Set 1 (chapter 7+8)

Anti-androgen drugs may block the production of testosterone may reduce deviant sexual behaviors may reduce sexual fantasies all of these are correct

all

The study of 46 XY DSD in the Dominican Republic found that although raised as girls, most of the individuals adopted male gender identities all of these are correct the source of the condition was androgen insensitivity most individuals developed a sexual preference for male partners

although raised as girls, most of the individuals adopted male gender identities

Individuals with PTSD have increased sensitivity to? Gamma aminobutyric acid Glucocorticoids Insulin Serotonin

glucocorticoids

Which of the following brain regions is not implicated in predatory aggression in cats? Central Amygdala. Ventral Periaqueductal Gray. Lateral Amygdala. Medial hypothalamus.

medial hypothalamus

According to research, you would most likely see increases in aggression in if you injected testosterone into which group? Males rather than females. People with low serotonin levels. People with prefrontal damage. People with high acetylcholine levels.

people with low serotonin levels

Which of the following brain areas is active during copulation in female, but not male, rats? ventromedial nucleus medial preoptic area medial amygdala sexually dimorphic nucleus

ventromedial nucleus

Which hormone is involved in the HPA axis? PPY NMDA ACTH Dopamine

ACTH

Which of the following are limbic system structures involved in emotion? (Choose all that apply) Anterior cingulate cortex Septal nuclei Hypothalamus Ventromedial cortex Hippocampus Mammillary bodies

anterior cingualte cortex septal nuclei hypothalamus is a must

In an MRI study, investigators found that the right ____ was larger in people with high scores on _____ avoidance. Amygdala; predator Hippocampus; pain Anterior cingulate; harm Prefrontal cortex; alcohol

anterior cingulate; harm

According to the text, why aren't there many studies of homosexual females? Bisexuality is more common in females than in males, which makes females sexuality harder to categorize. There is not enough money to study males and females. Females are much more likely than males to be heterosexual. There is greater stigma for homosexuality in females, so they do not elect to participate in studies.

Bisexuality is more common in females than in males, which makes females sexuality harder to categorize.

Regarding the case of "Bruce-Brenda-David," which of the following is TRUE? Brenda wanted to become a boy before she knew her true sex Brenda was comfortable with her feminine role until adolescence This case clearly demonstrated that the "neutral-at-birth" position is incorrect Brenda's identical twin brother also exhibited many feminine characteristics

Brenda wanted to become a boy before she knew her true sex

Conversion of T cells to TH17 cells that cause inflammation are regulated by the ______ gene which also controls the ________. SLC6A4; serotonin activity CLOCK; day-night cycle MAOA-L; aggression response NFIL3; sympathetic nervous system

CLOCK; day-night cycle

Your friend Taylor really likes to go new places and try new things while your friend Jordan would prefer to stay at home. What neuroanatomical difference is likely to be observed between your friends? Jordan will have stronger connections between the Pons and PFC while Taylor will have stronger connections between the striatum, amygdala, and subgenual PFC. Jordan will have stronger connections between the striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus while Taylor will have stronger connections between the striatum and PFC. Jordan will have stronger connections between the striatum and PFC while Taylor will have stronger connections between the striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus. Jordan will have stronger connections between the striatum, amygdala, and subgenual PFC while Taylor will have stronger connections between the Pons and PFC.

Jordan will have stronger connections between the striatum and PFC while Taylor will have stronger connections between the striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Which of the following statements regarding 46 XX DSD individuals is TRUE? They have ovaries They lack testosterone receptors They are always raised as girls The external genitalia are clearly male in appearance

They have ovaries

_____________________ states that the identity of an emotion is based on the cognitive assessment of a situation. cognitive-behavioral theory cognitive theory James-Lange theory arousal theory

cognitive theory

Which of the following will NOT result in 46 XY DSD? 5a-reductase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia 17-a-hydroxysteroid deficiency androgen insensitivity syndrome

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Immune system cytokines released by tumors can produce__________________. OCD depressive-like behaviors panic disorder anxiety

depressive-like behaviors

Which of the following neurotransmitters increases in the nucleus accumbens during sexual activity? enkephalin dopamine norepinephrine serotonin

dopamine

Which of the following statements regarding the refractory phase of the sexual response is TRUE? Males typically have a refractory period of 3-5 hours all of these are correct During the refractory phase, orgasm cannot occur Females have a shorter refractory phase than males

during the refractory phase, orgasm cannot occur

In pain insensitivity disorders what part of pain perception is missing? Emotional response to pain. The body's inflammatory response. Neuron pathways that signal pain. Recognition of pain causing stimuli.

emotional response to pain

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of chronic stress? Decreased hippocampal volume. Mood disruption. Death. Enhanced immune activity.

enhanced immune activity

Penile and clitoral erection first occur in the ________________________ phase of sexual response. orgasm plateau resolution excitement

excitement

__________ is an emotional reaction to an immediate threat; _____________ is apprehension about the future. anxiety; fear dread; startle startle; dread fear; anxiety

fear, anxiety

Which of the following is predicted by the steroid/peptide theory of social bonds? females engaging in sex when testosterone is low males caring for young while sexually aroused males defending territory when vasopressin is high females caring for young while not sexually aroused

females caring for young while not sexually aroused

Which statement about the causes of homosexuality is most accurate? Homosexuality is caused by radically different events than heterosexuality. Heredity, hormones, brain structures, and experiences all seem to play a role in determining sexual orientation. Experience early in life is the most important cause of sexual orientation. Homosexuality is caused by one specific gene.

heredity, hormones, brain structures, and experiences all seem to play a role in determining sexual orientation

LeVay's study of brain anatomy showed that the INAH3 is similar in which groups? homosexual females and homosexual males heterosexual females and heterosexual males homosexual males and females heterosexual males and homosexual males

homosexual males and heterosexual females

Which of the following statements regarding olfactory receptors is true? humans have more genes for them than mice humans have 400-600 genes for odor receptors there are as many different odor receptors as odors that can be detected Humans can distinguish approximately 1,000 odors

humans have 400-600 genes for odor receptors

As forms of motivation, how are hunger and sex different? Hunger, but not sex, is under the influence of hormones Sex, but not hunger, is entirely under the control of external stimuli Sex, but not hunger, involves arousal and satiation Hunger, but not sex, represents a homeostatic tissue need

hunger, but not sex, represents a homeostatic tissue need

Which of the following statements regarding sexual activity in females is TRUE? Women on birth control pills are less likely to initiate sex midcycle than at other times Women are less likely to engage in sexual intercourse during ovulation than at other times of the cycle In women, the increased likelihood of initiating sex corresponds with an increase in sex hormone levels Only female humans will engage in sexual activity when they are not ovulating

in women, the increased likelihood of initiating sex corresponds with an increase in sex hormone levels

Alcohol use is associated with aggression because initially it ______ and then ______. Acts as a sedative; acts as a stimulant. Increases serotonin; decreases serotonin below normal levels. Activates GABA receptors; blocks GABA receptors. Decreases dopamine; increases dopamine above normal levels.

increases serotonin; decreases serotonin below normal levels

Patients with bilateral amygdala damage generally do not exhibit signs of fear to normally fear provoking stimuli. However, it has been demonstrated that there are other fear circuits because these individuals show fear when? Inhaling carbon dioxide. Encountering a violent individual. Losing large amounts of money in a gambling task. Being exposed to venomous snakes.

inhaling carbon dioxide

GABA is involved in the _____ of aggression by causing ______ in postsynaptic neurons. Initiation; EPSPs Inhibition; IPSPs Inhibition; EPSPs Initiation; IPSPs

inhibition; IPSPs

The genes involved in the production of the following neurotransmitters are often implicated in aggression EXCEPT for? Serotonin Norepinephrine. Dopamine GABA

norepinephrine

Which of the following groups tends to score the LOWEST on spatial tasks? normal females normal males CAH females 46 XX DSD individuals

normal females

Epigenetic influences on sexual orientation, such as methylation of an X chromosome indicate that genes are critical to determining sexual orientation. early childhood experiences shape sexual orientation experiences during adolescence determine sexual orientation prenatal environment can influence sexual orientation

prenatal environment can influence sexual orientation

Allopregnanolone is a metabolite of ____ that may be linked to aggression in females. Serotonin Estrogen Testosterone Progesterone

progesterone

A person with damage to the ventromedial cortex will likely have trouble identifying the difference between what? Risky and safe decks in a gambling task. Punishment and reward. Emotions. Internal and external stimuli.

risky and safe decks in a gambling task

Homosexuality is other species sometimes resembles heterosexuality is never observed occurs only under controlled laboratory conditions results only from the manipulation of hormones during development

sometimes resembles heterosexuality

Steve believes he should have been born into a woman's body, and he wishes to get gender reassignment surgery to fix the apparent "mistake." However, he is still sexually attracted to women. If Steve's doctor were to examine his brain, what area would be smaller in size than it is in homosexual and heterosexual male friends? medial amygdala central bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc) medial preoptic area (MPOA) ventromedial hypothalamus (vmH)

ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc)