Senior Design Final

Safety Information Display

TRR: Total Recordable Rate (OSHA)

First Aid Definition

- Using nonprescription medication at nonprescription doses - Administering tetanus immunizations - Cleaning, flushing, or soaking wounds on the surface of the skin - Using wound coverings such as bandages and gauze pads - Using hot or cold therapy - Using totally non-rigid means of support, such as elastic bandages, wraps, and non-rigid backbelts - Using temporary immobilization devices such as splints, sling, neck collars, and back boards while transporting an accident victim - Drilling a fingernail or toenail to relieve pressure, or draining fluids from blisters - Using eye patches - Using irrigation, tweezers, cotton swab, or other simple means to remove splinters or foreign material from areas other than the eye. - Using finger guards - Using massage - Drinking fluids to relieve heat stress

The probability of failure for each of the component in the system below is 0.1. Calculate the probability that the system will fail.

A - A - B -> The system will operate successfully if both As work and B woks or one of As works and B works. P(system successes) = [1-P(both A's fail)] x P(B works) P(system successes) = [1-(0.1)(0.1)](0.9) = 0.891 P(system fails) = 1-0.891= 0.109

What is Frederick Taylor's connection to the safety movement?

Although safety was not a major focus of his work, Taylor did draw a connection between lost personnel time and management policies and procedures. This connection between safety and management represented a major step toward broad-based safety consciousness.

OSHA Requirements

Areas of concern - Fire protection - Electricity - Sanitation - Air quality - Machine use, maintenance, and repair - Posting of notices and warnings - Reporting of accidents and illnesses - Maintaining written compliance programs - Employee training

Restrooms for Transgender Workers

Can transgendered individuals select the restroom of their choice? • OSHA's "Restroom Guide" published in June 2016 requires that employers allow transgendered individuals to select the restroom of their choice. • According to OSHA, this requirement will prevent some employees from suffering health problems. • Critics claim that OSHA has overstepped the boundaries of its mission and should have let the EEOC rules apply.

Which federal agency oversee NIOSH?

Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) of Department of Health and Human Services

OSHA Approved State Safety Plan

Five states and one U.S. territory have OSHA approved state plans that cover local and state government personnel only: - Connecticut - Illinois - Maine - New Jersey - New York - Virgin Islands

Explain the primary reasons behind the passage of OSHA.

Generally, the state legislated safety requirements only in specific industries, had inadequate safety and health standards, and had inadequate budgets for enforcement. The injury and death toll due to industrial mishaps was still too high. In the late 1960s, more than 14,000 employees were killed annually in connection with their jobs. Work injury rates were taking an upward swing.

Is Safety = Health?

Health has several components Safety depends on the situation. Driving Safely and Driving Healthy (intoxicated) mean differently. Are you safe = Are you healthy? Safety often has an acute effect (happens quickly) Health is associated with chronological effect (happens slowly)

Describe the circumstances that led to the development of the first organized safety program.

In 1892 in a Joliet, Illinois, steel plant the first recorded safety program was established in response to a scare caused when a flywheel exploded. Following the explosion a committee of managers was formed to investigate and make recommendations.

Productivity Info Display

Keep track of productivity

Quality Info Display

Keep track of quality

Can variances be granted by OSHA simply because an employer cannot afford to comply?

No.

Does National Institute of Health (NIH) conducts Industry safety and health related research?

No. The National Institutes of Health, part of the Public Health Service, supports biomedical and behavioral research with the United States and abroad, conducts research in its own laboratories and clinics, trains promising young researchers, and promotes collecting and sharing medical knowledge.

OSHA does inspect federal agencies not covered by other federal statutes. Can OSHA give them citations? Can OSHA fine them for violations of OSHA standards?

OHSA can give these federal agencies citations but cannot fine them. Why? Who is going to pay the fine? You - taxpayers including President of U.S.

OSHA Standards

OSHA Establishing Standards in the following areas: - General Industry - Construction - Maritime - Agriculture The standards are intended to protect workers from a wide range of workplace hazards. • OSHA has the authority to develop, adopt, amend, and revoke occupational safety and health standards. OSHA is authorized to begin the standard-setting process on its own or in response to requests or recommendations from other stakeholder including − The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) − State and local government agencies − Nationally recognized standards producing organizations − Employers − Labor organizations − Interested parties in general

Types of OSHA Action

OSHA can take three different types of action on standards. • A standard may be: - Adopted - Amended - Revoke • Before any of these actions can be undertaken, OSHA must publish its intentions in the Federal Register. • OSHA has two options for meeting this requirement: - A request for information (RFI) - An advance notice of proposed rule-making (ANPRM) • All responses to RFI and ANPRM are made public. • Each Spring and Fall, the Department of Labor publishes a list of all regulatory projects that are currently in process in the Federal Register.

Probability of System Failure

P(subsystem failure) = 0.1 P(serial system failure) = ? A - B -> Pro (success) = 0.9*0.9 = 0.81 Pro (failure) =1-0.81=0.19

Estimating Hidden Costs

Paid time to the injured employee on the day of the accident Paid time of any emergency-responder personnel involved Paid time for all employees who were interviewed as part of the accident investigated Paid time of the safety personnel who handled the workers' compensation and medical aspects of the accident Paid time of the supervisor involved in the accident investigation and accident response Paid time to employees near the accident working (or slowing down) temporarily as a result of the accident Paid time to employees who spent time talking about the accident as news of it spread through the company's grapevine

OSHA Act Coverage

Quiz: Name some federal agencies not covered by the OSHA act. A: For example, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, the Department of Energy, the Coast Guard

Developments before the Industrial Revolution

Safety and health awareness has a long history. − There is evidence of occupational safety and health efforts as far back as the time of the Egyptian pharaohs. − Rameses created an industrial medical service to care for the worker who were building temples and pyramids. − The Code of Hammurabi*, circa 2000 BC, contained clauses that could be interpreted as early attempts at workers' compensation. *The sixth king of the first dynasty of Babylonia, reigned 1792- 1750 bc. He extended the Babylonian empire and instituted one of the earliest known collections of laws

Explain how workplace tragedies have affected the safety movement. Give examples.

Safety and health tragedies in the workplace have greatly accelerated the pace of the safety movement. Three of the most significant events in the history of the safety and health movement were the Hawk's Nest, asbestos menace, and Bhopal tragedies.

Explain the development of the National Safety Council.

The Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers (AISEE), formed in the early 1900s, pressed for a national conference on safety. As a result of the AlSEE's efforts, the first meeting of the Cooperative Safety Congress took place in Milwaukee in 1912. A year after the initial meeting of the Cooperative Safety Congress, the National Council of Industrial Safety was established in Chicago, Illinois. In 1915, this organization changed its name to the National Safety Council.

Purposes of OSHA

The Department of Labor breaks down this mission statement further into the following specific purposes: - Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards. - Implement new safety and health programs. - Improve existing safety and health programs. - Encourage research that will lead to innovative ways of dealing with workplace safety and health problems. - Establish the rights of both employers and employees regarding the improvement of workplace safety and health. - Monitor job-related illnesses and injuries through a system of reporting and record keeping. - Establish training programs to increase the number of safety and health professionals and to improve their competence continually. Establish mandatory workplace safety and health standards and enforce those standards. - Provide for the development and approval of state-level workplace safety and health programs. - Monitor, analyze, and evaluate state-level safety and health programs.

Name one federal agency in U.S. that conducts Industry safety and health related research?

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Area Covered by OSH Act

The OSH Act covers all employers and all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and all other territories that fall under the jurisdiction of the U.S. government with the following exceptions: - Persons who are self-employed - Family farms that employ only immediate members of the family - Federal agencies covered by other federal statutes - State and local governments (states must provide a program for state and local government employee that is at least equal to its private sector plan) - Coal mines (coal mines are regulated by mining-specific laws)

Other Cost Estimating Methods

The costs associated with workplace accidents, injuries, and incidents fall into broad categories such as the following: • Lost work hours • Medical costs • Insurance premiums and administration • Property damage • Fire losses • Indirect costs

The Mission of OSHA

The mission of OSHA is to ensure to the extent possible that every working person in the United States has a safe and healthy working environment so that valuable human resources are preserved and protected.

State Plans

There are currently 28 states having OSHA approved state plans as of March 19, 2019. The current list can be founded below (note that Louisiana is not on the list).

When the overall cost of an accident is calculated, what elements make up the cost?

These costs include such factors as lost wages, medical expenses, insurance administration, fire-related losses, motor vehicle property damage, and indirect costs.

Explain the Three E's of Safety

Three E's of Safety: Engineering - involves making design improvements to both product and process; Education - ensures that employees know how to work safely; and Enforcement - involves making sure that employees abide by safety policies, rules, regulations, practices, and procedures.

Incidence Rates - Total

Total incidence rate represents the number of incidents expected by a 100-employee firm in a full year if incidents during the year follow the same frequency as observed during the study period. • Using the same basic formula with only minor substitutions, safety managers can calculate the following types of incidence rates: - Injury rate - Illness rate - Fatality rate - Lost workday cases rate - Number of lost workdays rate - Specific hazard rate - Loss workday injuries rate • The number of lost workdays rate, does not include holidays, weekends, or any other days that employees would not have worked anyway, takes the place of the old severity rate calculation.

Which federal agency oversee OSHA?

U.S. Department of Labor

Explain the significance of the Code of Hammurabi in terms of the safety movement.

What is significant about the code from the perspective of safety and health is that it contained clauses dealing with injuries, allowable fees for physicians, and monetary damages assessed against those who injured others.

Temporary Compliance Variances

When an employer is unable to comply with a new standard immediately but may be able to if given time, a temporary variance may be requested. - OSHA will grant such a variance up to a maximum of one year. • Employers must demonstrate that they are making a concerted effort to comply and must take the steps necessary to protect employees while working toward compliance.

Why multiply by 200,000?

Without multiplying by 200,000, IR would be very small for a small company. For example, When N = 2, T = 11 x 2000 = 22000 IR = 2/22000 = 0.000009 ≈ 0 When N = 2 x 200000 = 400000, T = 22000 IR = 400000/22000 = 20.18 This means that the IR rate of this company is equivalent to 20.18 of a company with 100 employees: 20.18 incidents occurred in a year in this company. More Example: A 100-employee company reported 2 injury cases, 3 illness cases and one fatality case in the past year. The injury-illness incidence rate (without multiplying 200,000) = 0.00003 0 A first glance at this number, it seems that the company had a good safety record. The injury-illness incidence rate (after being multiplied by 200,000) = 0.00003 x 200,000 = 6 This number shows that the company's safety & health conditions needs to be improved as it is equivalent to 6 incidents occurred in one year in a company with 100 employees.

Can variances be granted by OSHA if employers cannot find suitable specialists due to a shortage of such candidates.

Yes, but the maximum extended period is 6 months.

My company has only one employee. Must my company comply with the OSH Act?

Your company has one employee, so you are considered an employer and must comply with applicable section of the act. Note: Companies with 10 or fewer employees are exempted from OSHA inspections and the requirement to maintain injury and illness records. So, never hire more than 10 people. But your business will never grow.

OSHA Forms

• All records required by OSHA can be maintained using the following forms: - OSHA Form 300 - OSHA Form 301 - OSHA Form 300A

Report Keeping and Report Exceptions

• Among the exceptions to OSHA's record-keeping and reporting requirements, the two most prominent are as follows: - Employers with 10 or fewer employees (full or part-time in any combination) - Employers in real estate, finance, retail trade, or insurance. • The number of lost workdays rate, does not include holidays, weekends, or any other days that employees would not have worked anyway, takes the place of the old severity rate calculation.

Establishment of OSHA

• Among the legislations passed by various federal and state agencies concerning workplace safety and health, Occupational Safety and Heath Act (OSH Act) of 1970 is the most significant one passed by Congress. • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), was established by this law. • Until 1970, laws governing workplace safety were limited and sporadic. • OSHA purpose stated in the 1970 OSHA Act: "To assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources."

Electronic Reporting

• As of January 1, 2017 certain employers are required to file reports on workplace injuries and illnesses electronically. • Electronic reporting applies to employers with 250 employees or more. • In addition, certain employers with between 20 and 250 personnel must also file their reports electronically.

Return on Investment (ROI) in Safety and Health Management

• Businesses tend to focus on the bottom line. • Consequently, executives constantly pressure to managers in their organizations—including safety and health professionals—to document their department's return on investment or ROI. • In other words, executives want to know that safety is not just about preventing losses, it can also help the organization financially. • A study by a large construction firm in the United Kingdom, the Foster Wheeler, showed a high correlation (63 percent) between safety and productivity.

Employee Appeals

• Employees may appeal the following aspects of OSHA's decisions regarding their workplace: - The amount of time (abatement period) given an employer to correct a hazardous condition that has been cited - An employer's request for an extension of an abatement period

OSHA Required Posting Materials

• Employers are required to post the following material at locations where employee information is normally displayed: - OSHA Poster 2203 which advises employees of the various provisions of the OSH Act. - Copies of all OSHA citations received for failure to meet standards - OSHA Form 300A

Employer Petitions

• Employers may petition for: - Modification of abatement - Contest a citation, abatement period, and/or penalty

Permanent Compliance Variances

• Employers who feel that their workplace already exceeds the requirements of a new standard may request a permanent variance and must present their evidence to OSHA for inspection. • Employees must be informed of the application for a variance and notified of their right to request a hearing. • OHSA can award or deny the variance.

OSHA Fines: Who Gets the Money

• Fines collected by OSHA can be in the billions annually. • So who gets the money? • All fines collected by OSHA go to the general fund of the U.S. Treasury.

Fundamental Legal Principles

• Fundamental legal principles with which safety and health professionals should be familiar are: - Negligence: failure to take reasonable care or failure to perform duties in ways that prevent harm to humans or damage to property. - Liability: a duty to compensate as a result of being held responsible for an act or omission. - Care: has several concepts (page 133) - Ability to pay: sometime assessed by the court. - Damages - Proximate cause: the cause of an injury or damage to property. - Willful/reckless conduct: behavior worse than negligence - Tort: an action involving a failure to exercise reasonable care - Foreseeability: refers to when risk could have been reasonably foreseen.

Rationale for the OSHA Act

• In 1970, an average of 14,000 deaths was caused by workplace accidents (this figure has since dropped to 4,500). • Approximately 2.5 million workers were disabled in workplace accidents. • Approximately 300,000 new cases of occupational diseases were reported.

OSHA FINES

• In August 2016, OSHA increased its fines for other than serious, serious, willful, and repeat violations for the first time in 25 years. The standards and penalties are now as follows: - Other than serious violation: $12,471 - Serious violation: $12,471 - Willful violation $126,000 - Repeat violations: $126,000

Setting Standards and Inspecting for Compliance

• In addition to setting standards and inspecting for compliance, OSHA provides services to help employers meet the latest safety and health standards. - Services are typically offered at no cost and are intended for smaller companies, particularly those with especially hazardous processes or materials.

Milestones in the Safety Movement

• Milestones in the development of the safety movement in the United Sates include the following: - First recorded safety program in 1892 - Creation of the Bureau of Mines in 1907 - Passage of the first effective workers' compensation law in the United States in 1911 - Passage of OSHA in 1970

Partial Report Exceptions

• Most businesses that fall into Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes 52-89 are exempt from all record-keeping and reporting requirements except in the case of a fatality or an in indent in which five or more employees are hospitalized. • Page 98 lists types of organizations that are partially exempt.

How to Read an OSHA Standard

• OHSA standards are part of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), published by the Office of the Federal Register. • Title 29 contains all the standards assigned to OSHA. • Title 29 is divided into several parts, each carrying a fournumber designator (such as Part 1901, Part 1910). • These parts are divided into section, each carrying a numerical designation. For example, 29 CFR 1910.1 means Title 29, Part 1910, Section 1, Code of Federal Regulations. The sections are divided into four different levels of subsections, each with a particular type of designator as follows: First Level: lowercase letters (a) (b) (c) (d) Second Level: numerals (1) (2) (3) (4) Third Level: roman numerals (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Fourth Level: uppercase letters (A) (B) (C) (D) Fifth Level: lowercase letters (a) (b) (c) (d)

OSHA Form 300

• OSHA Form 300 is used to record information about every work-related death and every work-related injury or illness that involves loss of consciousness, restricted work activity, job transfer, days away from work, or medical treatment beyond first aid. • OSHA Form 300 is also used to record significant work-related injuries and illnesses that are diagnosed by a physician or licensed healthcare professional as well as those that meet any of the specific recording criteria set for in the 29 CFR Part 1904.12

OSHA Form 300A

• OSHA Form 300A is used to summarize all injuries and illnesses that appear on OSHA's Form 300. • All organizations covered by 29 CFR Part 1904 mst complete Form 300A, even if there have been no work-related injuries or illnesses during the year in question.

OSHA Form 301

• OSHA Form 301 is used for every incidence of a recordable injury or illness. • Form 301 must be completed within seven calendar days of learning that a recordable injury or illness has occurred.

Workplace Inspections

• OSHA Personnel may conduct workplace inspections unannounced, and except under special circumstances, giving an employer prior notice is a crime punishable by fine, imprisonment, or both. • OSHA's priorities for carrying out workplace inspections are as follows: - Imminent danger - Catastrophe - fatalities or hospitalizations - Worker complaints and referrals - Targeted inspections - particular hazards or high injury rates - Follow-up inspection • OSHA compliance officers are authorized to take the following action with regard to workplace inspections: - Enter at reasonable times any site, location, or facility where work is taking place. - Inspect at reasonable times any condition, facility, machine, equipment, materials, and so on. - Question in private any employee or other person formally associated with the company. • Employers may require that OSHA have a judicially authorized warrant before conducting an inspection. • The U.S. Supreme Court handed down this case in 1978.

OSHA's Stand on Safety Incentives

• OSHA has come out strongly against not safety incentives per se, but against incentives that discourage employees from reporting accidents and injuries. • An OSHA memorandum titled "Employer Safety incentive and Disincentive Policies and Practices" directs field-compliance officers and whistleblower investigators to be especially vigilant in identifying instances in which accidents, incidents, or injuries have not been reported because of safety incentives.

OSHA Reports and Logs

• OSHA has specific requirements concerning accident reporting and specific logs for making reports. • Safety professionals must know - how to complete OSHA logs 300, 300A, and 301 - when to use each log - how to submit each log - when to submit them •OSHA Form 300 - a log of work-related injuries and illnesses. •OSHA Form 300A - a summary report of work-related injuries and illnesses. •OSHA Form 301 - used to report individual incidents of injuries and illnesses.

Citations Issued by OSHA

• OSHA is empowered to issue citations and/or set penalties. • Citations are for: - Other than serious violations: a violation that has a direct relationship to job safety and health, but probably would not cause death or serious physical harm. - Serious violations: a violation in which there is a high probability that death or serious physical injury may result and that the employer knew or should have known of the hazard. - Willful violations: a violation that the employer intentionally and knowingly commits. • Citations are for: - Repeat violations: a violation of any standard, regulation, rule or order where, upon reinspection, a substantially similar violation is found. - Failure to correct prior violation - De minimis violations: violations of standards that have no direct bearing on safety and health.

Temporary Emergency Standards

• OSHA is empowered to pass temporary emergency standards on an emergency basis without undergoing normal adoption procedures. • Such standards remain in effect only until permanent standards can be developed. • OSHA must determine that workers are in imminent danger from exposure to a hazard not covered by existing standards. • Once a temporary standard has been developed, it is published in the Federal Register.

Detractors of OSHA

• OSHA is not without its detractors. - Criticisms of OSHA take many forms, depending on the perspective of the critic. - Some characterize OSHA as an overbearing bureaucracy with little or no sensitivity to the needs of employers who are struggling to survive in a competitive marketplace. • Others label OSHA as timid and claim it does not do enough. - At different times and different places, both points of view have probably been at least partially accurate.

OSHA Assistance, Services, and Programs

• OSHA provides a variety of services, programs, and assistance including: - Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP). Certifications will be awarded to those who participate and pass the inspection. - Cooperative Programs aims to foster cooperation between and among stakeholders in workplace safety. - Alliance Program allows OSHA to form alliance with other groups that are committed to workplace safety and health including trade associations, professional associations employers, unions, universities etc. OSHA Strategic Partnership Program (OSPP) provides opportunities for OSHA to form strategic partnerships with employers, workers, professional organizations, trade associations, and other stakeholder organizations. - Challenge Program provides opportunities for employer and workers to receive assistance in improving their safety and health management programs. - Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) allows OSHA to recognize employers and workers in the private and public sectors that have (1) implemented effective safety and health management program and (2) maintain injury and illness rates below the national average for their industry. - Susan Harwood Training Grants - Susan Harwood Training Grants awards grant to nonprofit organizations to provide training and education on hazard identification and prevention to worker and smaller employers. • OSHA operates a training institute in Des Plaines, Illinois, that offers a wide variety of services to safety and health personnel from the public and private sectors. • OSHA also awards grants to nonprofit organizations such as colleges, universities, and other organizations to cover costs of providing workshops, seminar, or short courses on safety and health topics currently high on OSHA's list of priorities.

OSHA's Whistleblower Program

• OSHA provides avenues for workers who observe hazardous conditions in the workplace to file complaints and protections for those who do. • Workers should first attempt to have hazardous conditions resolved by approaching their supervisors. • However, if supervisors are not responsive or if there is reason to fear retribution, workers may file a complaint directly with OSHA by calling 1-800-321-OSHA (6742). • Workers who feel they are being discriminated against because they filed a complaint have 30 days to contact the nearest Regional Office of OSHA or to call OSHA directly at 1- 800-321-OSHA (6742).

Reporting

• OSHA provides for the centralization and systematization of record-keeping and reporting requirements of the OSH Act to employers of 11 or more workers. • Both exempt and nonexempt employers must report the following types of accidents within eight hours: - Those that result in deaths - Those that result in the hospitalization of three or more employees • All occupational illnesses and injuries must be reported if they result in one or more of the following: - Death of one or more workers - In-patient hospitalization of any employee - One or more days away from work for the employee - Restricted motion or restrictions to the work an employee can do - Loss of consciousness to one or more workers - Transfer of an employee to another job - Medical treatment needed beyond in-house first aid - Work-related amputations - Any other condition listed in Appendix B of the OSH Act

OSHA's Severe Violator Enforcement Program

• OSHA's Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP) took effect in June, 2010. • SVEP focuses on employers who willfully and repeatedly endanger workers by exposing them to seriously hazardous conditions without the proper precautions or protections. • Procedures for dealing with severe violators include mandatory follow-up inspections of worksites found to be in violation and other worksites of the same company where similar unacceptable practices and hazardous conditions might be present.

How to Appeal a Standard

• Once the standard has been passed, it becomes effective on the date prescribed. • However, a person who is opposed to a standard may file an appeal in the court of appeals serving the geographical region in which the complainant lives or does business. • Appeal paperwork must be initiated within 60 days of a standard's approval. • Typically, the new standard is enforced as passed until a ruling on the appeal is handed down.

OSHA's Enhanced Enforcement Policy

• Organizations that receive OSHA citations for high-gravity violations are subject to enhanced enforcement measures. • Components of the enhanced enforcement policy include follow-up inspection, programmed inspection, public awareness, settlements, and Section 11(b) summary enforcement orders.

Role of Organized Labor

• Organized labor has played a crucial role in the development of the safety movement in the United States. • Particularly important was the work of unions to overturn antilabor laws inhibiting safety in the workplace.

Other Important Federal Agencies

• Other federal agencies and organizations that play important roles with regard to workplace safety and health are: - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, which is a part of the Department of Health and Human Services - The Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, which is an independent board consisting of members appointed by the president and given quasi-judicial authority to handle contested OSHA citations.

Services Available from OSHA

• Services available from OSHA include: - Consultation - Volunteer inspection programs - Training/education

Role of Specific Health Problems

• Specific health problems associated with the workplace have contributed to the development of the modern safety and health movement. • These problems include: - Lung diseases in miners - Mercury poisoning - Lung cancer tied to asbestos

Standards and Codes

• Standards and codes play an important role in modern safety and health management and engineering. • These written procedures detail the safe and healthy way to perform jobs, which, consequently, makes for a safer and healthier workplace. • A standard is an operational principle, criterion, or requirement—or a combination of these. • A code is a set of standards, rules or regulations relating to a specific area. • OSHA's General Industry Standards are listed in pp. 119-129 • Note that you should include these standards applied to your senior design projects in your final reports.

Developing State Safety and Health Programs

• States are allowed to develop their own safety and health programs. - As an incentive, OSHA will fund up to 50 percent of the cost of operating a state program for states with approved plans. - States may develop comprehensive plans covering public and private sector employers or limit their plans to coverage of public employers only. - Figure 5-3 lists the states that currently have OSHA approved safety and health plans. Q: Guess if LA is on the list?

Input from and Help for Small Business in Standards Development and Compliance

• The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Act (SBREFA) provides help to small businesses that struggle with understanding and complying with OSHA regulations. • SBREFA also gives small businesses a voice in the development of new and revised standards by requiring that OSHA: - Produce small entity compliance guides for selected agency rules. - Is responsive to small business inquiries about complying with OSHA regulations. - Have a penalty reduction policy for small businesses. - Involve small businesses in developing proposed rules that are expected to have a significant effect on a large number of small businesses. ▪ This is accomplished through Small Business Advocacy Review Panels. - Give small businesses opportunities to undertake court challenges to OSHA rules and regulations they believe will adversely affect them.

Development of Safety Organizations

• The development of the safety movement in the United States has been helped by the parallel development of safety organizations. • Prominent among these are: - The National Safety Council - The National Safety Management Society - The American Society of Safety Engineers - The American Industrial Hygiene Association

Incidence Rates - Formula

• The formula for determining the total injury and illness incident rate follows: IR = N * 200,000 / T IR = Total injury and illness incidence rate N = Number of injuries, illnesses and fatalities T = Total hours worked by all employees during the period in question • The number 200,000 represents the number of hours that 100 employees work in a year (one person: 40 hrs x 50 wks = 2000 hrs/yr)

The General Duty Clause of the OSHA Act

• The general duty clause of the OSHA Act requires that employers provide a workplace that is free from hazard that are likely to harm employees. • This is important because the general duty clause applies when there is no specific OSHA standard for a given situation. • The general duty clause of the OSHA act is also called the first commandment of the OSHA act.

Changes of the Safety Movement

• Tragedies have changed the face of the safety movement at different times in the United States. • Examples of such tragedies are: - The Hawk's Nest tragedy ✓ In 1930 miners who worked in dusty environment were found to suffered from a lung disease called silicosis due to breathing silica. - Asbestos menace ✓ In 1964 Dr. Irving Selikoff discovered asbestos, a widely used material in construction, were killing workers - Bhopal disaster ✓ On Dec. 3, 1984, 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) and other lethal gases leaked to north Bhopal killing more than 3,000 people. More than 5,000 later on were found suffered from disability.

Incidence Rates

• Two concepts can be important when completing OSHA 300 forms: ─ incidence rates ─ severity rates • On occasion, it is necessary to calculate the total injury and illness incident rate of an organization in order to complete an OSHA Form 300. • This calculation must include fatalities and all injuries requiring medical treatment beyond mere first aid.

Development of Accident Prevention Techniques

• Widely used accident prevention techniques include: - Failure minimization ✓ FMEA - Fail-safe designs ✓ Poky-yoke - Isolation - Lockouts - Screening - Personal protective equipment - Redundancy - Timed replacements

Accident Rates

•Accident rates are especially high in developing countries. -These countries are responding to the pressures of global competition without first putting a safety and health infrastructure in place. ▪Regulations, training, record keeping, etc.

Work Injuries by Type of Accident

•Approximately 35,000,000 work hours are lost annually as a result of accidents. -This is actual time lost from disabling injuries and does not include additional time lost to medical checkups after the injured employee returns to work.

Deaths in Work Accidents

•Between 1912 and 1998, the number of accidental work deaths per 100,000 population declined by 81 percent, from 21 to 4. •Occupations that typically have the highest rate of fatalities on the job are (not necessarily in order since the order changes from year to year): -Fishing -Logging -Mining/quarrying -Agriculture -Construction -Transportation and warehousing -Manufacturing -Aircraft pilots, flight engineers, and maintenance -Refuse and recycling collectors -Law enforcement -Professional and business services -Retail -Public administration/government

Estimating the Cost of Accidents - Class Accidents

•Class 1 accidents. Lost workdays, permanent partial disabilities, and temporary total disabilities. •Class 2 accidents. Treatment by a physician outside the company's facility. •Class 3 accidents. Locally provided first aid, property damage of less than $100. •Class 4 accidents. Injuries that are so minor that they do not require the attention of a physician, result in property damage of $100 or more, or cause eight or more work hour to be lost. •Average uninsured costs for each class of accident can be determined by pulling the records of all accidents during a specified period and by sorting the record according to class. •Safety professionals often use the iceberg analogy when talking about the real costs of accidents.

Leading Causes of Death in Work Accidents

•Motor vehicle related •Falls •Electric current •Drowning •Fire related •Air transport related •Poisoning •Water transport related

Leading Causes of Work Injuries

•Overexertion - employee working beyond their physical limits •Impact accidents •Falls •Bodily reaction (to chemicals) •Compression •Motor vehicle accidents •Exposure to radiation or caustics •Rubbing or abrasions Exposure to extreme temperature

Estimating the Cost of Accidents

•Safety and health professionals must be able to show that accident are more expensive than prevention. •Professor Rollin H. Simonds of Michigan State University developed a procedure for estimating accident costs. •Simonds recommends that accidents be divided into four classes: Class 1 accidents. Class 2 accidents. Class 3 accidents. Class 4 accidents.

Costs of Accidents

•The approximate cost of accidents in the United States is approximately $155 billion annually. -This includes the direct and indirect costs of accidents that occur on and off the job. - -Figure 2.2 (in billions)

Accidental Deaths in the United States

•The leading causes of accidental deaths in the United States are: -Motor vehicle accidents -Falls -Poisoning -Drowning -Fire-related injuries -Suffocation -Firearms Others •The leading causes of accidental deaths (ages 25-44 years) in the United States (in billions) Accidents 30,000 Cancer 21,000 Motor vehicle accidents 17,000 Heart disease 16,000 Poisoning 3,000 Drowning 1,500 Falls 1,200 Fire-related injuries 1,000

Leading Causes of Death

•The leading causes of death in the United States are: -Heart disease -Cancer -Stroke •However, these causes are concentrated among people at or near retirement age. -Among people 37 years of age and younger, accidents are the number one cause of death.

Ranking of Injuries According to Body Parts

•Typically the ranking of injuries to specific parts of the body are as follows (from most frequently injured to least): -Back -Legs and fingers -Arms and multiple parts of the body -Trunk Hands -Eyes -Head -Feet -Neck -Toes -Body systems

Death Rates by Industry Category

•When death rates are computed on the basis of number of deaths per 100,000 workers, the industry categories are ranked as follows (from highest death rate to lowest): -Mining/quarrying -Agriculture -Construction -Transportation/public utilities -Government -Manufacturing -Services -Trade

Fail-safe Principle of Redundancy

▪ A critically important function of a system, subsystem, or components can be preserved by alternate parallel or stand by units. Examples: series vs. parallel Nuclear power plant generators are required to have double backups. But both failed in the earthquake that occurred in Japan's Honshu island on March 11, 2011.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

▪ Cost-benefit analyses provide the basis for deciding which improvement to undertake first. Q:Which one is more difficult to estimate? Cost or Benefit? A: Benefit. Q: What are the benefits? A: Reduction of hazard. ▪ Quantified measures are needed: ✓ Existing probabilities of injury or illness. (Some data are available at the state level.) ✓ Expected risk after the improvement.

OSHA Recordable Incidents

▪ Incidents requiring medical treatment are OSHA recordable.

Developments before the Industrial Revolution - Code of Hammurabi

✓ The code contained clause dealing with injuries, allowable fees for physicians and monetary damages assessed against those who injured others. "If a man has caused the loss of a gentleman's eye, his own eye shall be caused to be lost." ▪ There is also evidence of concern for safety and health during the time of the Romans. ✓ The Roman built aqueducts, sewerage systems, public baths, latrines, and well-ventilated houses