Set A

Quebec political culture - economy

- Fur trade - Linguistic basis = Capital English/ labor french

How much is the francophone minority?

- Large Francophone minority 23% - Down from 28% in 1961

How has language been an issue for Canada?

The minority status of francophones within Canada and the pressures on the French language in this country and across North America have generated resistance in the form of nationalism.

What do some studies suggest about the French language outside of Quebec?

Some studies suggest that a combination of: 1. Aging populations 2. Low birth rates 3. Marriage to non-francophones. 4. The general lack of supportive social and economic milieux for French speakers will lead to the collapse of many francophone communities outside of Quebec within a generation or two.

What did the House of Commons do in 2006?

November 27, 2006, House of Commons approves Conservative motion that "the Quebecois form a nation within a united Canada." - What constitutes Quebecois?

Durham Startegy

"Two nations warring in the bosom of a single state" was Lord Durham's assessment of the relationship between Lower Canada's French Canadian and British Canadian communities in the 1830s. It was an appropriate assessment given that their relationship had turned violent in the Rebellions of 1837-38, which were quickly suppressed by the British military. In the aftermath of the rebellions, the Durham Report and the Act of Union of 1840 (proclaimed February 1841), which united Upper and Lower Canada in the Province of Canada and placed French Canadian society firmly under the control of an anglophone-controlled assembly and executive councils, the francophone professional middle class divided into 2 groups. One group, under the leadership of L.H. LaFontaine and E. Parent, pursued a strategy of maximizing the autonomy of French Canada's cultural, social and religious institutions, hoping thereby to undermine the assimilationist intentions of Lord Durham and the British colonial officials. In order to achieve their goal they co-operated with Upper Canadian reformers in the struggle for and achievement of responsible government in 1848.

What did Lord Durham say in 1839?

'Two nations warring in the bosom of a single state'

What is the linguistic demography outside of Quebec?

- In all provinces expect Quebec, the French language community loses some of its members to the English majority. - In 'Languages in Conflict', Richard Job described the phenomenon of the 'bilingual belt'.

How much is the concentration of Francophone in Quebec?

- More than 4/5 of Quebec is Francophone. - More than 4/5 of Canada's Francophone live in Quebec. Both percentages growing. Other provinces: NB- 31%, Ontario 5%, lower elsewhere

What have been the responses to Dualism? Explain each.

1. 1867 Federal System - Elite Accommodation - French Lieutenant 2. 1969 Official Languages Act - Official Bilingualism (promotion of second language instruction) 3. 1981 Charter of Rights and Freedoms 4. 1987 Meech Lake Accord 5. 1992 Charlottetown Accord 6. 1995 House of Commons Resolution 7. 1997 Calgary Declaration 8. Quebec Secession Reference 9. 1999 Clarity Act 10. 2006 House of Commons Resolution that: - Quebecois constitute a nation within a United Canada

What are Quebec's formative events. Explain each.

1. Conquest 2. 1837 Rebellion 3. Confederation 4. Riel 5. Conscription 6. Quiet Revolution 7. Bill 101 8. Meech Lake Accord

What is the first and most pressing cleavage of dualism?

1. Existential 2. Bilingual

How is French threatened?

1. Immigrants to Quebec overwhelmingly chose English as the language of education for their children. 2. Demographers predicted a sharp decline in the francophone share of Quebec's population within a couple of generations. 3. Despite provincial language laws that, among other things, restrict the language choice available to immigrants for their children's education, English continues to be a popular choice among Quebec's immigrant population. 4. The French-speaking share of Quebec's population has remained fairly stable in recent decades. 5. Quebec's share of the Canadian population has declined gradually in recent decades.

What events led to the evolution of dualism from French Canadian to Quebecois?

1. La Survivance 2. Quiet Revolution 3. Maitres Chez Nous 4. Rattrapage

Is Quebec a distinct society?

1. Language 2. Culture: TV, Music, Humor 3. Attitude: - More left wing ---- Gay Marriage// Afghanistan/ Iraq - More collectivist ---- Charter// Equality more important than freedom 4. Behaviour: Lib Cons Minority - Marriage - Children outside Marriage

What is Quebec Political Culture?

1. Nationalism - Expanded provincial powers - Distinct nation - Equality with the rest of Canada 2. Egalitarian/ Progressive 3. French vs English

What are the 3 issues from confederation?

1. Relationship between French and English - DUALISM 2. Relationship among provinces and federal government - REGIONALISM 3. Relationship between Canada and the US - CONTINENTALISM

What were the challenges to Dualism? Explain each.

1. Riel 2. Empire Relations 3. Conscription 4. FLQ 5. Bill 101 - Language - Education - French Face 6. 1980 Referendum 7. 1992 Referendum 8. 1995 Referendum 9. 2014 Charter of Quebec Values

How do we understand dualism?

1. Sociological or personality principle - Individual approach - Language rights are individual 2. Institutional or territorial principle - Language group rights provincially based - French in Quebec/ English elsewhere

What is rattrapage?

French TV and Radio broadcast?

What is La Revanche du berceau?

La Revanche du berceau ("the revenge of the cradle") is a term for demographic threat via high birth-rates among a minority, specifically associated with French Canadians. The phrase originated in Quebec before the First World War, according to John Robert Colombo's "Colombo's Canadian References."[1] It suggested that although Anglo-Canadians dominated Canada in the 19th century, the higher birth rate in Quebec promised that French-Canadians would resist British immigration and discrimination. The implication was that it would not be possible to discriminate against francophones if they were to remain important in number and compete with the English-speaking Quebecers allowed to moved to Quebec while French-speaking immigration was forbidden. The phrase literally suggests, however, that French Quebecers might somehow avenge or reverse the Conquest of New France by Great Britain in 1759. Since the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, however, Quebec has demonstrated an unusually low birth rate, causing anxiety about the future of the culture and people of Quebec.

What is la survivance?

La Survivance is an expression used by French Canadians denoting the phlegmatic survival of francophone culture, typically in the face of Canadian anglophone or Anglo-American hegemony.[1] It was used frequently in Quebec, especially before the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, but also found expression among the culturally dispossessed francophone mill workers of northern New England, from the 19th century on.

How was the francophone share of Canada's population maintained?

La revanche des berceaux (revenge of the cradles) maintained the francophone population until the second half of the 20th century.

What has been a central issue in Canadian political life?

Language conflict has always been one of the central issues in Canadian political life. - From the Conquest, 1759 to 'Je me souviens', 1978

What is Maitres Chez Nous?

Literally, "masters in our own home," it was the rallying cry of Jean Lesage's Quebec Liberals in their breakthrough 1960 election and in the heady days of activism that ushered in the Quiet Revolution in the early 60s. "Maîtres Chez Nous" was specifically aimed at rallying Quebeckers behind the nationalization and consolidation of the province's electrical utilities to create Hydro Quebec - a monolithic super-utility to harness the province's hydro-electric potential into a vehicle for massive, province-wide economic growth. The intended contrast was with the long history of Francophone subservience to traditionally English-speaking (both English Canadian and American) economic masters. So successful was "Maîtres Chez Nous" that it became a catch phrase not just for the Lesage Liberals but for a broad swath of Quebec nationalists, including in the nascent Quebec separatist movement.

What was the Quiet Revolution?

The Quiet Revolution (Révolution tranquille) was a time of rapid change experienced in Québec during the 1960s. The Quiet Revolution (French: Révolution tranquille) was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Québec, characterized by the effective secularization of government, the creation of a state-run welfare state (état-providence), and realignment of into federalist and sovereignist (or separatist) factions and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election. The Quiet Revolution typically refers to the efforts made by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage (elected in 1960), and sometimes Robert Bourassa (elected in 1970 after the Union Nationale's Daniel Johnson in 1966), though given the profound effect of the changes, most provincial governments since the early 1960s have maintained an orientation based on core concepts developed and implemented in that era. A primary change was an effort by the provincial government to take more direct control over the fields of health care and education, which had previously been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. It created ministries of Health and Education, expanded the public service, and made massive investments in the public education system and provincial infrastructure. The government further allowed unionization of the civil service. It took measures to increase Québécois control over the province's economy and nationalized electricity production and distribution and worked to establish the Canada/Québec Pension Plan. Hydro-Québec was also created in an attempt to nationalize Québéc's electric companies. French-Canadians in Québec also adopted the new name 'Québécois', trying to create a separate identity from France and establish themselves as a reformed province. The Quiet Revolution was a period of unbridled economic and social development in Québec and Canada and paralleled similar developments in the West in general. It was a byproduct of Canada's 20-year post-war expansion and Québéc's position as the leading province for more than a century before and after Confederation. It witnessed particular changes to the built environment and social structures of Montreal, Québéc's leading city. The Quiet Revolution also extended beyond Québéc's borders by virtue of its influence on contemporary Canadian politics. During the same era of renewed Quebecois nationalism,[1] French Canadians made great inroads into both the structure and direction of the federal government and national policy. Moreover, certain facets of the welfare state, as they developed in Québec in the 1960s, became nationalized by virtue of Québéc's acceptance and promotion. This would include rural electrification and healthcare initiatives undertaken by Tommy Douglas in Saskatchewan twenty years earlier.

What is the 'Bilingual Belt'?

The bilingual belt is a term for the portion of Canada where both French and English are regularly spoken. The term was coined by Richard Joy in his 1967 book Languages in Conflict, where he wrote, "The language boundaries in Canada are hardening, with the consequent elimination of minorities everywhere except within a relatively narrow bilingual belt." Joy's analysis of the 1961 census caused him to conclude, "the pattern so common during the 19th Century, of English- and French-speaking communities intermingled within the same geographical region, is now found only along the borders of Quebec Province, within a zone of transition separating French Canada from the English-speaking continent. This 'Bilingual Belt' includes Northern Ontario, the Ottawa Valley, Montreal, the Eastern Townships of Quebec and the northern counties of New Brunswick."