Set 5

There are... different amino acids, each with a different side chain.

20

Monosaccharides are simple carbohydrates that contain between

3 and 7 carbon atoms e.g. glucose and fructose.

All proteins are polypeptides that contain between

50 to thousands of amino acids.

Nucleic acids are composed of chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of three parts:

A Nitrogenous base A sugar composed of 5 carbons A phosphate group

The main polysaccharides produced by plants are:

Starches Cellulose

There are a number of crucial differences between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA):

The five carbon sugar in RNA is a ribose (not a deoxyribose)

Proteins play many diverse roles in the body. Some functions of proteins include:

The formation of enzymes - catalyse chemical reaction in the body Form the machinery involved in muscle contractions Form antibodies to detect invading microbes

Cellulose is also produced by

joining glucose molecules together, but they cannot be broken down by the digestive system.

Starches are produced by

joining glucose molecules together. They can be broken down by the body to release the individual glucose molecules.

This energy can be converted to ... to move molecules and to

kinetic energy, initiate other chemical reactions (i.e. activation energy), and much more!

Monounsaturated contain

one double covalent bond.

A tripeptide is

three amino acids joined together.

The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the

three dimensional shape that proteins form.

Lipids are also composed of

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Lipids play a critical role in the body. The most common forms of lipids found in the body are:

Fatty acids and triglycerides Phospholipids SteroidsFat soluble vitamins

Carbohydrate molecules can be grouped based on their size into three categories:

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Chemical potential energy is stored in the bonds of ATP and can be rapidly released and used to power the activities of the cell. For example:

Muscle contractions Movements of cell structures Transport of substances across the plasma membrane.

Common carbohydrates that you might have heard of are:

Sugars Glycogen Starches Cellulose

The energy released when carbohydrates are broken down is used to produce molecules of

adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The ATP molecule consists of ... attached to...

an adenosine group three phosphate groups

In the body, carbohydrates primarily function

as a source of chemical energy.

Proteins are structurally more complicated than

carbohydrates and lipids.

Steroids are composed of four rings, each made up of

carbon atoms.

Organic molecules have a number advantages (2):

carbon can form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to make molecules that can be very large and complex. As such, they are excellent for building body structures.

It always formed between the ... group of one amino acid and the ... of another amino acid.

carbon of the carboxyl, nitrogen atom in the amino group

Amino acids have a ... to which is attached an ...3.

central carbon, amine group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a side chain.

The bond between the phosphate groups have ... stored in them.

chemical potential energy

There are two forms of nucleic acid in the body:

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Two strands of DNA molecules interact to form a

double-helix structure.

ATP is used to

drive an immense number of processes and reactions in the body. Without ATP you die!

When the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken:

energy is released.

As a result there are

fewer polar covalent bonds.

This occurs as the polypeptide chain

folds back in on itself.

Steroids are structurally quite different

from triglycerides.

The breakdown of glucose is done to

generate molecules of ATP.

The main polysaccharide in the human body is... . it is composed entirely of .. linked to one another in a branching chain.

glycogen, glucose molecules

In place of the third fatty acid, phospholipids

have a phosphate molecule.

These twists and folds are held together by

hydrogen bonds between amino acids.

Because of this lipids are said to be

hydrophobic ("water fearing").

The non-polar tails are arranged

in the middle and the polar head are located on each surface.

Polysaccharides are usually

insoluble in water and do not taste sweet.

As such, the majority of lipids are

insoluble in water.

BUT the proportion of oxygen atoms

is a lot less than that found in carbohydrates.

The primary structure of a protein is... linked together by

its unique sequence of amino acids, peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.

There are three different types of RNA in cells

messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).

Monounsaturated oils contain mostly

monounsaturated fatty acids.

Polyunsaturated contain

more than one double covalent bonds.

The fatty acid tails are

non-polar and are insoluble in water (i.e. hydrophobic).

The phosphate group is a ... molecule and can form... with water (i.e. they are hydrophillic)

polar (or charged), hydrogen bonds,

Polyunsaturated oils contain mostly

polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Changes in temperature and acidic environment etc. can cause

proteins to denature and lose their function.

The fatty acids in a fat are mostly

saturated (i.e. no double covalent bonds).

Fatty acids are some of the simplest lipids in the body. They can be either

saturated or unsaturated.

Disaccharides are also referred to as

simple sugars.

Monosaccharides are sometimes referred to as

simple sugars.

Polysaccharides are molecules that are formed by the joining together of

tens or hundreds of monosaccharides.

A polypeptide is

tens to thousands of amino acids joined together.

Denaturation refers to

the breaking down of a proteins three dimensional shape.

Amino acids are

the building blocks of proteins.

The quaternary structure of a protein refers to

the combination of different polypeptides to from a single functional protein.

Organic molecules are those that contain

the element carbon (C).

Disaccharides are molecules that are formed by

the joining together of two monosaccharides.

In this structure the nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand form hydrogen bonds with

the nitrogenous bases of the other DNA strand.

Triglycerides consist of

three fatty acids attached to a single glycerol molecule.

In the DNA double helix, adenine bonds with... and cytosine bonds with.

thymine (A-T), guanine (C-G)

During aerobic metabolism, one molecule of glucose can be used

to generate 36 molecules of ATP.

A proteins function depends on its unique three-dimensional shape. Without this shape it is unable

to interact with other proteins and molecules to perform its function.

The secondary structure of a protein is the repeated

twistings and foldings that the polypeptide chain undergoes.

A dipeptide is

two amino acids joined together.

Unlike triglycerides, phospholipids only have

two fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.

In the majority of cases each carbon atom is bound to

two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom (or H2O).

RNA contains a nitrogenous base called ...instead of...

uracil (U), thymine (T)

Carbohydrate literally means

"watered carbon".

However, some carbohydrates are used to build other structures eg

(e.g. deoxyribose, a sugar, is used to build DNA).

But, ATP can be made again:

ATP Synthase ADP + P + Energy -> ATP + H2O

The breakdown of ATP involves:

ATPase ATP + H2O -> ADP + P + Energy

A Nitrogenous base - in DNA these bases are:

Adenine (A); Thymine (T); Cytosine (C); Guanine (G)

The four main types of organic molecules are: cpln

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Proteins are mainly composed of:

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Nucleic acids are large organic molecules that contain:

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous

Carbohydrates are composed primarily of three elements:

Carbon (of course) Hydrogen Oxygen

There are four levels of structural organisation in proteins. These are the:

Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure

The covalent bond between two amino acids is called

a peptide bond.

The plasma membrane of all cells is composed of

a phospholipid bilayer.

A fat that contains mostly saturated fatty acids is said to be

a saturated fat.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as

a storage molecule for energy.

An oil is

a triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature.

A fat is

a triglyceride that is solid at room temperature.