sensation and perception psych
sounds above _ can cause hearing damage
85 db
o Visual acuity refers to the ability to see fine details, and so reflects the operation of photoreceptors called _____.
cones
o Which receptor cells MOST directly enable humans to distinguish different wavelengths of light? • Bipolar cells • Cones • Feature detectors • Rods
cones
smell is the only sense
connected to the forebrain
o It is a busy morning at the coffee shop. "I asked for a caramel shot; there's none in this coffee!" demands one impatient customer. "You're right. I'm sorry. Here's a tall with a caramel shot," the harried barista apologizes. In signal detection terms, the customer's complaint reflects a(n) _____.
correct rejection
smell has close relationship with
emotional and social behavior
area v1 is specialized for
encoding edge orientation
how are different features combined into single unified objects
o how features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features
signals to somatosensory cortex pathways
o idenfiies where pain occurs o what sort of pain it is
amplitude in light waves
o intensity or amplitude of a light wave—how high the peaks are—determines what we perceive as the brightness of light.
optic nerve
o leaves the eye through a hole in the retina o creates a blind spot
length in light waves
o length of a light wave determines its hue, or what humans perceive as color.
transduction in vision
o light reflected from surfaces provides eyes with info about shapes and stuff of objects
retina
o light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball o muscles inside the eye control the shape of the lens to bend the light and focus it onto this
signals to the motivational and emotional centers of the brain pathways
o like the hypothalamus and amygdala and frontal lobe • aspect of pain that is unpelasent and makes us want to escape it
transduction in taste/smell
o molecules dispersed in air reveal idendtiy of substances
left hemisphere area a1
o nalaye sounds related to language
change blindness
o occurs when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene o occurs even when major details of a scne are changed
area v1
o part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex o here info is mapped into a rep of visual scene
distributed representation of object categories
o pattern of activity across multiple brain regions that idenfiteis any viewed object, including faces
apparent motion
o perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations o video tech and animation depend on this
transduction in touch
o pressure of surface against the skin signals tectures and whatnot
accommodiation in the eye
o process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina -
accomidation in the eye
o process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina - muscles change the shape of the lens to focus objects at different distances - makes the lens flatter for objects that are far away or rounder for nearby objects
orns
o receptor cells that iniate the sesen of smell
absolute threshold for smell
o single drop of perfume diffused through 6 room area equivelent
cornea
o smooth outer tissue of eye o bends the light wave and sends it through the pupil
right hemisphere in area a1
o speiclize in rhythmic sounds and music
modular view
o speiclzied brain areas detect and respresent faces or hosues or body parts
absolute threshold for taste
o teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water
binocular disparity
o the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth
middle ear
o tiny air filled chamber behind the eardrum
transduction in audition
o vibrations cause changes in air pressure in the ear
o Image-based and parts-based theories both involve the problem of • Motion detection • Object idneifitcation • Separating figure from gorund • Judging proximity
object identification
referred pain
occurs when sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord
o Gustation is to _____, as taste is to smell.
olfaction
o _____ receptor neurons detect airborne chemical molecules. • Adutiory • Somatosensory • Gustatory • Olfactory
olfactory
longest visible wavelengths are
red
primary colors of light are
red, green, blue
o Juliana's vision is 20/20 but she cannot recognize the faces of her friends, family members and acquaintances. Juliana's impairment reflects a deficit in the information-processing activity of _____.
perception
o _____is the process by which sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.
perception
color is nothing but our
perception of wavelengths form the spectrum of visible life
o The principle of ______ holds that even as sensory signals change, perception remains consistent. • Apparent motion • Signal detection • Perceptual constancy • Closure
perceptual constancy
o humans and other animals can detect odor from
pheromones
frequency of sound is aka
pitch
o Loudness is to amplitude, as _____ is to frequency. • Timbre • Resonance • Pitch • Brightness
pitch
o What does the frequency of a sound wave determine? • Pitch • Loudness • Sound quality • Timbre
pitch
high amplitude in sound means
taller wavelengths
gustation
taste
each papillae has
taste buds
o A(n) _____ refers to a stored representation of an object.
template
haptic perception
• active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands
eardrum
• airtight flap of skin that vibrates in response to sound waves gathered by the pinna
• how does brain process a 2d retinal image into 3d
• through a collection of depth cues that change as you move thorugh space
a delta fibers
• transmit initial sharp pain • sudden injury
c fibers
• trasmit longer lasting duller pain • injury after a while
ventral stream
• travels across the occipital lobe into the lower levels of the temporal lobes and includes brain areas that represent an object's shape and identity
the idea that specialized brain areas represent particular classes of objects is • Modular view • Attentinal processing • Distributed representation • Neuron response
modular view
what do olfaction and gustation respond to
molecular structure of substances floating into nasal cavity or dissolving in saliva
objects are arranged in
3d - length - width - depth
cochlea
• a fluid-filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction
retinal image contains only
2d - length - width
o In an experiment, colored letters flash briefly on a computer screen. On each trial, participants are asked to report the letters in their correct colors and to rate their confidence in their responses. In one condition, participants are required simultaneously to monitor the screen for the appearance of a particular digit. Which correlation coefficient is the researcher most likely to find between the accuracy of participants' reports and their confidence in their responses? • 0.05 • 0.85 • -0.40 • 0.40
0.05
• how do feature detectors help the visual system get from a spatial array of light hitting the eye to the pereption of an object in different circumstances, such as your friend getting a haricut
1) by modular view 2) by distributed representation of object categories
2 main causes of hearing loss
1) conductive hearing loss 2) sensorineural hearing loss
2 types of photoreceptor cells in retina
1) cones 2) rods
2 pain pathways in the brain
1) first sends signals to somatosensory cortex 2) second sends signals to motivational and emotional centers of the brain
3 bones in ear
1) hammer 2) anvil 3) stirrup
2 explanations of object recognition
1) image based object recognition 2) parts based object recognition
• 3 properties of light waves that each have a physical dimsension that produces a corresponding psychological dimsension
1) length 2) amplitude 3) purity
types of monocular depth cues
1) linear perspective 2) texture gradient 3) interposition 4) relative height in the image/familiar size
3 types of cones
1) long (red) 2) medium (green) 3) short (blue)
what can correct conductive hearing loss
1) medication 2) surgery 3) hearing aids
• Specialized feature detectors in different parts of visual system analyze each of multiple features of a visible object
1) orientation 2) color 3) size 4) shape
ear divided into 3 parts
1) outer ear 2) middle ear 3) inner ear
outer ear consists of
1) pinna 2) auditory canal 3) eardrum
2 mechanisms that encode sound wave frequencies
1) place code 2) temporal code
• four types of receptors allow sense of
1) pressure 2) texture 3) pattern 4) vibration
parts of sensing sound
1) pure tone 2) frequency 3) amplitude 4) complexity
5 main taste receptors
1) salt 2) sour 3) bitter 4) sweet 5) umami/savory
parts of gestalt grouping rules
1) simplicity 2) closure 3) continuity 4) similarity 5) proximity 6) common fate
2 streams in a1
1) spatial features 2) nonspatial features
types of visual streams
1) ventral stream 2) dorsal stream
o Humans have about 350 types of olfactory receptor cells, allowing people to distinguish more than _____ separate smells.
10000
o In a vision science laboratory, a monkey is viewing simple visual stimuli on a screen while an electrode records activity from a cell in area V1 of the monkey's brain. On one trial, the cell begins responding actively. The monkey is probably viewing: • A particular color • A familiar face • A line in a specific orientation • A dot moving in a specific direction
a line in a specific orientation
sound is
a physical change in air pressure over time
what does signal detection propose
a way to measure perceptual sensitivity
• visual acruity
ability to see fine detail
o During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Ms. Morris could hardly ever detect them. These sounds were below Ms. Morris' _____ threshold.
absolute
o The smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called • Proportional magnitude • Absolute threshold • Just noticeable differencer • Weber's law
absolute threshold
• Perceptual grpuping
aid to our ability to recognize objects by sight
color deviciency
aka color blindness o caused by a genetic disorder in which one/two/three of the cones are missing o trait is sex linked
o In which part of the brain is the primary visual cortex, where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene? • Thalamus • Lateral geniculuate nucleus • Fovea • Area v1
area v1
caudal
back, is spatial
cochlea is divided into
basilar membrane
why do illusory conjunctions occur
because of the feature integration theory
o One error in perception is the _____ problem. When this process fails, errors called illusory conjunctions may result.
binding
o _____ refers to the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis.
binocular disparity
type of binocular depth cues
binocular disparity
poisons are sometimes
bitter
o S-cone is to _____, as M-cone is to _____. • Blue; green • Red; blue • Green; blue • Red; green
blue, green
somatosenses
body sense
o Dr. Simons finds that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Simons proposes that women have more olfactory receptor types than men do. This explanation is based on _____ influences on perception.
bottoms up
amplitude in light waves is aka
brightness
o Janey hears her phone ring. With her right hand, she searches for her phone from a book bag on the passenger seat. Janey's ability to localize the sound of her phone depends on activity in the _____ portion of the temporal lobe.
caudal
o Sensation is to the peripheral nervous system as perception is to the _____ nervous system.
central
o The failure to detect alterations in the details of a visual scene is termed: • Inattentional blindness • Phi phenomenon • Change blindness • Binding problem
change blindness
inner ear contains
cochlea
what can help sensorineural hearing loss
cochlear implants
what does the color opponent system explain
color aftereffects
length in light waves is aka
color to us
o Light striking the retina, causing a specific pattern of response in the three cone types, leads to our ability to see • Moton • Colors • Depth • Shadows
colors
o Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements moving in the same direction are likely to be grouped together? • Common fate • Contiutiy • Synchrony • Proximity
common fate
o Timbre corresponds to differences in the _____ of sound waves. • Frquncy • Intensity • Amplitude • Complexity
complexity
what does pain indicate
damage or potential damage to the body
shortest visible wavelengths are
deep purple
o how do sensory receptors communicate with the brain
depends on transduction
o In vision, the _____ pathway includes not only the occipital and temporal lobes, but also the parietal lobes.
dorsal
120 million rods are evenly around
each retina except for in the fovea
what does parts based object recognition offer an explanation for
ecognizing faces, but not how you can do this
o Three groups of volunteers take part in an experiment. In one group, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is applied to the occipital lobe. In a second group, TMS is applied to the parietal lobe. Finally, in a third group, no TMS is applied. All participants report the items they see in each of a series of brief displays of colored letters flashed on a screen. The group in which TMS is applied to the occipital lobe is a(n) _____ group in this experiment.
experimental
o Our ability to visually combine details so that we perceive unified objects is explained by • Feature intergration teory • Illusory conjection • Synesthesia • Ventral and dorsal streaming
feature integration theory
low pitch means _ wavelengths
fewer
what can also convey motion
flashing lights
o Change blindness demonstrates the importance of _____ in visual perception. • Experience • Depth cues • Adaption • Focused attention
focused attention
rods are ideal for
for low light vision
o According to the text, recent research suggests that using a cell phone while driving makes an accident _____ times more likely.
four
o Visual acuity refers to the ability to see fine details. Visual acuity thus reflects the operation of photoreceptors called cones, located in the _____.
fovea
o Chaz and Stephen are opera singers. Chaz is a baritone. Stephen is a tenor, so his voice is higher-pitched than Chaz's voice. With respect to their physical properties, the sound waves corresponding to Chaz's voice are lower in _____ than those corresponding to Stephen's voice.
frequency
o With respect to the physical properties of the sound wave, a high-pitched sound is one that has a high _____.
frequency
o The optic nerve is composed of axons of: • Ganglion cells • Bipolar cells • Foveal cells • Rods and cones
ganglion cells
o Letter is to word, as _____ is to _____. • Template; object • Object; geon • Object; template • Geon; object
geon, object
o Part is to whole, as _____ is to _____. • Template; object • Geon; temlate • Object; geon • Template; geon
geon, template
o The olfactory bulb contains a(n) _____ for each type of olfactory receptor neuron.
glomerulus
o A white cloud is to the blue sky, as figure is to _____
ground
o The term _____ perception denotes the knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration.
haptic
example of referred pain
heart attack
o The place code is a mechanism for the perception of _____-frequency sounds.
high
farsightedness is aka
hyperopia
o Dr. Carr is conducting an experiment. On each trial, participants first view an adapting stimulus consisting of horizontal black stripes on a black background. The stripes either remain stationary or move downward. Participants then view a similar test stimulus: the stripes are either stationary, moving downward, or moving upward. Participants are asked to report whether the stripes are moving. When participants respond that the stripes are moving, they are additionally asked to report the direction of motion. Dr. Carr predicts that participants should more often see upward motion in stationary test stripes after seeing downward adapting stripes than after seeing stationary adapting stripes. This prediction is a(n): • Theory • Hypothesis • Variable • Operational definition
hypothesis
o Mr. Sawyer has suffered parietal lobe damage, impairing his feature binding processes. Mr. Sawyer is likely to display many _____, perceptual mistakes where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined.
illusory conjunctions
where is the retina located
immediately behind the iris
where is laternal geniculate nucleus located
in thalamus
where are 6 million cones located
in the fovea
ossicles transmit vibrations to
inner ear
simple comlexity in sound
just gentle waves
• optic nerve travels from each eye to
laternal geniculate neuclus
complexity of sound
mix of sound frequencies o a listener's experience of sound quality or resonance o offers info about nature of sound
cones are _ sensitive than cones
less
o Cones are _____ than rods. • More light sensitive and less color • Less light sensitive and less color • Less light sensitive and more color • More light sensitive and more color
less light sensitive and more color
o Amad is a strict vegan. He is always on the alert because restaurant meals advertised as vegetarian sometimes contain beef broth. Oftentimes, he is convinced that a dish contains an offending ingredient even when it does not. In signal detection terms, Amad has a(n) _____ response bias.
liberal
o In the Ames room, the parallel lines formed by the edges of interlocking black tiles seem to converge toward the back of the room. This illustrates the depth cue of _____.
linear perspective
o The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability to • Localize sound soruces • Determine pitch • Judge intensity • Recognize complexity
localize sound sources
amplitude of sound is aka
loudness
o Aaron is sanding a piece of wood before staining it. He runs his hand over it to make sure that it is smooth. Neurons in the _____ portion of Aaron's parietal lobe are probably active. • Lower • Upper • Posterior • Anterior
lower
ventral
lower part, is nonspatial
complex complexity in sound
mix of many unmatched waves
o From the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90th floor, taxis on the street look tiny. Of course, a viewer knows they are not toy cars. This example illustrates the _____ depth cue of relative size.
monocular
o What kind of cues are relative size and linear perspective? • Motion based • Binocular • Monocular • Template
monocular
o In the Ames room, the parallel lines formed by the edges of interlocking black tiles seem to converge toward the back of the room. This illustrates the _____ depth cue of _____.
monocular, linear perspective
o The black floor tiles along the back wall of the Ames room appear smaller and closer together than those immediately in front of the viewer. This illustrates the _____ depth cue of _____. • Monocular; interposition • Binocular; disparity • Monocular; texture gradient • Binocular; texture gradient
monocular, texture gradient
high pitch means _ wavelengths
more
rods are _ sensitive than cones
more
nearsightedness is aka
myopia
o In the scheme of "big issues" in psychology, the monocular cue of familiar size best illustrates the importance of: • The mind body problem • Nature • Nurture • Unconscious processes
nurture
• Sensory branding
o Form of adversiting that the sight and sound of exciting things will be associated with a "drab" product
gesalt perceptual grouping rules
o Govern how the features and regions of thigns fit together
• Gesalt terms
o Means idenfitying figure apart form background in which it rsides
purity in light waves
o Purity is the number of distinct wavelengths that make up the light. Purity corresponds to what humans perceive as saturation, or the richness of colors.
weber's law
o The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity
illusory conjunctions
o a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined
fovea
o area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all o absence of rods here decreases the sharpness of vision in reduced light
conductive hearing loss
o arises because eardrum or ossicles are damaged to where they cannot conduct sound waves effectively to cochlea o meahcnical problem with moving parts of the ear
absolute threshold for vision
o candle flame 30 miles away on a clear dark night
sensorineural hearing loss
o caused by damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or audotiry nerve o mostly happens as we age o can be heightened due to a lot of exposure to high noise levels
pitch in frequency of sound
o changes in the physical frequency of a sound wave o how high/low a sound is
absolute threshold for hearing
o clock's tick 20 feet away when it's very quiet
bipolar cells
o collect neural signals from rods/cones and trasmit them to the outermost layer of the retina • where neurons called retinal ganglion cells organize signals and send them to the brain
iris
o colored part o translucent doughnut shaped muscle that controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light that can enter the eye
illusions of depth and size
o errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
nearsightedness
o eyeballs are too long slight o lens will not focus images properly on retina
farsightedness
o eyeballs are too short slightly
inattentional blindness
o failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention
absolute threshold for touch
o fly's wings falling on the cheek from 1 cm away
pupil
o hole in the colored part of the eye
• object recognition proceeds fairly smoothly, in large part due to the
operation of feature detectors
3 bones in ear are aka
ossicles
tissue damage is transducer by
pain receptors on free nerve endings
tongue is covered with
papillae
o Damage to portions of the _____ lobe results in a higher likelihood that individuals will display illusory conjunctions.
parietal
o Feature binding depends not only on the ventral stream, but also the _____ lobe in the dorsal stream.
parietal
o Which is NOT among the four basic touch sensations? • Pressure • Pain • Cold • Pleasure
pleasure
o Dr. Lockhart varies the amount of sweetener dissolved in a cup of black coffee. Participants rate the sweetness of the coffee. Dr. Lockhart's investigation is an example of _____, and the dependent variable is _____. • Psychophysics; sweetness ratings • Introspection; sweetness ratings • Introspection; amount of sweetener • Psychophysics; amount of sweetener
psyschphysics, sweetness ratings
o Pablo is standing on the beach and the sea is choppy. He observes that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also higher in his field of vision than do the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates the monocular depth cues of: • Relative size and relative height • Linear perspective and interposition • Linear perspective and relative height • Relative size and interposition
relative size and relative height
what are sour receptors activated by
respond to acids
o The world of light outside the body is linked to the world of vision inside the central nervous system by the • Cornea • Lens • Retina • Optic nerve
retina
what are bad for distinguishing colors
rods
purity in light waves is aka
saturation
o The registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste as the human body interacts with the physical world is called _____.
sensation
o Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____. • Perception; transduction • Perception; sensation • Sensation; perception • Sensation; transduction
sensation, perception
sensation and perception are relatable but
separate events
o Vasinda can easily read signs that are distant, but words on a page appear blurred to her. Vasinda may have: • Larger than normal feature detectors • Shorter than normal eyeballs • Smaller than normal feature detectors • Longer than normal eyeballs
shorter than normal eyeballs
low amplitude in sound means
shorter wavelengths
o The initial approach to measuring individual differences in sensation involved the use of absolute thresholds. In the 21st century, researchers use a more sophisticated approach that takes an observer's response bias into account; this approach is called: • Adaption theory • Place theory • Signal detection theory • Weber's theory
signal detection theory
olfaction
smell
what are salt receptors activated by
sodium chloride
o The location and type of pain we experience is indicated by signals sent to • Amygdala • Spinal cord • Pain receptors • Somatosensory cortex
somatosensory cortex
• receptive fields allow
specialized cells to work together to provide tactile experience when you touch something
wavelike movement in cochlea
stimulates hair cells
o Sensation involves______, whereas perception involves_____. • Organization; coordinatin • Stimulation; interpretation • Identification; translation • Comprehension; information
stimulation, interpretation
o Sensation is to _____ as perception is to _____. • Interpretation; organization • Stimulation; interpretation • Encoding; stimulation • Organization; identification
stimulation, interpretation
o What best explains why smells can have immediate and powerful effects?
the involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories
the eardrum collects sound waves and funnels towards
the middle ear
• pain withdrawal reflex is coordinated by
the spinal cord
complexity in sound is aka
timbre
o Area A1 neurons respond well to simple tones, whereas neurons in subsequent auditory areas process sounds of increasing complexity. Based on this information, it seems likely that area A1 neurons contribute to a person's perception of pitch, whereas neurons in secondary auditory cortices help people perceive _____.
timbre
o Complexity is to frequency, as _____ is to pitch.
timbre
laternal geniculate neuclus signal travels back
to brain to location called area v1
o People tend to rate wine as tasting more pleasant when they think it costs more. Because this finding reflects the effects of experience or expectations, it represents a(n) _____ influence on perception.
top down
amplitude in light waves goes from
top of crest to bottom of crest (vertical)
length in light waves goes from
top of crest to top of crest, which is horizontal
o In the inner ear, fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals. This is an example of the process of: • Accomidation • Transduction • Feature detection • Adaption
transduction
o The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of _____. the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system.
transduction
o What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system? • Representation • Idenfiication • Propagation • Transduction
transduction
what doe touch begin with
transduction of skin sensations into neaural signals
o Monosodium glutamate (MSG) activates _____ taste receptors. • Sour • Umami • Bitter • Sweet
umami
o Roast beef served with a rich brown gravy is often described as a "savory" dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is _____.
umami
maintaining balance depends on
vestibular system
what else helps us keep our balance
vision
o The function relating the value of a stimulus along some dimension to the just noticeable difference is known as _____ law.
weber's
o In the somatosensory system, the "_____" pathway involves the lower parietal lobe.
what
ventral streams are a _ pathway
what
nonspatial features
what features that allow you to identify the sound
dorsal streams are a _ pathway
where but also a how
spatial features
where features that allow you to locate source of sound in space
gesalt simplicity
• A basic rule in science is that the simplest explanation is usually the best so, when confronted with two or more possible interpretations of an object's shape, the visual system tends to select the simplest or most likely interpretation
o Research on many wine drinkers demonstrated that:
• A wine's price has a top down influence on its perceived taste
o Which sequence best reflects the order in which sound waves pass through the structures of the ear, from first to last?
• Auditory canal; eardrum; basilar membrane
relative height in the image
• Depends on field of vision • Objects that are closer to you are lower in your visual field, whereas faraway objects are higher.
gesalt continuity
• Edges or contours that have the same orientation have what the Gestalt psychologists called good continuation, and we tend to group them together perceptually
gestalt common fate
• Elements of a visual image that move together are perceived as parts of a single moving object
perceptual constancy
• Even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent • Perception is sensitive to changes in stimuli, but perceptual constancies allow us to notice differences in the first place
o Which alternative best describes the involvement of the visual processing streams in the feature binding process?
• Feature binding depends on both the ventral and dorsal streams
o The field of psychophysics was founded by the German scientist:
• Gustav Fechner
example of weber's law
• If you picked up a 1 oz envelope and then a 2 oz envelope, you'd probably notice the dif between them • But if you picked up a 20 pound package and then a 20.1 pound package, then you'd proably detect no difference beween them
area a1 in ear
• In cerebral cortex • a portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex
o In an experiment, colored letters flash briefly on a computer screen. On each trial, participants are asked to report the letters in their correct colors and to rate their confidence in their responses. In one condition, participants are required simultaneously to monitor the screen for the appearance of a particular digit. Which alternative correctly identifies and names a variable in this experiment?
• Indepndent variable, whether particpants must watch for a digit
o Which alternative best captures the relationship between pictorial and monocular depth cues?
• Monocular cues are synonymous with pictorial depth clues
o Daniel Simons and Daniel Levin conducted a study in which they asked participants for directions on a college campus. During the conversation, a table was moved between the researcher and the participants. After that, the questioner was replaced by a different person. Which alternative best expresses the results of this study?
• More than half of the particpants failed to notice the change in experimenter
gesalt proximity
• Objects that are close together tend to be grouped together
o In the initial processing stage in the olfactory system, odorants bind to:
• Olfactory receptor neurons; in turn glucmori
o A consumer psychologist varies how long participants are permitted to touch various items. She records how much participants say they would be willing to pay for the items. The psychologist predicts that the longer participants touch the items, the more they would be willing to pay for them. What is this type of prediction called? Is the psychologist's prediction consistent with the research described in the text?
• Prediction is called a hypothesis, and it is consistent with the research described in the text
gesalt similarity
• Regions that are similar in color, lightness, shape, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same object
sensory adaption
• Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions.
• Pure tone of sound
• Simple sound wave that increases air pressure and then creates a relative vaccum • Repeats many times per second
o Research on multitasking, such as talking on a cell phone while driving, has shown that: longer seem to be in the car; their slower braking response translated into an increased stopping distance.
• Talking on a cell phone impairs driving performance
o In an experiment, colored letters flash briefly on a computer screen. On each trial, participants are asked to report the letters in their correct colors. In one condition, participants are required simultaneously to monitor the screen for the appearance of a particular digit. What effect should the concurrent digit-monitoring task have on the accuracy of participants' letter responses on the one hand, and participants' confidence in their responses on the other?
• The digit monitoring task should decrase particpant's accuracry, but have little effect on teir conficence int heir responses
o A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with:
• The relation between the wavelength of light and the experience of color
motion perception
• To sense motion, the visual system must encode information about both space and time • As object moves across observer's visual field that is stationary, it stimulates one location on retina, and then stimulates another location a little later
gesalt closure
• We tend to fill in missing elements of a visual scene, allowing us to perceive edges that are separated by gaps as belonging to complete objects
texture gradient
• arises when you view a more or less uniformly patterned surface because the size of the pattern elements, as well as the distance between them, grows smaller as the surface recedes from the observer
monocular depth cues
• aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye • rely on relatinship between distance and size
rods
• become active under low-light conditions for night vision • all contain same photopigment • provide no info about color and sense only shades of gray
pheromones
• biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect the animal's behavior or physiology
linear perspective
• describes the phenomenon that parallel lines seem to converge as they recede into the distance
cones
• detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail • distrubition directly affects visual acuity and explains why objects off to the side aren't clear
microvilli
• each bud contains many taste receptors whose tips react with tastant molecules in food
valence centered approach
• emotional response comes first and provides a basis for determining identity of odor
feature integration theory
• focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, such as the color, shape, size, and location of letters, but is required to bind those individual features together
gate control theory of pain
• holds that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two direction • can be gated by skin receptors by rubbing the affected area
visual form agnosia
• inability to recognize objects by sight
object center approach
• info about identify of smell is quicky accessed form emory and triggers emotional response
3 principles regarding neural representation of body's surface
• left half of body is represented in right half of brain and vice versa • more of the tactile brain is devoted to parts of the skin surface that have greater spatial resolution • disntinction between what and where pathways in touch similar to vision/audition
sensation is the basic registration of
• light • sound • pressure • odor • taste
signal detection
• measuring absolute/difference thresholds requires that the trhreshold exists
psychophysics
• methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer's sensitivity to that stimulus
just noticeable difference/jnd
• minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected
olfactory epithelium
• mucous emmbrane on top of the nasal cavity that contains about 10 million olfactory receptor neurons (orns)
thermoreceptors
• nerve fibers that sense cold and warmth o respond when your skin temp changes
image based object recognition
• object you have seen before is stored in memory as a template • meomory compares its templates to the current retinal image and selects templete that most closely matches the current image
transduction
• occurs when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system
interposition
• occurs when one object partly blocks another • You can infer that the blocking object is closer than the blocked object. However, interposition by itself cannot provide information about how far apart the two objects are.
color opponent system
• pairs of visual neurons work in opposition - red against green - blue against yellow
stereophonic hearing
• placement of our ears on opposite sides
parts based object recognition
• propose instead that the brain deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of parts • objects are stored in meory as structural descriptions
measuring thresholds
• psychophysics began emasuremnt with single sensory signal to determine ow muchphsyical energy is required to become aware fo a sensation
amplitude of sound
• refers to its height, relative to the threshold for human hearing • corresponds to loudness
place code
• refers to the process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane - high frequencies
temporal code
• registers relatively low frequencies (up to about 5000 Hz) via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve • action potentials from hair cells are synchronized in time with peaks of incoming sound saves - low frequencies
sensation
• simple stimulation of a sense organ
basilar membrane
• structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid
perception
• takes place at the level of your brain after a sensation registers in your cns
absolute threshold
• the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials
signal detection theory
• the response to a stimulus depends both on a person's sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's decision criterion
vestibular system
• the three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear
dorsal stream
• travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes (including some of the middle and upper levels of the temporal lobes), connecting with brain areas that identify the location and motion of an object
visual streams
• two functionally distinct pathways project from occiptal cortex to other visual areas in other parts of the brain
pinna
• visible part of ear on outside of head
