Short Answers for test #3

Describe a hip dislocation injury. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

A hip dislocation involves the hip joint which is a synovial (ball-and-socket) and diarthrosis (triaxial) joint. This dislocation is rare and usually occurs posterior due to immense stress. This dislocation tears ligamentum teres, ischiofemoral ligament, and posterior capsule, disrupts blood flow from ligamentum teres and capsule, and causes death to bone tissue.

Describe a hip fracture injury. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

A hip fracture involves the hip joint which is a synovial (ball-and-socket) and diarthrosis (triaxial) joint. A hip fracture is a break in the upper portion of the femur (thighbone). It can cause injury to the femoral neck, intertrochanteric area, subtrochanteric area, and femoral head.

Describe knee injuries. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

A knee injury involves the tibiofemoral joint which is a synovial (hinge) and diarthrosis (uniaxial) joint. A terrible triad injury is caused by lateral blow to the knee. This can cause tearing of the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament.

Describe a radial head dislocation injury. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

A radial head dislocation involves the elbow joint which a synovial (hinge) and diarthrosis (uniaxial). Radial head dislocation can be caused by pulling on the forearm. In this dislocation, the radial head slips out of the annular ligament.

Describe a shoulder dislocation injury. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

A shoulder dislocation involves the glenohumeral joint. This joint is a synovial (ball-and-socket) and diarthrosis (triaxial) joint. When a shoulder dislocates, the humeral slides out of the glenoid cavity. The shoulder dislocates because it has a shallow glenoid cavity, a large rounded humeral head, loose articular capsule, and because it has great flexibility but lacks stability. The structures that are affected are the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles are frequently torn or stretched, glenoid labrum might tear, and the articular cartilage of humeral head or glenoid cavity (scapula) may be damaged. It also runs the risk of repeated dislocations.

Describe a shoulder separation injury. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

A shoulder separation involves the acromioclavicular joint which is a synovial (gliding) and diarthrosis (non-axial) joint. There are two types of shoulder separation. The first type usually occurs due to a downward force over the acromion. This can result in a torn acromioclavicular ligament. The second type is a severe shoulder separation. This can result in a torn acromioclavicular ligament and a torn coracoclavicular ligament. In acromioclavicular separation the clavicle springs up.

Describe an eversion ankle injury. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

An eversion ankle injury involves the ankle joint which is a synovial (hinge) and diarthrosis (uniaxial) joint. This type of ankle injury causes more damage. In the eversion ankle injury the sole is forced laterally, the talus is shoved into lateral malleolus (possible fracture), and the talus MAY be driven between fibula and tibia (tearing interosseous membrane). The medial ligaments are stretched and torn such as the deltoid ligament. There is also the chance of a fractured fibula.

Describe an inversion ankle injury. Include the following: joint name/joint type, bones and landmarks of joint, relevant ligaments, muscles, and bony structures that may be damaged.

An inversion ankle injury involves the ankle joint which is a synovial (hinge) and diarthrosis (uniaxial) joint. In the inversion ankle injury the sole is forced medially, the talus is shoved into medial malleolus, and the talus and calcaneus are forced away from the lateral malleolus. This results in the stretching/tearing of the anterior/posterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament. This is the most common type.

Compare the anatomical differences between the arteries and veins.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood towards the heart. Arteries are round, have no valves, smaller lumen, and larger walls. Veins are flat, have valves, have large lumen, and small walls. The tunica interna in arteries is rippled and has internal elastic membrane. The tunica interna in veins is smooth and does not have elastic membrane. The tunica media in arteries is thick and has many elastic fibers and has external elastic membrane. The tunica media in veins is are thin and has no elastic fibers or elastic membrane. The tunica externa in arteries has elastic and collagen fibers. The tunica externa in veins has elastic and collagen fibers and smooth muscle fibers.

Trace a drop of fetal blood from the placenta, through the heart and body, back the placenta bypassing the: right ventricle and lungs.

Blood flows from the placenta to the umbilical vein, the liver containing ductus venosus, the inferior vena cava, the right atrium, the foramen ovale, the left atrium, the left ventricle, the aorta, the body, the umbilical artery, and then back to the placenta.

Trace a drop of fetal blood from the placenta, through the heart and body, back the placenta bypassing the: left side of the heart and lungs.

Blood flows from the placenta to the umbilical vein, the liver containing ductus venosus, the inferior vena cava, the right atrium, the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, the ductus arteriosus, the aorta, the body, the umbilical artery, and then back to the placenta.

Trace a drop of blood from the ____ vein, through the heart, to the ____ artery. (include all relevant chambers, valves, and vessels).

Blood flows from the vena cava, to the right atrium, the right atrioventricular (AV) valve, the right ventricle, the pulmonary semilunar valve, the pulmonary artery, the lungs, the pulmonary veins, the left atrium, the left atrioventricular (AV) valve, the left ventricle, the aortic semilunar valve, the aorta, and then to the body.

Compare the difference between a male and female pelvis.

The male pelvis is narrow and tall, has a deep false pelvis, a narrower pelvic inlet, a narrower pelvic outlet, a narrower sacrum, a heart-shaped pelvic brim, a pubic arch less than 90 degrees, an oval obturator foramen, and the coccyx points anterior. The female pelvis is short and wide, has a shallow false pelvis, a large, round pelvic inlet, a wider pelvic outlet, a short, wide sacrum, a rounded pelvic brim, a pubic arch greater than 100 degrees, a triangular- shaped obturator foramen, and the coccyx points inferior.