short answer exam 2

What are the differences between the racial classification systems and racial stratification systems of the United States and Brazil?

Although numerous groups have long histories in the United States, the cultural understanding of race in our society has been most deeply affected by distinctions between black and white. Also in the US it is very clear that when people are understood as self-identified racial groups, there are strong differences in economic position and life chances, or the opportunities people have to fulfil their potential in society. However, unlike in the United States, after the era of slavery, racial distinctions were not encoded into law in Brazil. Further, for both historical and cultural reasons, marriage between members of different groups were not prohibited, and mixing among many different ethnicities was common. Brazilian racial classification is extremely complex, particularly among those who self-identify as of African descent.

How have families changed in the past half century?

American ideology often stresses the importance of the neolocal, independent, nuclear, monogamous family. However, this form is challenged by the many people who choose not to marry, the high divorce rate among those that do marry, increasing number of single-parent (especially single-mother) families, and the increasing presence of women in the labor market.

Functionalist and conflict approaches to understanding stratification overlap in interesting ways. Where do these theories agree and where do they disagree?

Functionalism proposes the idea that if you work hard you will get what you want, while conflict theory has social stratification resulting from a struggle to obtain scarce goods and services. For conflict theorists, understanding that society is composed of different groups pursuing different goals and that this often leads to conflict is essential to analyzing social stratification. Functionalism holds that social stratification generally benefits the whole society by rewarding people socially and economically for working harder, taking risks, doing difficult jobs, or spending more time in school or occupational training. Both functionalism and conflict theories have inequalities that are unavoidable.

What is the relationship between how societies produce their livelihoods and gender stratification?

Gender Stratification is when people that are of different sex have different roles or powers in a certain society. These powers, roles, and authorities can differ from each culture. In this situation, power differentials between men and women are related to their economic contributions and the degree to which these contributions can be monetized. Men and women substantial equality in foraging societies, but this diminishes in horticulture, pastoral and agricultural societies where warfare and trade tend to lead to male dominance. For example, in china Women work in factories and not men and get paid little to nothing. They are considered cheap labor. Women also play large roles in agriculture with rice but paid lower wages. Men can easily enter a cash economy selling crops and animals

Given the rapid globalization of the international economy do you believe that religious violence is likely to increase or decrease in the next century?

Globalization - The process in which a certain aspect of a culture is spread on an international scale and is influencing many people. I think violence will increase because it seems like diversity between every religious type is becoming more and more. With more diversity, more violence will rise because people will always think their religion is the one that is true. Evangelical Christians boldly say that Islam is not a part of American society today. People want their religion to be the dominant type and with that information, people will be people and attack others until they submit. An example is when the Jewish people in Florida attacked a mosque in 2017

In what ways did historic patterns of globalization play an important role in the creation of nation-states?

Globalization essentially took people's way of life and made it wrong, they civilized indigenous people and forced them to live in a modern world. They destroyed identity as it was known and gave them a role that would best fit them, each role reached a different stratification class. This helped to create stratified nation states.

How has globalization changed the family?

Globalization has led to increasing levels of urbanization and rising expenses of child upbringing. This has favored increasing the popularity of small families focused around one or two adults and their children and has been accompanied by declining fertility, especially in wealthy nations. Additionally with globalization comes a market economy which is to buy and sell not produce goods solely for oneself. Globalization promotes the creation of nuclear families.

Analyze the ways in which globalization and the spread of market economies have changed gender roles in different societies. Give at least two examples.

Its involvement monetizing societies and incorporating them as suppliers of raw materials to industry most globalization increased men's status at the expense of women. However, globalization also opened new possibilities for women and as a production shifts from supply of raw materials to skilled factory jobs, may lead to to reducing power differentials between men and women. Could be swapped roles, women can make money in factories, or in laborious work. Examples: In Peru women could get land only through marrying, too women are used for dexterity and concentration when in a factory. Employers actually favor women over men. Also, women would make crafts that could be sold but for much less than the value of industrial raw material. That was a way they could make money

Name three reasons kin-based economic systems prevail in non-industrial societies?

Kin based systems are primarily based off of family this means they are interconnected. That means no one person prevails over another, they prevail as a unit. They are also reliable amongst each other. They provide an example of give and take, this is demonstrated in acts such as The Kula Ring, where there is an immediate exchange to be made, and both must reliable on one and other to make such an exchange. Last they succeed because they distribute wealth amongst all members, such as potlatching where everything gathered is given away leaving a unit with nothing. Most Kinship based community are foraging communities and don't partake in industrialism.

What are the functions of a kinship system?

Kinship system refers to the relationships based on descent and marriage that link people in a web of rights and obligations. Kinship provides continuity between generations, provides for the orderly transmission of property and social position between generations, and defines a universe of others upon whom a person can depend for aid. Some examples of these functions would be; Who you can or cannot marry. Cultural rules about social, financial or political obligations to people. Create one's identity, and create social economic systems.

How is potlatching an example of redistribution?

Redistribution requires some form of centralized social organization. ... A potlatch is a good example of redistribution. When people go to an event and are provided with food they then take that food and redistribute it to all members of their family or some kind of group they belong to. Potlatch - a ceremonial feast of the American Indians of the northwest coast marked by the host's lavish distribution of gifts or sometimes destruction of property to demonstrate wealth and generosity with the expectation of eventual reciprocation

Anthropologists see a strong correlation between social and religious change. Explain -

Religion is closely connected with the survival of society and it works to preserve the social order. Through religion beliefs about good and evil are reinforced by supernatural means of social control. Such as rituals and sacred stories.which provides a rationale for social order and gives social values sacred authority. Sacred stories are powerful ways of communicating religious ideas. Also, rituals are ways people show those powerful religious ideas. The religious ritual also intensifies social solidarity by creating an atmosphere in which people experience their common identity in emotionally moving ways. An example would be when Islamic people go to a mosque, Christians go to church, and or Buddhists gather at the wat dhammakaya temple.

Describe the difference between sex and gender, give examples.

Sex: Used to describe biological differences between male and female, particularly visible ones. Gender: The term from sex-related cultural and social roles that individuals play. It is a social, cultural, and psychological construct that society imposes on the biological differences between sex and temperament. Examples: This would be when we begin to learn what sorts of colors, and objects, and ideas that are appropriate for our gender as a young child. The girl has correlated with pink and boys are blue.

What are some of the economic, social, political, and cultural features of state societies?

State societies usually depend on agriculture that provides economic surpluses that permit the development of centralized government, cities, trade, etc. In state societies the government controls the legitimate use of force, which it may use against its citizens and other peoples, but states also maintain themselves by developing hegemonic ideologies that justify the elites control of population. Example: nation - state make the Pledge of Allegiance be recited by kids in an American Classroom.

What are stratified societies and what kinds of social systems are they identified with?

Stratified societies are societies that break down into stratifications and groups, such as black, white and mexican or female/male or rich and poor. They are identified with state societies because of the wide diversity. The inequality is ran with internalized controls, political power and force. Kinship does not exist and there are often wide gaps in societal groups. Ex - a black and white individual maintain the job of the same amount of time but one individual has a higher pay.

What is the kula ring and how is it an example of reciprocity?

The Kula ring system of exchange found in the Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific is one example of balanced reciprocity. A Kula ring involves the ceremonial exchange of shell and bead necklaces (soulava) for shell armbands (mwali) between trading partners living on different islands. They are trading necklaces for bracelets and pieces of each.

21) What was the Ghost Dance prophecy and what did it mean for the Sioux who did not flee to the Badlands in the 19th century?

The ghost dance was a native American religious movement of the late 19th century. Ghost dance prophets envisioned the restoration of native American power in the western united states. Ghost dance practices were involved in the 1890 wounded knee massacre. Basically, what it means for the Sioux native American tribe who did not flee was that they would be killed by the seventh cavalry the same unit that was destroyed by the native Americans in little bighorn, which was inherently called the wounded knee massacre. About 350 Native Americans were killed that were a part of the ghost dancers.

What is the purpose of the RACE project? How is it based on an anthropological understanding of race?

The project is aimed at educating the public about the reality and the unreality of race. The RACE project takes a historical perspective, underlining the fact that racial and ethnic categories are made by humans and change over time.

What are the major functions of marriage and the family.

Three major functions of marriage and the family are regulating sexual access between male and females, arranging for the exchange of services between males and females, and assigning responsibility for child care. Example: The Na of China - the children stay with the mothers household for their entire lives. Men provide the cash and they forbid any sexual talk and activities in the household of females

What are some important connections between kinship and transmigration?

Transmigrants move culture, money, and information around the world rapidly, often through kinship networks. The substantial amounts of money migrants send to their families back home are critical in the economies of many nations and, by extension, in the global economy. In almost all societies, kinship is a basis of group formation, and relationships between individuals are governed mainly by kinship norms. An example of a kinship norm when referring to transmigration would be the obligation to support their families back home after moving to the US.

kinship chart symbols

Triangle- men, Circle- Women, Equal sign- Married, Equal sign with line through it - Divorced

What are the advantages and disadvantages of organization through unilineal or bilateral kinship?

Unilineal Kinship is one line focused. Advantages of this form of kinship would be that there is a wider range of people you could marry. Disadvantages of a unilineal kinship are that you are bound more tightly to one another than those in a bilateral system. Bilateral kinship recognizes both sides of one's family lineage. An advantage of bilateral kinship is that there are more people to help you and on the contrary, as a disadvantage you have more people to help.