Session 27-28

(27) Paradigm Shifts

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(28) Pop Music

- Beyoncé: a decade of successes. Lemonade (best-selling album of 2016) launched via Tidal (Jay-Z's streaming service) simultaneously with a film—termed a "visual album," and Beyoncé's second after Beyoncé (2013). Lemonade is a concept album encompassing a range of genres from rap to trap to country to electronica, funk, etc. - Bruno Mars: multiple genres but with a marked retro approach; signed to Atlantic in 2009. Doo-Wops & Hooligans (3p 2010) features three #1 singles: "Just the Way You Are," "Grenade," and "The Lazy Song;" won Grammy for Best Male Pop Performance. Unorthodox Jukebox (1p 2012), 24K Magic (1p 2016) won Grammys for Album, Record, and Song of the Year. - Lana Del Ray, Born to Die (2012), Ultraviolence (2014). Many references (overt and implicit) to 50s and 60s Americana. The name itself is a combination of Lana Turner (the famous actress of the 50s) and the Ford Del Rey (a sedan popular in Brazil in the 80s). She shows the influence of Frank Sinatra and torch singers. Katy Perry, One of the Boys (2008) on Capitol Records featuring "I Kissed a Girl." Teenage Dream (2010), Prism (2013), Witness (2017)—for the release of this album Perry live-streamed herself for four straight days on YouTube. - Taylor Swift, country artist with Taylor Swift (2006) but then crossed over to pop with Fearless (2008)—best-selling album of 2009. Speak Now (2010) and then a string of top-selling albums. 1989 (2014) is entirely pop, leaving country music behind, heavily inspired by 80s synth-pop (Peter Gabriel, Annie Lennox)—more nostalgia. - Ed Sheeran, self-released several EPs (2004-2010) in hopes of scoring a record deal. No. 5 Collaborations Project (2011) was #2 on the iTunes chart without promotion. Signed to Asylum Records. Co-wrote songs for One Direction, Justin Bieber, and Taylor Swift. Most streamed artist of Spotify in 2017. "Shape of You" (1p 2017) and the album (a division sign) was the top-selling album of the year in the US and UK. - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee, "Despacito" (Jan 12, 2017), a remix with Justin Bieber was released April 17; a reggaetón/Latin pop song. Many critics proclaimed the "Despacito effect," the re-sparking of interest in music with non-English lyrics. The song was so popular it reportedly increased tourism to Puerto Rico by 45%.

(27) Technological Pressures and Opportunities

- Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs): a computer-based DAW generally has four components: 1) computer; 2) sound card or audio interface; 3) digital audio editor software; 4) input device (mouse or MIDI keyboard, etc.). Pro Tools introduced in 1989—used to record bands and synch to film, etc.; Fruity Loops (now FL Studio) introduced in 1998—pattern based and very popular among electronic musicians. - The MP3: released in 1994, this digital format for sound files came to dominate the popular music soundscape by the end of the 90s and was the main format for listening to music in the 2000s. There is a fairly sharp loss in fidelity. - Auto-Tune: audio processor introduced in 1997 by Antares Audio Technologies, measures and alters musical pitch, originally to correct mistakes for recordings. Cher, "Believe" (1p 1998) by producers Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling, introduced the technology to a wider audience by using it "off-brand" to exaggerate its artificial, robotic sound. It became known as the "Cher effect" and was widely used in the 2000s—particularly in the work of T-Pain, Rappa Turnt Sanga (2005). It is also heavily featured on Kanye West, 808s & Heartbreak (2008) and the Black Eyed Peas, "Boom Boom Pow" (1p 2009). The device received a backlash from critics and artists ranging from Neko Case to Christina Aguilera, to Death Cab for Cutie. - iTunes: developed as SoundJamMP by Casady & Greene in 1998, it was renamed when bought by Apple in 2000. Released in 2001 as the "World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software." This software made it easier to copy CDs and create MP3s. - Sony/BMG Rootkit Scandal (2005): Sony BMG put copy protection on roughly 22 million CDs so that when the CDs were put in a computer DRM (digital rights management) software was downloaded onto the computer to interfere with CD copying—led to class-action lawsuits in 2005 and 2006. 2005 was also the peak (roughly 5k cases) of the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) copyright lawsuits against individuals sharing files and downloading MP3s. - YouTube: online video-sharing platform based in California, developed by former PayPal employees in February 2005; Google purchased it in November 2006 for $1.65 billion.

(27) Country Music

- Country Pop continued to dominate the charts culminating in Carrie Underwood and Taylor Swift (toward the end of the decade) and causing a backlash among traditionalists. - MuzikMafia (Musically Artistic Friends In Alliance): informal affiliation of artists founded in Nashville in October 2001 by Big Kenny and John Rich (the duo Big & Rich). Encouraged eclecticism, blending rock, bluegrass, reggae, honky tonk, etc. They intended their group as an anti-commercial response to the country pop of Nashville. Two main acts emerged: Big & Rich: Horse of a Different Color (2004), very rock influenced with singles "Holy Water" and "Save a Horse (Ride a Cowboy)." Gretchen Wilson: Here for the Party (2004) on Epic Records with the 1cw hit "Redneck Woman"—riff right out of Southern Rock. - "Murder on Music Row," recorded by George Strait and Alan Jackson—lamented the loss of traditional country, never officially released as a single and still charted at number 38. Jackson came to represent the neo-traditional movement in country music with his single (in response to 9/11) "Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)" (28p, 1cw 2002) and his gospel album Precious Memories (2006).

(27) Electronic Music

- Daft Punk: French electronic music duo, arose to prominence in the late 1990s French house movement, combining house with funk, techno, disco, rock, and synthpop. Assume robot personae in most live appearances, rarely appear on tv. Debut studio album Homework (1997) on Virgin Reords with "Around the World" and "Da Funk." Their second album launched their success: Discovery (2001) with "One More Time," Digital Love," and "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger." - Deadmau5 (Joel Zimmerman): mouse-masked Canadian DJ and producer of progressive house music with his own label since 2007 Mau5trap. Breakthrough album: Random Album Title (2008) with "Faxing Berlin (2006), "Not Exactly (2007), and "I Remember" (2008) with Kaskade. - Danger Mouse (Brian Burton): released The Grey Album (2004) mixing Jay-Z's The Black Album with the "White Album" by the Beatles. Formed Gnarls Barkley with CeeLo Green; produced two albums: St. Elsewhere (2006) and The Odd Couple (2008). A MAJOR producer: worked with The Black Keys, Gorillaz, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Adele, MF Doom (The Mask and the Mouse of 2005 is particularly notable), A$AP Rocky.

(28) Twitter

- Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok and other such services all involve "followers" that have access to the content a user puts up—changes ideas about social networks and self-worth. Usage triggers dopamine (making users want to continue) but also invites invidious comparison (a selfie is curated but seems like the other person is having a great time).

(28) Country Music

- Sturgill Simpson: the country side of Americana. Released two independent albums: High Top Mountain (2013) and Metamodern Sounds in Country Music (2014); then signed to Atlantic for A Sailor's Guide to Earth (2016) and Sound & Fury (2019). Draws on Outlaw Country (Waylon Jennings and Merle Haggard, in particular). His music mixes elements of hard country and psychedelia. His latest album was released simultaneously with a Netflix anime film as a companion piece; it has a hard rock/funk/psychedelic sound rather than country. - Bro-Country: pop country with hip hop, rock, and electronica influences. Lyrics concern sex, driving trucks, partying, and alcohol. Term first used in 2013 by Jody Rosen of New York magazine referring to the Florida Georgia Line song "Cruise" (the best-selling digital country song, 24 weeks at #1). Certain songs of Blake Shelton ("Boys 'Round Here") and the work of Jason Aldean and Luke Bryan fit this category. 2013 saw three bro-country albums on the best-selling of the year list: Luke Bryan, Crash My Party (3), Florida Georgia Line, Here's to the Good Times (6), Shelton, Based on a True Story (9).

(28) Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle (1967):

- "Everything that was directly lived has receded into a representation." "The spectacle is not a collection of images; it is a social relation between people that is mediated by images." "The spectacle cannot be understood as a mere visual excess produced by mass-media technologies. It is a worldview that has actually been materialized, that has become an objective reality." - Degradation of being into having—human fulfillment equated not with what one was but with what one has. Now we move from having to appearing. "the more he identifies with the dominant images of need, the less he understands his own life and his own desires...the individual's gestures are no longer his own; they are the gestures of someone else who represents them to him." - Slogans: many lyrics (especially hooks) start to take on the air of the slogan. Think of Beyoncé, "Single Ladies:" Should've put a ring on IT. Non-buyer's remorse? The person as product—but knows her value, okay, but do we want to have use value and exchange value tied to our ways of being? Use values are social—so to say that she has use value is to say she has that value as a mere woman for whomever cares to "use" a woman. Starts to sound pretty bad. But then the bridge disclaims consumerism......by citing Toy Story?

(28) No Room at the Top

- 60% of all concert-ticket revenue world-wide went to the top 1% of performers ranked by revenue in 2017, according to Alan Krueger, a Princeton economist. More than double the 26% that top acts took home in 1982.

(28) Spotify and Streaming

- An audio streaming platform founded in 2006 and launched in 2008. Criticized for "unsustainable compensation"—Spotify pays royalties based on "market share" (proportion of downloads in comparison to the whole). Also criticized for their (unpublished) algorithms that some claim underplay certain genres (contemporary Christian) and certain mainstream artists (A Tribe Called Quest). Spotify has made it clear that it's business is NOT music but rather selling subscriptions. - 2013: Billboard and other charting entities move to "album-equivalent units" in order to account for the drop in album sales owing to the streaming services. In 2014 only the Frozen soundtrack and Taylor Swift's 1989 went platinum. Some artists attempt to game the system by including many tracks on a single album, see Chris Brown Heartbreak on a Full Moon (2017), which has 45 tracks.

(27) R&B

- Beyoncé: recognized as the top artist of the decade by the RIAA. Began the decade with Destiny's Child but soon began releasing highly successful solo albums starting with Dangerously in Love (1p 2003), then B'Day (1p 2006) and I Am...Sasha Fierce (1p 2008). - Usher: Confessions (1p 1r; top-selling album of the year, 2004) made him one of the best-selling artists of the decade. - Rihanna, Music of the Sun (10p 6r 2005), A Girl Like Me (5p 2r 2006), Good Girl Gone Bad (2p 3r 2007) then a string a highly successful releases. - British Soul: a series of British female soul singers began to gain international popularity including Adele, Amy Winehouse, Joss Stone, and Estelle.

(28) Electronic Music

- Chillwave (glo-fi, hypnagogic pop): dreamy retro pop sound, escapist lyrics, psychedelic and lo-fi production, heavy effects (especially reverb), mellow vocals. It emulates 80s electropop and is another genre tinged with nostalgia; a genre (among the first) to be propagated purely through the Internet. 2009 was the "Summer of Chillwave" with Washed Out's "Feel It All Around" emerging as the most famous example of the genre. Ariel Pink is the founder of the style. See also Panda Bear (from Animal Collective), Person Pitch (2007). - Skrillex: was the lead singer of post-hardcore band From First to Last; began a solo career in 2007. Began performing as Skrillex and released My Name is Skrillex EP (2010) for free on his MySpace page. Firmly devoted to dubstep with some reference to industrial metal and nu metal. Marshmello: groove-oriented, bass-heavy electronica. YouTuber: Cooking with Marshmello and Gaming with Marshmello. "Happier" (2p 2018) with British band Bastille.

(27) Asian Popular Music

- J-Pop: mixture of traditional Japanese music with popular music genres; the modern form began in the 60s, with the Beatles and Beach Boys as huge influences. The term "J-pop" arose in the 1990s as it began to gain international popularity. The commercial music conglomerate Being introduced several successful acts in the early 90s. Although the peak Japanese sales for this music came in the late 90s, several artists came to prominence in the 2000s including Ayumi Hamasaki and Orange Range. - K-Pop: popular music from South Korea; the modern form began in the 90s and gained global attention in the 2000s. Two of the earliest popular groups were Seo Taiji and Boys (formed in 1992) and H.O.T. (formed in 1996). Management agencies (like SM Entertainment) tie young potential artists to binding contracts, in exchange they receive intensive training for years. The average cost is $3 million to produce an idol (according to a 2012 Wall Street Journal article). Synchronized dancing and "point choreography" (repetitive key movements); sometimes accused of creating insipid, pre-packaged products based on cultural appropriation with no discernible ties to more traditional Korean culture. Fashion is a huge part of the appeal, ranging from throwback retro styles, to sexy styles, to "black & white" styles, some styles draw on hip hop culture. The wave of popularity of South Korean culture in other countries is known as Hallyu (Korean Wave). - Bollywood: although Bollywood, the movie industry in India, has a long history, it emerged into the international spotlight in the 2000s, particularly with films like Slumdog Millionaire.

(28) You Tube and TV Stars

- Justin Bieber: posted cover versions of songs on YouTube as a child singer, discovered at 13 by manager Scooter Braun; signed to RBMG Records in 2008. EP My World (2009) produced seven hits on charts. My World 2.0 (1p 2010) with "Baby;" Believe (1p 2012) with "Boyfriend; Journals (2013)—compilation album released through iTunes, one song every Monday; Purpose (1p 2015) moved in the direction of EDM. - Ariana Grande, started on Nickelodeon's Victorious and through cover songs uploaded to YouTube; Yours Truly (1p 2013)—doo-wop 50s sound combined with a 90s R&B feel; Sweetener (2018) and Thank U, Next (2019) utilize trap elements. - Melanie Martinez, started on The Voice, released a film and concept album; "Pity Party" (2015) samples Leslie Gore's "It's My Party." Critics have labeled her emo and "hyper-real." Models her visual image on Tim Burton.

(28) Hip Hop

- Kendrick Lamar: Good Kid, M.A.A.D. City (2012), To Pimp a Butterfly (1p 2015), Damn (2017)—won the Pulitzer Prize. One of the most highly regarded rappers. His flow employs atypical rhythmic groupings (quintuplets, etc.), rhythmic motives, repetitions of large chunks of the lyric reordered (see "Rigamortus"). Drake: came to fame on tv show Degrassi: The Next Generation, produced mixtapes in 2006, 2007, and 2009—the last available via download from his website. First album Thank Me Later (2010) with "Find Your Love" (5p). Nothing Was the Same (2013)—rap and ballads with a dancehall influence. Sometimes referred to as a "hyper-reality rap" for its focus on celebrity. - Nicki Minaj: released several mixtapes (2007-2009); signed with Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment and released Pink Friday (1p 2010) featuring "Super Bass," Pink Print (2014), Queen (2018). Very fast (sometimes comedic) flow, alter egos, odd accents, a lot of word play and comedic punchlines; outlandish costumes and public persona; she has invited controversy in her statements (explicit and implied) concerning feminism and sex positivity—for example, is "Anaconda" a clever reversal of "I Like Big Butts" or is it succumbing to the objectification of women? - Mumble Rap (aka Emo Rap or SoundCloud Rap): less emphasis on lyricism, lo-fi production; early proponents: Gucci Mane, Chief Keef, and Future, "Tony Montana" (2011)—sometimes considered the first example of the genre. Many employ the "aye" flow (adding "yeah," "uh," and "aye" to the ends of lines); the beats often have an odd interrupted feel adopted from alternative rap (like Madlib). XXXTentacion, 17 (2p 2017) and ? (p1 2018); Lil Xan, and 6ix9ine. - Trap: originated in the South in the late 90s. Expresses melancholy, emphasis on subdivided hi-hat, layered synths, sub-bass layered kick drums. Producers Lil Jon and Shawty Redd were important contributors to the sound. T.I. Trap Muzik (2003); Rick Ross and producer Lex Luger, "B.M.F. (Blowin' Money Fast)" (2010);Fetty Wap, "Trap Queen" (2p 2015); Desiigner, "Panda" (1p 2016); Rae Stremmurd and Gucci Mane, "Black Beatles" (1p 2016) gained fame through the "Mannequin Challenge." Cardi B, "Kodak Yellow" (1p 2017). - Cloud Rap: Developed out of the lo-fi experimentation of cLOUDDEAD (see "The Keen Teen Skip"): hazy production, often chant-like vocal samples, also distorted, psychedelic samples. Viper, You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack (2008); A$AP Rocky, Long.Live.A$AP (2013).

(28) SoundCloud

- Lorde, New Zealand dream pop artist. EP The Love Club (2013) with "Royals" (1p)—she released the EP for free through SoundCloud. Pure Heroine (3p 2013) brought critical success. Curated the soundtrack to The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1 (2014), then Melodrama (1p 2017). - Billie Eilish: writes and produces songs with her brother Finneas; first gained attention when she uploaded their song "Ocean Eyes" to SoundCloud. When We Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? (top-selling album of 2019) featuring "Bad Guy" (1p). Displays a range of influences including emo, EDM, dark pop, and electropop. - Post Malone: "White Iverson" (2015) on SoundCloud; August 26th (2016) with "Go Flex," Beerbongs & Bentleys (2018) broke the Spotify download record upon release. -Lil Nas X, "Old Town Road" crosses trap (see below) with country music; was released independently via iTunes and SoundCloud on December 3, 2018. Lil Nas X began creating memes to promote the song (including a video using clips from the game Red Dead Redemption 2) but then the song was appropriated for the "Yeehaw Challenge" meme on TikTok and it went viral. Columbia Records offered Lil Nas X a contract and rereleased the single and a remix featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (1p 2009). Billboard removed the song from the country charts, claiming it did not embrace "enough elements of today's country music," a move many critics saw as implicit racism.

(27) Hip Hop

- Megastars: Eminem, Kanye West, Gorillaz, Black Eyed Peas, Missy Elliot Eminem: signed with Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment and released The Slim Shady LP (1999), The Marshall Mathers LP (2000), and The Eminem Show (2002)—all major successes; made a semi-autobiographical film 8 Mile (2002), which was a huge hit and he became the first hip hop artist to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song ("Lose Yourself"); after a hiatus released Relapse (2009) and Recovery (2010)—both won Best Rap Album Grammys. His success in a primarily black artform has drawn comparisons to Elvis. Kanye West: an important producer at Roc-A-Fella Records; released The College Dropout (2004); started the record label GOOD Music. Began experimenting with various genres and styles and released two more successful albums: Late Registration (2005) and Graduation (2007). 808s & Heartbreak (2008) employed a controversial but influential minimalist, electronica sound (keyboards, auto-tune, and drum machines—"808" refers to the Roland TR-808)—auto-tune in the late 2000s began to take on a connotation of pain and isolation; Kanye reinforces that here; My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010)—a maximalist masterpiece; in some ways a retrospective album that serves a the culminating point of his earlier work. - Southern Hip Hop (sometimes called crunk although that term refers more to the party style promoted by Lil Jon and others): Although its roots begin in the late 1980s/90s with Geto Boys, Grip It! On That Level (1989), Geto Boys (1990) and We Can't Be Stopped (1991) on the one hand and DJ Screw on the other; the rap duo OutKast released Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik (1994) and appeared at the 1995 Source Awards where they criticized the narrow focus of hip hop on the coasts, insisting that the South had "something to say." This was a flashpoint for the bourgeoning prominence of Southern hip hop. Three record companies began to fuel Southern success: Cash Money Records, No Limit Records, and Hypnotize Minds. Several important artists emerge: T.I., Ludacris, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Juvenile, Three 6 Mafia. OutKast wins six 2004 Grammy awards for the album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below featuring "Hey Ya!." In 2002, Southern hip hop accounted for roughly 60% of the sale of singles in hip hop. Lil Wayne, Tha Carter (2004), Tha Carter II (2005). - Alternative Hip Hop: Mos Def, MF Doom, The Roots, Common, Blackalicious MF Doom (Daniel Dumile): performs in a supervillain mask; his lyrics are incredibly dense with internal rhymes, holorimes, strings of vowel sounds, and what we might term "lyrical drift"—where a couplet gets continued instead of replaced by another couplet sometimes through wordplay (see "Great Day" from Madvillainy). Started out in the group KMD with his brother DJ Subroc in 1988, released Mr. Hood (1991) and Black Bastards (1993); Subroc was killed by a car and Dumile retreated from society. 1997: he reemerges at freestyle competitions in Manhattan incognito, adopts his new identity. Operation: Doomsday (1999) including "Dead Bent." Takes on various personae from Godzilla movies and comic books. Produces his own instrumental tracks—some of his tracks were released as instrumentals on the Special Herbs series. Collaborated with Madlib on Madvillainy (2004)—obscure samples, short songs, MF Doom adopts a new persona for the final version of this album. Mos Def: multi-syllable rhymes as the main rhythmic value; see "Re:Definition" from Black Star (1998), his duo project with Talib Kweli. Blackalicious, "Blazing Arrow" from Blazing Arrow (2002)—constant 16th-note rhythm where the grouping of lines emerges from rhyme alone. - Grime: UK electronic dance genre that combines elements of dancehall, hip hop, and jungle. Jagged rhythmic approach around 140 bpm (because that is the default tempo on FL Studios). Lyrics portray the gritty elements of street life. Popular artists include Wiley, Dizzee Rascal, Kano, and Lethal Bizzie. - Reggaeton: originated in Puerto Rico in the late 90s by combining dancehall and hip hop with Latin genres. Lyrics involve drugs, poverty, sex, and violence. 2002: Senator Velda González of the Popular Democratic Party held hearings to regulate the sexually explicit lyrics of reggaetón; she also used (non-explicit) reggaetón as part of her campaign efforts. Daddy Yankee, El Cangre.com (2002) and El Cartel III: The Big Boss (9p 2007); Tego Calderón, El Abayarde (2002); Ivy Queen, Diva (2003); Don Omar, King of Kings (7p 2006).

(27) Oddities

- Nintendocore: hardcore metal that incorporates sounds from gaming systems, primarily Nintendo; sometimes referred to as "nerdcore:" The NESkimos, An Albatross, Horse the Band, "The Black Hole" (2005). - Glitch Music and Glitch hop: music, starting in the 1990s, based on malfunctioning audio and other sonic artifacts such as skipping CDs, electric hum, distortion, circuit bent electronics, scratches and hiss of vinyl records, hardware noise, etc.. The movement originated in Germany and Japan and soon became international. The electronic soundtrack for the video game Streets of Rage 3 by Yuzo Koshiro and Motohiro Kawashima; Coil, under the alias ELpH, Worship the Glitch (1995). In the early 2000s a subgenre arose called Glitch hop featuring groups like Machinedrum, Dabrye, edit, Lackluster, and Prefuse 73.

(27) Rock Music

- Post-Grunge: Radiohead: continued to build on their 90s success—particularly The Bends (1995) and OK Computer (1997)—through a series of experimental and celebrated albums: Kid A (2000), Amnesiac (2001), and Hail to the Thief (2003) on EMI. Their EMI contract expired and In Rainbows (2007) was released as a download for which fans paid whatever amount they saw fit—the first major release to do so. Foo Fighters, Nickelback, and Creed likewise built on 90s success. - Post-Punk Revival: Inspired by the garage rock of the 1960s and the post-punk of the 80s. Sometimes drew on the fashion of the early 60s with the skinny ties of new wave; emphasis on "authenticity." Many found success in the UK first. The Strokes, Is This It (2uk 2001); The White Stripes, White Blood Cells (2001); Interpol, Turn on the Bright Lights (2002); The Black Keys slowly built a fan base over the course of several albums; two of note: Rubber Factory (2004) and Brothers (2010) with "Tighten Up." The scene started to lose momentum in 2007 and the successful bands started to blend into the larger indie rock scene. - Indie Rock: Arcade Fire, Funeral (2004) with "Wake Up" (a song that got a lot of play in some odd ways—U2 played it over the sound system before they took the stage, etc.; it also was used for a few tv shows, as outro music). The Suburbs (2010) was a critically lauded album; in 2011 they released a short film directed by Spike Jonze featuring some songs from it called Scenes from the Suburbs. Bright Eyes, I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning (2005) featuring "First Day of My Life;" Okkervil River, Black Sheep Boy (2005), a quasi-concept album conflating relationship woes and Tim Hardin's struggles with heroin while Stage Names (2007) includes "Plus Ones" a play on popular songs based on numbers; The Shins, "New Slang" (2001) from Oh, Inverted World on Sub Pop Records—returning Sub Pop to prominence among the independents; the song is the one that is supposed to "change your life" in the film Garden State (2004). - Indie Folk: Emerged out of the 90s work of Ani DiFranco, Will Oldham, and Elliott Smith. Indie Folk was part of the increasing interest in Americana of the late 90s/early 2000s (the No Depression movement, etc.) and often used traditional folk and bluegrass instruments (pedal steel, mandolin, banjo). The vocal melodies also tried to capture a mixture of folk immediacy and indiecleverness: Examples include The Decembrists, The Crane Wife (2006); Avett Brothers, Four Thieves Gone (2006) and I and Love and You (2009); Fleet Foxes, Fleet Foxes (2008); Blind Pilot, 3 Rounds and a Sound (2008); Dawes, North Hills (2009) and Nothing is Wrong (2011). - Emo: Built on the early successes of Weezer and Sunny Day Real Estate of the 1990s, Emo became a major genre (or anti-genre) in the 2000s. The music focuses on sensitivity, emotion, angst, depression Emo kids dress in skinny jeans, tight t-shirts, and sport flat, jet-black hair with bangs. Many of the bands associated with emo refute the label. Death Cab for Cutie, Transatlanticism (2003); Fall Out Boy, From Under the Cork Tree (9p 2005) and Infinity on High (1p 2007); My Chemical Romance, The Black Parade (2006), a concept album about the death and afterlife of a cancer patient; Panic! at the Disco, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005) featuring "I Write Sins Not Tragedies."

(28) Rock Music

- Psychedelic/Experimental Rock: Animal Collective, released several albums in the early 2000s but broke through with Merriweather Post Pavilion (2009); combines elements of noise rock, psychedelia, and electronic music. - Djent: inspired by the math rock of Meshuggah, the djent scene began as an online community. The breakthrough album was Periphery, Periphery (2010); progressive metal with a polyphonic texture, polymeters, virtuosity; Animals as Leaders, "CAFO" (2009). Songs are rhythmically complex with involved forms. - 1990s Revival: Primus, Alice in Chains, Soundgarden, Faith No More, Janes Addiction, Pearl Jam, Tool, Blink-182. - British: Mumford & Sons, British folk rock influenced by Americana—specifically the Old Crow Medicine Show. Sigh No More (2009); Babel (2012). Arctic Monkeys, Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not (2006); AM (2013); one of the first bands to come to wide attention primarily through Internet promotion through a MySpace fansite and through free downloads from their website.

(28) R&B

- Revivals for Maxwell, Janet Jackson, Kelly Rowland, D'Angelo, Monica. - The Weeknd: anonymously uploaded songs to YouTube as "The Weeknd" in 2010 and released mixtapes in 2011 in the dark wave style of R&B (bleak, introspective lyrics, in minor keys, drawing on post-punk styles). Then began releasing albums Kiss Land (2013); Beauty Behind the Madness (2015); Starboy (2016); After Hours (2020). High-flying falsetto vocals, music draws heavily on the 80s post-punk of the Cocteau Twins, The Smiths, Bad Brains, and Siouxsie and the Banshees. Solange: influenced by Motown; A Seat at the Table (1p 2016). - Frank Ocean: Channel Orange (2012) and especially Blonde (1p 2016), which draws on avant-garde and psychedelic music. Visual project Endless (2016) was released exclusively through Apple Music. Unconventional melodies, experimental song structures.

(27) Pop Music 2000-2010

Christina Aguilera, Britney Spears, and Justin Timberlake were all in the 1990s revival of The Mickey Mouse Club. Spears ...Baby One More Time (1p 1999), Oops!...I Did It Again (1p 2000); Christina Aguilera (1p 1999)—"What a Girl Wants," and "Genie in a Bottle;" Mi Reflejo (2000)—best-selling Latin album of the year, Stripped (2002) with "Beautiful;" Timberlake, Justified (2002). - Pink, Missundaztood (2001), Funhouse (2008); Lady Gaga, The Fame Monster (2008); Shakira, Oral Fixation Vol.2 (2005) featuring "Hips Don't Lie." - Pop Punk: continuing from the mold established in the 90s by Green Day, Offspring, and Blink 182, several pop punk bands rose to fame in the 2000s including Good Charlotte, The Young and the Hopeless (2002) and Avril Lavigne, dubbed the "Pop Punk Queen," released Let Go (2002) with "Complicated" and "Sk8er Boi," The Best Damn Thing (1p 2007) with "Girlfriend."