sensation & perception ap classroom review

When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept?

Context effects

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT

smell

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT

spicy

The area labeled A contains the

ossicles

Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?

Color constancy

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?

Gate-control theory

The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following?

Gestalt principles of closure and continuity

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness?

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above?

Linear perspective

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following?

Sensory adaptation

The table above is most likely to be used in a study investigating which of the following?

Signal detection

Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following Gestalt principles is operating most strongly?

Similarity

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal?

The eardrum

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?

The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave.

Dizziness is most closely associated with which of the following senses?

Vestibular

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

accommodation

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the

cochlea

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive

depth

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that

falls below the threshold for conscious detection

The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of

figure-ground

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of

figure-ground

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its

frequency

The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light?

hue

Receptors for olfaction are located

in the nasal cavity

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her?

linear perspective

In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are

more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

Convergence is a binocular depth cue that is based on the

muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward

Negative afterimages are explained by

opponent-process theory

People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that

people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives

an individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy & crowded room is called

selective attention

Balance is influenced by the

semicircular canals

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of

the cocktail party effect

When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as

the phi phenomenon

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates

top-down processing

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called

transduction

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window