Semester 1 Biology Vocabulary
size of eukaryote
10-100 picometers
ADP
2 phosphate group and has some energy but not fully charged
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2
Inversion
A chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome.
Organ system
A group of organs that perform a similar function
Organ
A group of tissue that performs a function
Nucleus
A large membrane-enclosed structure of the cell that contains the genetic material in the form of DNA.
Receptor
A location on a cell that a specific molecule can bind to.
Duplication
A mutation that produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome.
light-independent reactions
ATP & NADPH molecules are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide
Golgi apparatus
An organelle appear as a stack of flattened membranes. The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the Endoplasmic Reticulum for storage in the cell.
Ribosome
An organelle that is made of RNA and protein. Ribosomes produce proteins by following coded instructions from the DNA.
Vacuole
An organelle that stores water, salt, carbohydrates and protein. A single large is found in plant cells.
Eukaryote
Cells that contain a nucleus with DNA inside of it.
Prokaryote
Cells that don't have nucleus and the DNA is free floating.
Mitochondria
Converts chemical energy stored in food into a more convenient form for the cells to use.
James Watson & Francis Crick
Credited for discovering the chemical structure of DNA in 1953.
Role of DNA in heredity
DNA makes up genes capable of storing, copying and transmitting genetic information in the cell.
Frederick Griffith
Did bacterial transformation turning harmless pneumonia into harmful pneumonia.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Erwin Chargaff
Discovered that the % of adenine always matched the % of thymine, % of guanine always matched % of cytosine.
Selectively permeable
It allows some things to pass through it and stops some things from passing through it.
Homeostasis
Maintaining relatively constant internal physical and chemical balance inside /outside of the cell.
Osmotic pressure
Net movement of water in/out of a cell. This force causes the cell to be Isontonic, Hypertonic or Hypotonic.
Chloroplast
Organelle found in plant cells that collects sunlight and converts the sunlight into a process called photosynthesis.
Lysosome
Organelle that are filled with enzymes. It breaks down lipids and carbohydrates.
Translocation
Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
Deletion
Part of the chromosome or gene is eliminated or taken out.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Place where lipid components for the cell membrane is assembled.
Diffusion
Process of moving particles/molecules from high to low concentrations
Aquaporin
Special protein channels that allow water to move in and out of a cell.
Organelle
Specialized structures that carry out different jobs in the cell.
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
What affects photosynthesis?
Temperature, light, water
Insertion
The addition of a base to the DNA sequence.
Cell
The basic unit of life.
Covalent Bond
The bond between the sugar-phosphate backbone components.
Hydrogen bond
The bond that joins base pairs together in the center of the double helix
Substitution
The change of one base to another in a DNA sequence.
Cytoskeleton
The protein filament that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in movement.
Hypertonic
The solution has a higher concentration of the solute. "Hyper" means above strength.
Centriole
The structure that helps with cell division. Located near the nucleus.
Cell membrane
The thin flexible barrier of the cell that allows things to in and out of the cell.
Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase
Used bacteriophages to confirm that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material found in genes for all living cells.
Oswald Avery
Used enzymes to destroy macromolecules in the transformed bacteria to discover the chemical nature of the transforming factor.
Rosalind Franklin
Used x-ray diffraction to take photos of the DNA molecule.
cell theory
What states that... 1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. new cells produced from existing cells
Hypotonic
When the solution has a lower concentration than the solute. "Hypo" means below strength.
Isotonic
When two solutions have the same concentration.
photosynthesis
autotrophs use energy of sunlight to produce high energy carbs that can we used as foods
Autotroph
captures energy from sunlight to produce its own food
mutation
change in the genetic material of a cell.
mutagen
chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation.
photosystem
cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids
ATP synthase
cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it, transforming ADP into ATP.
genetic code
collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis.
ATP
compound used by cells to store and release energy ex. algae
polyploidy
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.
NADP+
electron carrier molecule that moves from the stroma to the thylakoid to pick up more electrons.
NADPH
electron carrier, takes e from thylakoids and brings it to the stroma
RNA polymerase
enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template.
exon
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein.
Stroma
fluid portion outside of the thylakoids
point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed in some way.
anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA.
codon
group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.
bacteriophage
kind of virus that infects bacteria.
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins.
nuclear envelope
made of 2 membranes that allows movement into and out of nucleus
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide.
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments, helps maintain shape and help cells move
Heterotroph
obtains food by consuming other living things ex. mushrooms
centrioles
organize cell division in animal cells
pigment
plants gather the sun's energy w/ this light-absorbing molecule
chlorophyll
plants' principal pigment
DNA polymerase
principal enzyme involved in DNA replication.
base pairing
principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
gene expression
process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function.
translation
process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein.
transformation
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.
replication
process of copying DNA prior to cell division.
telomere
repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome.
light-dependent reactions
require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments and water.
Thylakoids
saclike/disklike photosynthetic membrane located in the chloroplast
intron
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein.
electron transport chain
series of electron carriers that shuttle high energy electrons during ATP generating reactions
RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose.
promoter
specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription.
DNA
stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.
flagella
the "tail" of a bacterium that propels it and needs ATP
messenger RNA (mRNA)
type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes.
Calvin cycle
uses 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6 carbon sugar molecule
Lipid bilayer
Flexible layered sheet of cells that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm
Found in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. The portion of the cell outside the nucleus. It is a gel like substance that allows organelles to move around.
Cell wall
Found in plant cells and most prokaryotes. Provides support, shape and protection for the cell.
Tissue
Group of similar cells that perform the same function
What increases the rate of photosynthesis?
High light intensity
