SCSC 311 Test 3: Corn, Genetics and Intellectual Property
Leading Corn Growing States
1. Iowa 2. Illinois 3. Nebraska 4. Minnesota 5. Indiana 13. Texas Most is grown in North Central U.S.
Application Timing of Nitrogen on Corn
1/2 preplant 1/2 sidedress
Popcorn
200,000 acres in the U.S. Mainly in Nebraska and Indiana Avg yield: 40-50 bu/acre White, rice shape Yellow, pearl shape (small and large) Combine shelled with reduced cylinder speed and concave clearance to reduce damage and breakage Harvest at 16-17% moisture Ear Harvest: harvest between 20-25% moisture Shell at 16% moisture Bin-dry to 14% moisture
Corn Usage
39.1% feed 30.3% fuel ethanol 12.5% exports 8% DDGs (Distillers Dried Grains) 3.5% high fructose corn syrup 2.2% sweeteners 1.7% starches 1.5% cereal 1.1% alcohol 0.2% seed
Potassium at Physiological Maturity
40% in ear 40% in stalk 20% in leaves Uptake of K complete by R2 (blister)
World Record Yield of Corn
503.791 bu/ac in 2014 in Georgia
Phosphorous at Physiological Maturity
60% in ear 20% in stalk 20% in leaves Uptake throughout season
Nitrogen at Physiological Maturity
65% in head 10% in stalk 30% in leaves Uptake of N complete by R5 (dough)
Patent
A grant issued by the Federal Government giving the owner a temporary right to exclude all others from making, using or selling the invention Keeps others from doing something
Yields
Average U.S. yield is 34% of the record yield and theoretical maximum Management is crucial to corn production and yield
Corn Feed Grain Uses
Beef Pork Poultry
Application Timing of Potassium on Corn
Best preplant Most corn soils have adequate K
Application Timing of Phosphorous on Corn
Best preplant incorporated
Conventional Till
Better in poorly drained soils and areas with high pest pressure
West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA)
Bouake, Cote d'Ivoire Rice (O. sativa)
Chisel Plow
Breaks and shatters soil Residue left on or near surface Operating depth: 6-12 inches
International Center for Agriculture in Dry Areas (ICARDA)
Bruit, Lebanon Barley: 24,299 Chickpea: 11,986 Faba Bean: 5,454 Wheat: 31,713 Forages: 4,859 Lentil: 9,487
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)_
Cali, Columbia Cassava: 6,525 Forages: 23, 135 Bean: 32,225
Stalk Diseases
Charcoal Rot: consistently in Texas, infrequently in Corn Belt Giberella Rot: infrequently in Texas, occasionally in Corn Belt
Strip Till and Zone Till
Combines benefits of no-till and full width tillage Seedbed preparation is completed in a narrow band no more than 1/3 of the row width May be completed in Fall with application of nutrient or at planting time Crop residue and soil consolidation is left undisturbed between seedbed areas 6-8 inch strips into which dry fertilizer or anhydrous ammonia can be place
CGIAR
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 16 International Centers Collects, characterizes and conserves plants, fish, trees and livestock Over 700,000 plant and tree accessions
National Plant Germplasm System
Coordinated by ARS Established in 1862 1st controlled introduction: cabbage from Russia in 1898 (Plant Inventory 1 or PI 1) >450,000 PI's across 10,000 species Add about 10,000 PI's per year Distribute about 200,000 accessions per year
Root Insect Pest
Corn Rootworm: occasionally in Texas, occasionally in Corn Belt
Crop Specific Working Collections
Cotton: College Station, Texas Barley: Aberdeen, Indiana Rice: Aberdeen, Indiana Sorghum: Griffin, Georgia 9 total locations
PVP
Derived as more than 75% of original parents gene pool Must be sold by variety name only Protection of 1st generation hybrids, potatoes and tubers Protects from 18-20 years: annuals Protects from 18-25 years: trees and vines Can save seed for your farm only
Seeds of Change
Didn't read a damn word of this whole book. Oops.
Corn Genetics
Diploid Annual Diecious: separate male and female flowers on the same plant C4 plant (look @ slides)
Germplasm Collection
Domestic and foreign plants Wild and weedy relatives of crop species Cultivars Inbred parental lines Elite breeding lines Some rare and endangered species Genetic stocks
Corn Industrial Uses
Ethanol Starches
Stalk Insect Pest
European Corn Borer: infrequently in Texas, consistently in Corn Belt Southwestern Corn Borer: occasionally in Texas, occasionally in Corn Belt
Pop Corn
Extreme form of Flint Corn Hard, glassy endosperm surrounding a small center of floury endosperm Different types of popcorn hybrids for processing and ready to eat
Moldboard Plow
Extreme lifting and inverting of the soil Leaves very little residue on the soil surface
Corn in the U.S.
First corns grown in Southwest desert Corn moved north and east among Indian populations
National Seed Storage Lab
Ft. Collins, Colorado Base collection
Ear Rot Diseases
Fusarium: consistently in Texas, occasionally in Corn Belt Diplodia: infrequently in Texas, infrequently in Corn Belt Gibberella: infrequently in Texas, occasionally in Corn Belt Aspergillus: consistently in Texas, infrequently in Corn Belt
1970 Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA)
Granted some protection to some sexually reproduced crop species and provided a policy platform for the U.S. to cooperate in UPOV
Flint Corn
Hard, glassy endosperm surrounding soft floury endosperm center Little grown in U.S. Predominant in Argentina
Author Of Seeds of Change
Henry Hobhouse
Maturity Selection
Higher yields are correlated with greater maturing in non-stress environments (Corn Belt) South Texas: limit is heat and drought Iowa: limit is killing frost date <90 days is very early >120 days is very late Max high temperature: 86 F Max low temperature: 50 F
Heterosis
Hybrid vigor The increase in performance of the F1 progeny above that of either parent
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
Ibadan, Nigeria Bambara: 2,014 Cassava: 2,078 Cowpea: 15,003 Soybean: 1,909 Wild Vigna: 1,632 Yam: 3,078
International Potato Center (CIP)
Lima, Peru Andean Roots and Tubers: 1,112 Sweet Potato: 6,070 Potato: 7,267
Germplasm
Living tissue from which new plants can be grown Seeds Plant tissue Pollen Cells
Corn Nutrient Deficiencies
Look @ slides
Hybrid Development
Look @ slides
Other Intellectual Property History
Look @ slides
Other Intellectual Property Info
Look @ slides
Corn Origin and Domestication
Look at slides
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
Los Banos, Philippines Rice
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)
Maccarese, Italy Musa (Banana and Plantain)
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Mexico Maize: 23,276 Wheat: 94,576
Corn Center of Diversity
Mexico and Central America Moved throughout North and South America by humans
Corn Water Use
Minimum of 24" of moisture to make a crop 30-35" of moisture to maximize yield and avoid water losses due to water stress
Dent Corn
Most U.S. corn production Dent caused by distribution of floury endosperm in kernel
Major Required Nutrients in Corn
N, P, K
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
Nairobi, Kenya Forages
World Agroforestry Center
Nairobi, Kenya Sesbania (pea family)
Floury Corn
No hard endosperm All endosperm is floury Limited commercial production for niche markets Susceptible to molds
Requirements to meet PVP
Novel: variety not previously known publicly Uniform: any variations are desirable and predictable Stable: variety remains unchanged when sexually reproduced Distinctive: differs by one or more characteristics
Requirements for Utility Patents
Novelty: new, not previously known publicly Utility: useful for other than research purposes Non-obvious: not predictable
Ear Insect Pest
Occasionally in Texas, infrequently Corn Belt
Dark Respiration
Occurs all the time in living plants Occurs in daylight and darkness Is normal and necessary to maintain growth and life
Odd/Even Number Page Side in Seeds of Change
Odd: right Even: left
Landrace Cultivars
Open pollination Farmer saves best ears as seed for next season Low grain yield 1870s-1930s: 25-30 bu/ac
International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Patancheru, India Chickpea: 17,117 Peanut (Groundnut): 14,803 Pearl Millet: 21,563 Pigeonpea: 13,389 Sorghum: 36,771
Intellectual Property
Personal property resulting from the creative mind or intellect Can be protected by a patent, copyright or trademark
Dryland Production of Corn
Plant earlier to avoid late season stress Lower plant population Plant drought tolerant hybrids: ASI, Staygreen Limit cultivation to minimize water loss
No Till/Limited Till
Popular on well-drained soil in Corn Belt Conserves water Reduces erosion Increases pest pressure Soil left undisturbed from harvest to planting except for nutrient injection Plant in narrow seed bed Weeds controlled with herbicides
Utility Patents
Protects seed, plants, plant parts, genes, inbreds, hybrids, cultivars and methods of development & regeneration Protection fof 20 years Excludes all others from making, using or selling
Disk
Pulverizes or smooths soil Operating depth: 1/4 of disk diameter
6 Plants in Seeds of Change
Quinine Sugar Tea Cotton Potatoes Coca
National Germplasm Resources Lab
Responsible for oversight of exploration, exchange with other countries, cataloging incoming accessions and distributes to various locations in the system Beltsville, Maryland
Regional Plant Introduction Stations
SE: Griffin, Georgia NE: Geneva, New York NC: Ames, Iowa W: Pullman, Washington
Caryopsis
Seed in which the maternal seed coat is fused to the endosperm and embryo
Sweet Corn
Shrunken kernel due to lower conversion of sugars to starch Hard, glossy endosperm Found in fresh and frozen vegetable market
Forage Corn
Silage or greenchop High forage quality Harvest at R5 stage: maximum yield and quality Harvest at 35% moisture Management is identical to harvesting the grain
Subsoiler
Similar to chisel plow Operating depth: 12-22 inches Alleviate soil compaction Loosen compacted areas of fields
Row Spacing
Slightly higher yields at 20" than 30"
Ridge Till
Soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting Plant in a seedbed Residue left on surface between ridges Weeds controlled with herbicides or cultivation Ridges rebuilt during in-season cultivation
Foliar Diseases
Southern: occasionally in Texas, occasionally in Corn Belt Corn Leaf: not common Blight: not common Northern Corn: infrequently in Texas, occasionally in Corn Belt Leaf Blight: not common
Sweet Corn Production
Starch synthesis disrupted by mutant alleles at several steps in the enzymatic pathway Harvest on defined dates after pollination Increased seeding rate Full irrigation Full control of insects Markets: fresh, frozen, canned
National Clonal Repositories
Storage of living material such as trees and ornamentals Apples: Geneva, New York Papaya: Hilo, Hawaii Hickory: Brownwood, Texas Peaches: Davis, California 10 total locations
Height Selection
Strong correlation between height and yield in southern states Ear height must be high enough for good pollination and low enough to avoid excess lodging potential
South/Central Texas Corn Growing
Subtropical environment Rainfed (high stress) Low yield (75 bu/ac)
Parabolic Plow or Para-Plow
Surface residue is left on the soil surface as the soil is lifted and fractured below
Texas Panhandle Corn Growing
Temperate environment Irrigated High yield (150 bu/ac)
Corn Belt
Temperate environment Where most U.S. corn is grown Planted in early spring Growth during long days (warm days, cool nights) Matures in short days and cooler temperatures North Central has reduced disease and insect pressure Consistent rainfall eliminates need of irrigation
Texas
Temperate environment (High Plains) Subtropical environment (South & Central Texas) Plant as early as possible Mid-season hybrids to avoid summer heat Mature into hot, dry weather Significant disease and pest pressure Drought stress Warm night temperatures hurt yield by increasing dark respiration Hot days hurt yield by increasing photorespiration
Irrigated Production of Corn
Timing is crucial Establish stand Avoid stress at silking and early grain fill Monitor soil moisture levels
Corn Food Grain Uses
Tortillas Chips Flour Baking Grits for cereals Brewing High fructose corn syrup Corn oil
Types of Patents for Crops
Utility patents Plant patents PVP Contracts Trade secrets
Photorespiration
When the CO2 levels inside a leaf become low Occurs on hot, dry days when a plant closes its stomata to prevent excess water loss Occurs in daylight Reduses yield
Factors when choosing a Hybrid
Yield potential Maturity and height Disease and insect resistance Drought tolerance Marketing options
Corn
Zea mays L. 3rd most productive cereal worldwide 1st in production and area in the U.S. Over 94.5 million acres planted and over 86 million acres harvested 42% of corn grown worldwide is in the U.S. One of the most valuable crops in the U.S. High average yields (173 bu/ac) Mainly grown in favorable environments
