

Heat of formation, ∆H°f , is zero for a pure element in its natural phase at standard conditions. All of the choices are in their standard state, except for bromine, which is a liquid, not a gas, at standard conditions. The correct answer is

DNA replication initiation requires _______

Helicase

RNA polymeras require unwinding of two DNA strand to initiate transcription, for this, it requires __________

Helicase

Oncogene

Helps normal cells to transform to cancer cells; they are overexpressed in cancer cells and increase the rate of growth, survival, or proliferation

What is the HDL?

High density lipoproteins carry FA and triglyceride back to the liver from other parts of the body.

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Hinge joint which allow for movement in only one plane like opening and closing a door

what is the characteristics of Hormones that have their receptor in the cell surface?

Hormones whose receptor is on the surface of the cell are peptide hormones which are derived from amino acids.

Specific heat

How much heat we have to add in order to change the temperature

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can be classified as: A. Hydrolase B. Lyase C. Oxidoreductase D. Transferase

Hydrolase ( use water to break bond, they catalyze hydrolysis reactions); do substituition reactions with water as a nucleophile Lyase ( cleave bonds without water) thus they catalyze reactions that add functional groups to double bonds, do elimination reactions) Oxidoreductase ( dehydrogenases are always oxidoreductase) Transferase ( transfer FG from one to another)

How can hypomethylation lead to lower gene expression?

Hypomtehylation of negative regulators or silensors of a gene can lead to reduced expression of a gene. If hypomethylation lead to expression of small interfering RNAs ( siRNA), then lower methylaiton leads to lower gene expression. Hypomethylaiton of the negative regulators of gene expression leads to lower gene expression.

A man drives a go-kart around a circular track with a diameter of 50m, at a rate of 100πm/minute. What is the frequency at which he circles the track in Hertz? 0.0027 Hz 0.03 Hz 2 Hz 6.25 Hz

Hz is a measure of frequency with units cycles/second usually written as 1/sec. The number of cycles around the circle is the velocity/circumference. The circle circumference is 50πm. The velocity of 100πm/min means that the driver completes 2 laps/min. The frequency in Hz is 2 laps/1min x 1 min/ 60 sec=1/30 Hz=0.03 Hz.

Conductive deafness is often caused by accumulated fluid in the middle ear inhibiting the passage of sounds to the cochlea and auditory nerve. Sensori-neural deafness is caused by damage to, or malformation of, the inner ear or auditory nerve. Which of the following are true concerning sound waves? I. Sound waves can be propagated through a vacuum. II. Sound waves travel fastest through a gas. III. Sound waves are transverse waves. I only I and III only II and III only None of the above

I. Sound waves are mechanical disturbances that are propagated through deformable material mediums. II. Sound waves travel faster through solids than liquids. Sound waves travel faster through liquids than gases. III. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

difference between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

IMM > is less permeable and has no cholesterol

WHAT IS AN OPERATOR?

IT IS THE PART OF THE OPERON THAT SERVES AS THE BINDING LOCATION FOR REGULATOR PROTEINS

What happens when an oncogene has a mutation?

IT will gain a function, not loses. An oncogene will only require one allele to cause cancer because that allele has gain of function.

What are nonmaterial culture?

Idea, beliefs, thoughts and attitudes of a society rather than physical objects which compromise material culture.

What are ideal voltmeters and ammeters?

Ideal Voltmeters must have infinite resistance and ideal ammeters must have no resistance

If something is displaced more by lower frequency, what does that mean?

If it has lower tension, that means it will be displaced by lower frequency more

High or low Rf

If the compound is more soluble in the mobile phase, it will elute farther and has high Rf, if it is more soluble in the stationary phase it will has lower Rf.

When will objects be magnified in converging lens?

If the object is between 1f and 2f away from the lens, the image is magnified. if its exactly 2f away from the lens, the image will be the same size as the object.

For water: how does the boiling point, melting point and freezing point differ in lower pressure atm compared to higher pressure atm pressure.

In lower atm pressure; Boiling point would be lower, freezing point would be higher, melting point would be higher as well due to the negative slope of the solid to liquid phase diagram, as pressure gets lower, higher temperature would be required to convert solid to liquid (melting) and liquid will be freezing at higher temperature

Compare the number of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis?

In meiosis, which allows genetic transmission of nuclear DNA to offspring, the number of chromosomes is reduced from diploid to haploid, but mitosis, results in cells with a diploid number of chromosomes

what should the index of refraction of a material be, in order to facilitate total internal reflection of light ?

In order for a material to Totally internally reflect, the index of refraction of the material that light is travelling into, must be less than where it is coming from.

What is the role of tosylate?

In order to make a secondary alcohol a better electrophile

What the best way to study function and form of a protein?

In other words, how can scientists purify a large amount of a protein

No genetic drift

In small populations, random events can alter the make up of the population

Which theory explain the conservation of altruistic behaviour through evolution?

Inclusive fitness

If a mutated enzyme's inhibitor's Vmax decreases and the Km doubles, what can be deduced about the type of inhibition?

It cannot be competitive inhibition, since they do not change Vmax . It cannot be non-competitive since they do not change Km. Uncompetitive inhibitors decrease Vmax and Km. so it is a mixed inhibitor

What is the primary adaptive response to intracellular pathogens?

It comes from cytotoxic T cells

Does meiosis maintain genetic integrity? what is its function?

It does not maintain genetic integrity. its function is genetic recombination in order to create genetic diversity in offspring.

How does acetylation allow DNA to become less associated with the histone proteins?

It enables to neutralize the positive charge on histones; this increases transcription

What does social interactionism focuses on?

It focuses on the interactions of individuals at the micro-level

WHAT DOES SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM FOCUSES ON?

It focuses on the interactions of individuals on a micro level. Thus, the framework places a large emphasis on how exchanges between individuals affect and modify their perception and meaning of the world.

What would be prevented when an antisense RNA is bound to sense RNA?

It forms a double stranded RNA which will prevent the mRAN from binding to ribosome.

Why is Meiosis noncyclical process?

It happens once and terminates in gamete creation (either sperm cells or ova)

What is heat capacity?

It is a measurement of energy input divided by the change in temperature an object experiences. C= q/ delta T

Enhancer

It is a piece of DNA that promotes the transcription of a gene that is not necessarily in adjacent to it. ENHANCERS ARE ONLY PRESENT IN EUKARYOTES. Enhancers increase the likelihood of transcription occuring by helping DNA-dependent RNA polymerase find the promoter easier.

Nondisjunction

It is a term that describes sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes that have not properly separated.

What is an allele?

It is an alternate version of a gene created by a mutation that resides at the same locus or position on a chromosome.

What influences non-verbal communication?

It is influenced by the culture in which one interacts because it encompasses gestures, facial expressions, proximity, and vocalizations that convey meaning to the listener.

What is the relation of the speed of sound in air?

It is inversely proportional to the density of the air. PV=nRT, assuming constant pressure, volume and temperature are only changing, if temperature increases, volume increases and thus density decreases which results in the increase in the speed of sound in the air.

What is Cyclin D and how does it affect cell proliferation ?

It is one of the factors that increases progression through cell cycle. Increases in cyclin D would suggest proliferation

What is effective nuclear charge?

It is the charge felt by the outermost electrons in the electron shell due to the protons in the nucleus.

Sense strand

It is the coding strand. its the complementary DNA strand and is identical to the transcribed product but with T instead of U. i.e. The mRNA produced has the same structure as the sense strand of DNA ( with Uracil instead of thymines)

if it is found that the specific heat of calorimeter was not actually negligible? What has happened to the calorimeter when it in fact had a specific heat?

It means the calorimeter itself had a specific heat and it actually absorbed heat from the sample.

What can you conclude when you are told that the product of a reaction is a racemic mixture?

It means the product formed is CHIRAL. Thus the electrophile carbon or the carbon that is being attacked will be a stereogenic center.

If a diseased tissue is more rigid, what does it mean regarding the spring constant and the amount of elastic potential energy that can be stored in diseased tissue?

It means the tissue has higher spring constant, K. Thus the force that has to be applied to the diseased tissue has to be increased. If the K is higher, that means that tissue store more Elastic potential energy.

What does the recombination frequency of 25 cM between two genes mean?

It means there is 25% chance that a recombination event will occur between two loci. It also means 75% of the germ cells will be like the parental and 25% of the time, they will be like the recombined

What does it mean to say that " the anti-parallel strand and alpha helix are linked via a kinked linker chain?

It means there is a kink instead of hydrogen bonding which contribute to secondary structure

VERY important: If there is a positive correlation between level of income and blaming the poor for health inequalities; what does this mean?

It means: higher income people will be using internal attribution because there personal qualities of the poor which directly contribute to health inequalities, thus it would also mean that lower income (poor individuals) would use external attribution and they would use self self serving bias, attributing positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors. thus low income individuals would attribute health inequalities to external factors.

What does the spring constant measure?

It measures how much force is required to compress or elongate a spring by a certain distance.

What does the kinetic theory of gases refer to

It only speaks of the AVERAGE VELOCITY of molecules within a sample not the velocity of individual molecules

Social reproduction

It refers to systems that preserve social inequality. Reproducing social inequality across social generation. Social capital and cultural capital aid to gain rewards and turbucharge the social reproduction; an example would be when increases in a city's industry drive less affluent residents from valuable areas, thus less affluent would be unable to benefit from the increase in industry.

What is positive control in gene expression?

It refers to when a gene expression regulator binds to the DNA and causes the gene to translated.

What is the impact of lowering the PH of a sample containing hemoglobin?

It will break up the quarternary and tertiary structure.

What happens when the activity of histone methyltransferase is increased?

It would increase the propotion of histones that were methylated

Sodium salt of a weak acid (pyruvic acid) would be something with a PH of :

It would ionize as A-+water> HA+ OH- so its PH would be not as high as a strong base but higher than 7 , close to 8

What is gram equivalent weight?

Its the weight in grams that releases 1 acid or base equivalent from a compound. So, if an acid like H3PO4 contains 3 protons, we must divide the mass of one mole of the species by 3

EUKARYOTIC AMINO ACIDS ARE _______ CONFIGURATION AT THE ALPHA CARBON

L - CONFIGURATION

If we have a strong base like LDA ( under cold temp) and have two alpha carbons that have H, which one would be deprotonated

LDA is a sterically hindered base. A kinetic enolate would form, because it forms the fastest, the alpha protons side that have less steric hinderance would be abstracted. The double bond substituition has less substituition , thus not as stable but fastest

When a liquid is at its boiling point, the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the liquid is:

LEss than the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules since at the boiling point, the liquid and vapour are in equilibrium and have identical chemical potentials. The gas molecules have more kinetic energy than the liquid molecules, they move faster

Role of LH and testosterone

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis

What does Laminin kinase do?

Laminin is a component of nuclear membrane. Phosphorylation of laminin helps in breaking the nuclear membrane which occur during prophase of mitosis.

When the light is coming from far distant, what happens to ciliary muscle and the lens?

Light does not need to be refracted so much in order to brought up to focus, ciliary muscles would relax and the tension would be on suspensory ligaments, the lens is flattened

When the light is coming from close distant, what happens to ciliary muscle and the lens?

Light needs to be refracted so much in order to brought up to focus, ciliary muscles would contract and the tension would be relieved from suspensory ligaments, the lens is bulged and become more spherical

What does emotional support consists of ?

Listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone's feelings

enantiomers have what in common?

Melting point, boiling point ( physical properties) but they will interact differently with plane polarized light

What are the characteristics or symptoms of an alzheimer patient?

Memory loss, loss of interest and initiative, changing personality

Being able to review how one interacted with others or how one learned to solve a problem is an example of which kind of skill?

Meta-cognition

During which mitotic phase, does the mitotic spindle forms and assembles in the centrally aligned chromatids?

Metaphase

Methylation in C bases in genome leads to:

Methylation is an epigenetic changes on cytosine bases in DNA and acts to create a tighter association between the DNA and histones, which are the proteins that condense DNA in the nucleus. Because Methylation affect the C bases in DNA, it affects the transcription not translation

Ionic radius of which is smaller? O-2, Mg+2, Na+, F-

Mg+2 because as each electron is lost the repulsion decreases and the positive charge of nuclei can pull in the rest of the electrons much more

If an anti cancer drug inhibit growth of cancer by stabilizing Microtubules, what process is likely most affected?

Microtubules play an important role in formation of mitotic spindle during prophase, thus prophase of mitosis is mostly affected

A single amino acid change occurs due to ________

Missense mutation which is a nonsynonomous mutation

O2 does not exhibit an IR spectrum because:

Molecular oxygen is homonuclear containing only one element, the compound does not absorb in a measurable way in the infrared region. IR spectroscopy is based on the principle that when the molecule vibrates or rotates, there is a change in dipole moment

Would depth of a pool containing a fully submerged object affect the g effective ?

NO

Natural killer cells are cells of __________ immune system and do not recognize particular antigens but instead kill infected and cancer cells due to altered expression of ___________

Natural killer cells are cells of ___Innate_______ immune system and do not recognize particular antigens but instead kill infected and cancer cells due to altered expression of ___MHC I. _______

What is Negativity bias

Negativity bias is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects.

What contributes to the largest proportion of the gases in the air?

Nitrogen, 75%

reaction of formic acid with sodium borohydride produce what?

No reaction, the acid itself , since sodium borohydride is very mild and weak (and its not strong as lithium aluminium hydride to produce alcohol)

could channels be made of structural proteins?

No way

if we have the force applied not constant can we use W=F X d ? or if we are given the spring constant and displacement, we can use the Work formula 1/2 Kx ^2

No you should not use that formula! USe the work performed while distorting an elastic body

Would antisense RNA work or help the conditions where a dysfunctional protein is produced as a result of a mutated gene?

No, when a dysfunctional mutated gene product is formed, an antisense mRNA would not be helpful

Which of the following salts would have the greatest freezing point depression capacity if 0.05 M were added to water? Assume total solubility of each. A CaCl2 B Al2(SO4)3 C MgSO4 D NaCl

None of the salts needs to be corrected for its mass since the molarity of each is the same. Freezing point depression is a colligative property, meaning it depends on the quantity of molecules present and not the physical property of those molecules. Since Al2(SO4)3 would dissociate into the greatest number of ions, it would yield the highest overall ion content and therefore have the strongest capacity at depressing the freezing point of a solution.

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms

Which nuclei have nonzero magnetic moment?

Nuclei with odd mass number or those with even mass number but odd atomic number

Nucleoside analogues are least likely to affect apoptosis in which of the following? I. Hematopoetic stem cells II. Skeletal muscle cells III. Neurons

Nucleoside analogues are mostly important in the cells that undergo DNA replication that occur during Mitosis . ( if DNA replication is inhibited, apoptosis occur since the cells would fail to go through the whole life cycle) Since muscle and neurons remain in G0 and do not progress through the whole life cycle, and do not undergo mitosis at an appreciable level, and do not undergo DNA replication, the analogues would not affect them.

Nucleotides are: Nucleic acids are:

Nucleotides are: Monomers Nucleic acids are: Polymers

When an alkene is reacted with O3 and Zn, what is formed?

O3 and Zn cleaves alkene to ketones and aldehydes; they cleave the double bond and oxidize alkenes to either ketones or aldehydes

Denver is at a higher altitude than Los Angeles and therefore the atmospheric pressure is lower in Denver than in Los Angeles. Compared to Los Angeles, the melting point of water in Denver will be: higher. lower the same. undetermined from the information given.

On a P vs. T phase diagram of water, the solid-liquid equilibrium line has a negative slope for water. Water's melting point increases with decreasing external pressure. Therefore, in Denver the melting point of water is higher than in Los Angeles.

For conversion of Haworth > fischer=

On the Surface: down = right, up = left. Mnemonic: "Haworth is downright fishy!" ("Haworth" refers to the structures on the left in this question; "fishy"

Appraisal theory

One factor which determines an individual's ability to manage stress is their view of their personal ability to cope with the stressor

Alcohols to aldehyde can use what?

PCC

What do we know about PCC?

PCC is a weak oxidant and will convert a primary alcohol (like methanol or ethanol) into an aldehyde.

Which type of bond is not present in secondary and tertiary structure of a protein?

Peptide bond

How do we form epoxide?

Peroxyacids ( such as meta-chloroperoxy benzoic acid: mCPBA) react with alkenes to give epoxide

Phosphorylation of histone lead to what?

Phosphorylation add negative charged phosphate group to histone protein which results in increased repulsion by negatively charged phosphodiester backbone of DNA. This negative-negative repulsion would lead to increased dissociation of histone complex from DNA

EK-2

Physical section

Plasmids are __________ stranded circular DNA molecules that scientists are interested in replicating. _________ are the main organisms used to replicate plasmids because they have fast proliferation.

Plasmids are _double stranded_________ stranded circular DNA molecules that scientists are interested in replicating. __Bacteria_______ are the main organisms used to replicate plasmids because they have fast proliferation.

How is the medium of an enzymatic reaction affect the reaction rate?

Polar solvents weaken bonds and increase the reaction rate

In order to produce IR spectrum, a bond must be __________

Polarized, meaning that the two atoms of a bond have a difference in electronegativity. For example, Br2 would have no difference in electronegativity because both atoms are Br2.

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death that occurs when cells experience significant stress. Apoptosis can be the result of failed DNA replication, an increase in stalled transcription on a genome-wide level or other insults to DNA like radiation damage.

What are the ribosomal unit of prokaryote vs eukaryote

Prokaryotes have: 30 S and 50 S , eukaryotes have 40 S and 60 S

Then what amino acid is the best to cause kink in linker chains?

Proline since it prevents hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen of one amino acid to nitrogen or oxygen of another amino acid Most other amino acids cause efficient hydrogen bonding and contribute to secondary structures like alpha helices and anti-parallel sheets.

Partially broken down nuclear membrane occur in _______________

Prophase of mitosis

What is the difference between the size of proton and electron?

Proton is more massive than electron

What increases the pulmonary compliance?

Pulmonary surfactant adsorbs to the air-water-alveoli interface, reducing the surface tension and total force resisting expansion

Increasing pressure> will cause the reaction to favor which direction?

Reaction moves toward the side with less number of moles of the gas to decrease the pressure

What can disrupt disulfide bonds?

Reducing agent

What is the retention factor

Refers to how far a substance travel through the mobile phase and whether it was bound to the stationary phase more, this is dependent on the solute being more polar or less polar, if it is more polar it gets bound to the silica which is stationary; if it is less polar , it binds to mobile phase and travel more. Rf= how much the solute travel/ how much the solvent travel

Penetrance

Refers to the probability of a phenotype being expressed if the genotype is present; Example: A person with blood type iAiB would express both A and B antigens on their blood and would show complete expression of both alleles. This is complete penetrance.

What is refluxing?

Reflux involves heating the chemical reaction for a specific amount of time, while continually cooling the vapour produced back into liquid form, using a condenser. The vapours produced above the reaction continually undergo condensation, returning to the flask as a condensate

ATP hydrolysis results in:

Release of Energy less than 100 KJ/mol ; /\G of ATP hydrolysis = -30 kj/mol

Topoisomerases

Relieve supercoils by cutting one of both strands of DNA and allowing supercoils to unwind

Replacing a methyl group on a 3° carbon with a phenyl group would most likely have which of the following effects? A Increase the likelihood of a reaction via the SN1 mechanism rather than the SN2 mechanism. B Decrease the boiling point of the molecule. C Increase the solubility of the molecule in water. D Decrease the toxicity of the molecule to mice.

Replacing a methyl group with a phenyl group would increase the size of the molecule and therefore the steric hindrance of reactions. SN2 reactions are more susceptible to the effects of steric hindrance, whereas SN1 reactions are in general stabilized by more highly substituted compounds. Thus, SN1 mechanisms would be preferred over SN2 mechanisms if steric hindrance of a molecule were to rise. The addition of the phenyl group would likely increase the boiling point rather than decrease it because of the increase in van der Waals forces. The molecule would also likely be less soluble in water due to the large phenyl group being more hydrophobic than a methyl group (e.g. methanol is more soluble in water than phenol). The toxicity of the compound cannot be determined from the mere substituent groups attached. There is no obvious correlation between the replacement of methyl groups with phenyl groups and toxicity.

Founder effect

Results from bottlenecks that suddenly isolate a small population leading to inbreeding and increased prevalence of certain homozygous genotypes.

EK-2

Section A

EK BIO- 1

Section B

How is Le chatlier principle works?

Shift occurs away from added species and toward the removed species

Of the following, which gas would likely deviate the most from ideal behavior at high pressure and low temperature? He (g) H2{g) 02 {g) H20 (g)

Since H20 molecules will experience hydrogen bonding, they feel significantly stronger intermolecular forces than the other gases do. Therefore, of the choices given, H20 (g) will deviate the most from ideal behavior at high pressure and low temperature.

Of the following, which gas would likely deviate the mostfrom ideal behavior at high pressure and low temperature? He(g) H2(g) O2(g) H2O(g)

Since H2O molecules will experience hydrogen bonding, they feel signicantly stronger intermolecular forces than the other gases do.Therefore, of the choices given, H2O(g) will deviate the most from ideal behavior at high pressure and low temperature

An individual that has two mutations located on only one chromosome can produce which gametes?

Since In meiosis, Cross over can occur , the gametes can be a mix of mut GCK; WT for CFTR mut GCK; mut CFTR; WT GCK and mut for CFTR

Which patient will have higher acidity/ lower PH in his stomach if patient B is given Mg(OH)2 and A is given calcium carbonate?

Since Mg(OH)2 is a stronger base, the product will be water and salt and no acid but since calcium carbonate is weaker, the product will have acidity in it and this will decrease PH and increase acidity. the patient that is given a weaker base will have higher acidity in his stomach

An object undergoing simple harmonic motion is observed to have a time interval of 4 seconds between the two extremes of its displacement from equilibrium. What is the frequency of this motion? A. 0.125 cycles/second B. 0.25 cycles/second C. 1.25 cycles/second D. 4 cycles/second

Since it takes 4 seconds for the object to travel from one end of its displacement to the other (half a cycle), the time for a full cycle is 2(4 sec) = 8 sec. Thus frequency = 1/T = 1/8 = 0.125 Hz.

What does the principal quantum number reveals?

Since potential energy is the square of the distance of two oppositely charged particles by coulomb law, n is associated with the radial size of the electron cloud

The circulatory system is a closed system with two pumps, the left side and right side of the heart. Which side of the heart pump a greater volume of blood?

Since the circulatory circuit, volume returning to the left atrium is equal to volume being pumped by the right ventricle. Venous return is equal to cardiac output. Thus both sides of the heart pump equal volumes of blood in healthy individuals

The enzyme maltose phosphorylase catalyzes a single-displacement reaction that converts maltose to glucose-1-phosphate. A single displacement is a type of chemical reaction and is best described by which of the following statements? Single displacement reactions typically have more reactants than products. Single displacement reactions typically have more products than reactants. Single displacement reactions are often redox reactions. Single displacement reactions typically have aqueous reactants and solid products.

Single displacement reactions are reactions in which one atom/ion within a molecule is replaced by an atom/molecule of another element. Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) The above reaction, for example, shows iron taking copper's place in the molecule that combines with sulfate. As we see, the number of products and reactants is the same on both sides, making choices (A) and (B) incorrect. Now, let's assign oxidation numbers to the above reaction to test answer choice (C). Fe (s): 0 Cu (aq): +2 SO4 (aq): -2 Fe (aq): +2 SO4 (aq): -2 Cu (s): 0 Based on these values, iron was oxidized and copper was reduced. It seems that single-displacement reactions certainly can be redox reactions. What about choice (D)? We see aqueous and solid products on both sides of the equation, so (D) is incorrect. Choice (C) is the only possible correct answer.

Are skeletal muscles nucleated, if so how many?

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated

What is the effect of CpG repeats on DNA replication?

Slow down DNA replication as they form DNA secondary structure

What happens if we calculate a specific heat based on the assumption that the specific heat of calorimeter is negligible. But then we realize that the calorimeter specific heat of capacity is not negligible?

So when we consider the specific heat capacity of calorimeter, that means not only the water absorbs heat from the substance , but also from the substance to the calorimeter, thus heat is lost from the substance more than what we expected; i.e not only from the substance to the water but also from the substance to the calorimeter as well.

Socialization

Socialization is defined as the lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world, beginning at birth and continuing until death

Similarities in chemical behavior can be observed between elements within the same family in the periodic table. For instance, sodium and potassium react with oxygen to produce a metal oxide. Which of the following gives the balanced reaction for the oxidation of an alkali metal (M)? 2M(s) + O2(g) → 2MO(s) 4M(s) + O2(g) → 2M2O(s) 3M(s) + O2(g) → M3O2(s) M(s) + O2(g) → MO2(s)

Sodium and potassium are congeners found in the first column of the periodic table. They are included in the alkali metal family and exhibit similar chemical reactivity. In the presence of oxygen, alkali metals are oxidized. To form a complete octet, alkali metals lose one valence electron and take on their preferred oxidation state of +1. Oxygen, on the other hand, completes its octet by gaining two electrons to form an anion with a charge of -2. Thus, in the reaction above, two metal (M) atoms must each lose one electron in order for each oxygen atom to gain two electrons. Of the reactions above, B is the only choice where the metal (M) has a charge of +1 and oxygen had a charge of -2 with a 2:1 coefficient ratio of metal to oxygen. Thus, B is the correct answer for the oxidation of alkali metals.

Common ion effect

Solubility of salt is reduced by the presence of one of its constituent ions in a solution

Spindles begin to form during _______, but do not attach to chromosomes until ______

Spindles begin to form during ____ prophase_____, but do not attach to chromosomes until ___Metaphase _____

Other categories of bacteria:

Spirilli> spiral shaped Cocci> spherical

Formation constant

Strength of reagent interactions that form complexes

Which of the areas of CNS is most responsible for the " higher-order processing" as it pertains to vision?

Striate cortex. The cerebrum or cerebral cortex is responsible for higher-order processing. Higher order processing of vision is performed in visual cortex.

The freezing point of a solution of sucrose was noted, and then a disaccharidase—an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides—was added to the solution. The enzyme was subsequently removed. How would the freezing point of this final solution compare with that of the original solution? It would be lower. It would be higher. It would be the same. It cannot be determined from the information given.

Sucrose would be degraded to smaller molecules by the enzyme. Thus the number of molecules in solution would increase, leading to an increase in the number of moles of molecules. The molality of the solution would then increase [Molality = (Number of moles of solute) / (1000 g solvent)]. From Tf = K'fm, the freezing point depression would increase, and hence the freezing point would decrease. (This problem is a classical example of a colligative property, which depends on the number, not the type, of molecule or particle present.) Going Deeper: Sucrase is a disaccharidase that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

What part help regulate eye movement?

Superior Culliculi

What is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms ?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

What is Surround suppression?

Surround suppression involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it. an example would be being unable to identify letter B from D by using tactile perception

What is true about the thermodynamics of synthesis of an amino acid?

Synthesis or building a molecule (anabolic) requires energy ( endothermic) , thus delta H is positive as well as Gibbs free energy

T cells assist in direct killing of infected or abnormal calls such as cancer cells. They are component of _____________________ immune system and undergo __________ upon stimulation with their antigens.

T cells assist in direct killing of infected or abnormal calls such as cancer cells. They are component of ____adaptive________ immune system and undergo __Proliferation________ upon stimulation with their antigens.

WHAT IS THE CHEMISTRY OF THE NUCLEIC POLYMERIZATION CATALYZED BY DNA POLYMERASE OR RNA POLYMERASE?

THE 3' -OH OF THE DEOXYRIBOSE SERVE AS NUCLEOPHILE TO ATTACK THE FIRST PHOSPHATE OF AN INCOMING NUCLEOTIDE WHICH CONTAINS THE TRIPHOSPHATE MOIETY.

THE NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE THAT ALLOW GLYCEROL-ALDEHYDE PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE ENZYME TO TRANSLATE TO NUCLEUS IS MOST LIKELY COMPOSED OF: A. NUCLEIC ACIDS B. CARBS C. FA D. AMINO ACIDS

THE BUILDING BLOCK OF PROTEINS ARE AMINO ACIDS

WHAT IS PLOTTED IN MASS SPECTROSCOPY?

THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PARTICULAR PEAK IS PLOTTED AGAINST AN M/Z RATIO.

If ethEnol is very unstable at room temperature and rapidly undergoes conversion to ethanal, what characterizes this conversion?

Tautomerization; ethenol is an enol and enols undergo reaction known as keto-enol tautomerization with the ketone form

What is the role of telomerase?

Telomerase is an enzyme that adds six nucleotide units at the end of chromosomes to protect the chromosomes from being shortened during DNA replication. Help add telomeres to the end of chromosomes. Help prevent DNA damage response triggered by chromosomes that have short telomeres. Increasing the length of telomeres would help prevent the progression of shortening of telomeres during the lifetime of cell.

What evidence could support the view that language is biologically based?

That the syntax of the languages would be similar across different unrelated communities suggesting that there is some innate understanding of language contained within people.

The 40 S subunit of ribosome contain _____________ and the 60S subunit contain _____________

The 40 S subunit of ribosome contain the mRNA to which tRNA is bound through anticodon: codon interaction. The 60S subunit contain rRNA that catalyzes the peptidyltransferase reaction to add the amino acids from the tRNA to the growing peptide chain

The Aufbau principle

The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. The diagram does not violate this idea.

Lateral geniculate nucleus

The Main relayer of visual information to the occipital lobe

t-RNA can bind either the A-site or the P-site, what is their difference?

The P-site only binds new aminoacyl t-RNAs when the t-RNA is carrying the initial methionine amino acid that begins eukaryotic proteins. If the t-RNA is bringing tyrosine for example, it wont bind P-site. A site binds all other incoming amionacyl t_RNAs as the peptide is growing. The E-site is where the tRNA, with its amino acid removed, exits the ribosome.

What is the PKa or the PH of an amino acid at its half equivalence point in titration?

The PH at which amino acid is split evenly between conjugate acid and base forms

The Pauli exclusion principle

The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers

Self-eficacy

The ability to set and accomplish goals and tasks

Meritocracy

The advancement or reward should be bestowed upon the most talented or accomplished members of a group. A society in which advancement up the social ladder is base on intellectual talent and achievement

Genetic leakage

The flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring

What property of lipid in production of myelin sheeth is important to increase the velocity of nerve impulse?

Increasing resistance and thus decreasing conductivity allows the insulation of axons causing the action potential to jump from uninsulated portion of the cell membrane by the saltatory conduction mechanisms

Solubility product constant ( Ksp)

Indicates solubility of ionic compound in water

What do you think drive reduction theorist would believe about someone who is hungry while having a deadline for a paper?

Individuals are motivated to behave in a way that reduce the strength of biological needs ; the person would have to follow the goal that is higher in precedence to satisfy the pressing urges.

WHEN working to mobilize the body, muscles are opposed by body's inertia. Which of the following individuals has the greatest inertia? A. A 100 Kg person moving at 5 m/s B. A 90 Kg person moving at 10 m/s C. A 90 Kg person accelerating at 10 m/s2 D. A 105 Kg person at rest

Inertia is the tendency of an object to maintain its current velocity ( this velocity can be zero) Inertia is independent of the specifics of velocity, only that it opposes its change. The individual with greatest inertia will be the one with the greatest mass regardless of velocity. ANSWER: D

What are the regions that allow for homologous recombination ?

Introns allow for homologous recombination ( complementary DNA on homologous chromosomes cross over and becomes integrated into the corresponding chromatid) during DNA replication and mitosis

Octahedral geometry

a complex with six bonds

what are structural proteins?

Long fibrous proteins that provide strength to the cell and matrix

Which function of hippocampus supports the theory that it plays a role in implicit motor skill learning?

Long term memory formation

At what two conditions would real gases deviate from ideal behaviour?

Low temperature and high pressure

Which of the following amino acids should have the greatest conformational flexibility of its side chain? A. Lysine B.Alanine C. Proline D. Cysteine

Lysine has the longest chain of the above amino acids . Because Proline is an imino acid, it has very restricted side chain conformational flexibility.

WHAT IS THE CONSENSUS REGARDING HYPOMETHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION OF A TARGET LOCUS?

METHYLATION OFA SEQUENCE RESULTS IN DECREASE IN TRANSCRIPTION OF A TARGET LOCUS. HYPOMETHYLATION OR DECREASED METHYLATION WOULD DECREASE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HISTONES AND DNA.

What is the role of Mg in ATP hydrolysis

Magnesium is a mineral, a metal, it is required in all reactions involving ATP

Magnesium phosphate is a component of kidney stones (renal calculi). If completely dissociated, what would be the concentration of magnesium ions in a 0.1 M solution of magnesium phosphate?

Magnesium phosphate is a salt, which can ionize and has the empirical formula Mg3(PO4)2. Thus for each mole of Mg3(PO4)2, three moles of magnesium cations will be obtained. Therefore the concentration of magnesium ions will be three times that of the magnesium phosphate. Mg3(PO4)2 ↔ 3Mg2+ + 2PO43-

What opposes the expansion of the alveoli due to influx of atmospheric pressure?

The elastic recoil force of the airway and the surface tension of the water lining the airway

Peptidyl transferase

The enzyme that binds amino acids together; its an amino acetyl transferase that is mediated by rRNA. The amino acid is bound to tRNA that will enter the A site in order for the peptidyl transferase to add that amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain on the P site.

ACCORDING TO LE CHARTELIER'S principle, where would the reaction favor towards when the volume is decreased ( pressure increased)

The equlibrium favors the side with fewer moles of gas.

During the transition from a protonated to de-protonated, whats gonna happen? imagining that the indicator is going from colourless to blue

The fact that it has gone from colorless to blue means, it has gone from absorbing UV light to visible light range in the magnetic spectrum. that means it has lost Energy and increased its wavelength. Thus The energy of the absorbed photons decrease.

What is 200-1000 cm-1 range known as:

The finger print region. The complex intramolecular vibrations between carbon-carbon single, double, and triple bonds are found here and are unique to a particular molecule.

What are the relation between the IP and Ksp

Unsaturated: IP < Ksp > solute dissolves Equilibrium: IP= Ksp > saturated solution Supersaturated: IP > Ksp > precipitation occur

What does urea and metacaptoethanol act on?

Urea act on hydrogen bonds; metacaptoethanol act on on disulfide bonds

The following are among the imaging tools used to examine the interior of the human body: computed tomography (CT) scan, which uses X-rays; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which uses the same principle as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in addition to radio waves; and positron emission tomography (PET) scan, which uses a radioactive tracer. Ionizing radiation, in which there is enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, can damage tissue and particularly DNA. Which of the following does NOT emit ionizing radiation? CT scan MRI PET scan All three emit ionizing radiation.

You should be familiar with the electromagnetic spectrum (PHY 9.2.4). Gamma rays (PET scan) and X-rays (CT scan) are at the high-energy (i.e., high-frequency since E = hf, where h is Planck's constant) end of the electromagnetic spectrum and are thus ionizing; whereas the lower-energy (i.e., low-frequency) end of the electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light (including nearly all types of laser light), infrared, microwaves, and radio waves (MRI) and thus is considered nonionizing radiation. Magnetic fields in NMR are used, in the case of proton NMR, to determine the number and types of hydrogens in a molecule but do not ionize the molecule (not the same principle as mass spectroscopy, ORG 14.3). Considering also the fact that radio waves are very low energy and ubiquitous, NMR/MRI is nonionizing. Typical ionizing subatomic particles from radioactivity include alpha particles, beta particles (= positron emission = PET scan), and neutrons. In general, ionizing radiation is harmful and potentially lethal to living beings but can have health benefits in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer and some thyroid diseases. Related note: Unlike X-ray imaging, there is no ionizing radiation exposure associated with ultrasound imaging. This is why ultrasound can be used safely to follow fetal development.

_______________ polymerization occur during metaphase of of mitosis to help align the chromosomes along the metaphase plate.

_Microtubule__ polymerization occur during metaphase of of mitosis to help align the chromosomes along the metaphase plate.

________________ AND ____________ OCCUR BETWEEN DIRECTLY ADJACENT ATOMS WITHIN A MOLECULE NOT BETWEEN DIFFERENT DOMAINS OF A PROTEIN

__COAVALENT_______ AND _____IONIC BONDING_______ OCCUR BETWEEN DIRECTLY ADJACENT ATOMS WITHIN A MOLECULE NOT BETWEEN DIFFERENT DOMAINS OF A PROTEIN

Attitude

a Learned tendency to evaluate things in certain ways; people,issues, events, objects; Attitude is broken down to : Affect ( emotions) about certain objects or topics, the behavioural component ( how we act or behave towards an object or subject) , Cognitive component ( forming thoughts,beliefs, knowledge about a subject). These three components are the ABC model of attitude.