Skeletal System Test Review

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

Support Protection Leverage Storage Hematopoiesis

When does skeletal growth begin and what is the skeleton made up of at this time?

- Begins 6 weeks after fertilization and continues through adolescence - Skeleton is mainly cartilage

For the Skull know the following bone features and their function: Zygomatic Arch, Foramen Magnum, Mastoid Process

- Zygomatic Arch: connects with zygomatic bones (cheek bones) - Foramen Magnum: large oval opening, the foramen magnum, through which the medulla oblongata passes, linking the spinal cord and brain. - Mastoid Process: attachment site for muscles to move head

What an osteon and how do they relate to lamellae in terms of strength?

- osteons are concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix. - lamellae are made of collagen fibers that run parallel to each other. - adjacent lamellae have collagen fibers that run in a different direction creating an alternating pattern giving bone resistance to torsion stress

During what age range do bones grow in length (men vs. women)?

14-16 females 17-20 males

Know the bones of the upper limb be able to identify them visually too: Humerus, Ulna, Radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

1. Upper Arm (Brachial) - Humerus Bones - 2 2. Forearm (Antebrachial) Bones - 4 (2 each arm) 3. Wrist (Carpal) - Carpal Bones - 16 4. Hand (Manus) - Metacarpal Bones - 10 5. Fingers (Digits) - Phalange Bones - 28

Know the bones of the lower limbs be able to identify them visually too: Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

1. Upper Leg (Femoral) - Femur Bones - 2 2. Knee (Patellar) - Patella Bones- 3. Tibia - 2 - Medial Side - large weight bearing bone for movement 4. Fibula - 2 - Lateral Side - NOT a weight bearing bone 5. Ankles (Tarsal) Tarsal Bones - 14 6. Foot (Plantar) Metatarsals - 10 7. Toes (Digits) - Phalange Bones - 28

What does each joint disorder do: arthritis, bursitis, sprain, luxation?

1. Arthritis-Diseases that involve damage to the cartilage of synovial joints 2. Bursitis-Inflammation of the bursa that causes pain whenever the tendons or ligaments in the joint move 3. Sprain- Ligament in a joint stretched to the point that some collagen fibers are torn 4. Luxation- Dislocation of a joint in which articulating surfaces are forced out of position.

Know the joint movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, pronation and supination, and the special movements.

1. Flexion - decreases angle between bones at joint 2. Extension - increase angle between bones at joint 3. Hyperextension - increases angle between bones at joint beyond the normal boundaries of the joint (can damage the joint) 4. Abduction- moves away from body's longitudinal axis in frontal plane 5. Adduction-moves toward the body's longitudinal axis in frontal plane 6. Circumduction-angular motion that moves a joint completely around (Ex: shoulder, hip) 7. Rotation-rotating around the longitudinal axis of the body or limb (head turning side- to-side, vertebrate rotating) a. Pronation - rotates wrist and hand so dorsal side faces forward b. Supination - rotates wrist and hand so ventral side faces forward Special Movements 1. Foot and ankle a. Inversion-twisting foot inward b. Eversion - twisting foot outward c. Dorsiflexion- flexes ankle joint to elevate the sole d. Plantar flexion - extends ankle joint to elevate the heel (tiptoe) 2. Hand a. Opposition- movement of thumb across palm 3. Head a. Protraction-moving part of body anteriorly (head, jaw, clavicles when arms crossed) b. Retraction-moving part of body posteriorly (opposite of protraction) c. Depression-moving part of body inferiorly (lower jaw, lower shoulders) d. Elevation-moving part of body superiorly (raise jaw, shrug shoulders)

Know the synovial joints and WHERE they are located: gliding/plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid/ellipsoidal, saddle, ball-and-socket

1. Gliding/Plane - between vertebrae, end of clavicles, between carpals (ulnar/radial deviation), between tarsals (inversion eversion) 2. Hinge - ankle (tibia and talus), elbow (humerus and ulna), knee (femur and tibia), occipital and atlas (nod), and between phalanges 3. Pivot - between atlas-axis (rotate head) and proximal epiphysis of radius and humerus (rotates forearm for supination and pronation) 4. Condyloid/Ellipsoidal - between radius and proximal carpals, between phalanges and metacarpals or metatarsals (allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction) 5. Saddle - between thumb and metacarpal I (move thumb across hand) 6. Ball-and-Socket - shoulder and hip

Know the difference between true and false ribs & how many pairs we have?

1. Seven pairs of true ribs a. Attached to sternum b. Connected by costal cartilage 2. Five pairs of false ribs a. Costal cartilage of ribs 8-10 is fused together b. Two last pairs 11&12 are floating ribs that are NOT connected to the sternum

What is a fracture and how is it repaired?

A crack or break in the bone Steps in fracture repair Step 1: A fracture hematoma, a large blood clot in bone, closes off injured vessels Step 2: Mitosis in periosteum and endosteum form internal and external calluses made of cartilage Step 3: Osteoblasts replace new central cartilage with spongy bone Step 4: Bone remodeled over 4 months to 1 year slightly thicker than normal

What is the relationship between joint moblity and strength?

A joint cannot be both highly mobile and very strong. 1. The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint, because mobile joints rely on support from muscles and ligaments rather than solid bone- to-bone connections.

What are the differences in structure and function of compact bone and spongy bone?

A. Compact (dense) 1. Arranged units called osteons that are concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix 2. Lamellae are made of collagen fibers that run parallel to each other 3. Adjacent lamellae have collagen fibers that run in a different direction creating an alternating pattern giving bone resistance to torsion stress 4. Contain a central canal in the center for blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves 5. Osteocytes are embedded in lacunae in each layer 6. Compact bone covers every bone surface except inside a joint capsule B. Spongy 1. No osteons 2. Branching sponge-like network where the lamellae form arches, rods and holes (lacunae) called trabeculae that resist stress 3. Contains red marrow where hematopoiesis occurs 4. Forms majority of the structure of short,flat, irregular and the epiphysis of long bones

Know the types of fractures and be able to recognize them via X-ray

A. Partial Fractures - an incomplete break in bone 1. Greenstick-bone bends and cracks but does not break completely through; common in children since bones more flexible 2. Fissure/Linear-break runs parallel to longitudinal axis of bone without splintering B. Simple (Closed) Fracture - bone is broken into 2 pieces without breaking through skin 1. Spiral - bone broken in a twist 2. Oblique-bonebrokenatanangle 3. Transverse-bone broken straight across C. Complex Fractures - bone is broken into more than 2 pieces or a fragment of bone is lost or removed 1. Communiated - bone "shattered" or broken in many pieces 2. Avulsion - fragment of torn away from the main mass of bone 3. Impacted - pressure causes bone to split and jam the two fragments into each other D. Open (Compound) Fractures - bone pierces and often protruded through skin; risk of infection very high often requiring antibiotics

What are the differences between the pectoral girdle/upper limb and pelvic girdle/lower limb?

A. Pectoral Girdle - 4 total - connect axial to appendicular, attachment site for upper arm muscles, form shoulder joint and provides a base for arm movement B. Upper Limb Bones - 60 total - are smaller and lighter because they are NOT weight bearing bones C. The Pelvic Girdle - 2 - more massive than pectoral girdle bones and more firmly attached to axial skeletal to support more weight and larger muscles, attachment sire for lower limbs D. Lower Limb Bones - 60 total - massive weight bearing bones designed for locomotion

How do bones grow wide and what causes it?

Adding new bone to the outside and taking away bone tissue from the inside Caused by stress from muscle activity or weight

What organs/structures are part of the skeletal system?

Bones Joints Catilage Ligaments Other connective tissue

What are the minerals, vitamins and hormones required for normal growth?

Calcium and Phosphorus Vitamin D3

What is the difference between the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertabrate?

Cervical Vertebral Anatomy (secondary curve & develops months after birth when infant can hold head upright) 1. Amount: 7 vertebrae from the head to the thorax 2. Vertebral Body: Small, concave, oval 3. Vertebral Foramen: Large, crescent-shaped 4. Spinous Process: Short, stumpy, Y-shaped, split at end 5. Transverse process: Small with for amina (little holes) 6. C1 Atlas-holds up the head and allows you to nod 7. C2 Axis-forms a pivot joint with Atlas to allow head rotation Thoracic Vertebral Anatomy (primary curve & appears during late fetal develop.) 1. Amount: 12 vertebrae from neck to lower back 2. Vertebral Body: Medium,heart-shaped 3. Vertebral Foramen:Small,circular, vertebral foramen 4. Spinous Process: Long,slender 5. Transverse Process:Medium, no foramina, round ends, form V-shape Lumbar Vertebral Anatomy (secondary curve & develops when infant can stand) 1. Amount: 5 vertebrae from thorax to sacrum 2. Vertebral Body: Large, oval 3. Vertebral Foramen: Medium, triangular 4. Spinous Process: Massive, stumpy 5. Transverse Process: Long, blade-like,stick out to sides, no foramina

What type of tissue is bone and what is its composition?

Connective tissue with widely separated cells surrounded by lots of matrix Matrix and specialized cells

What is ossification and what are the 2 types?

Converting other tissues to bone Intramembrane Ossification 1. Forms flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle 2. Stem cells differentiate to osteoblast. 3. Produces spongy bone, then compact bone from the ossification center. Endochondral Ossification 1. Most bones formed this way 2. Cartilage replaced by bone 3. Replacement begins in middle (diaphysis) 4. Replacement follows in ends (epiphyses)

What is the difference between epiphysis and diaphysis and what bone tissue make it up?

Epiphysis: end of bone, mostly spongy (cancellous) bone with thin layer of compact, articulates with adjacent bones at joint, covered by hyaline cartilage Diaphysis: shaft of bone, all compact (dense) bone, medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow

Be able to visually identify the 3 types of vertebrate including the Atlas and Axis.

Four Key Vertebral Bone Features 1. Vertebral Body - weight bearing part of vertebrate 2. Vertebral Foramen - passageway for spinal cord 3. Spinous Process - Projects down and posterior to absorb shock and attach muscles 4. Transverse Processes - Projects laterally on each side to attach muscle but thoracic it designed to form a joint with each pair of ribs

For the Skull know the following bones and how many we have: Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bone, and nasal bones.

Frontal: 1 forehead, superior surface of orbitals Temporal: 2 bottom and lower sides Pariental: 2 top and upper sides Occipital: 1 inferior and posterior portions Maxilla: 2 upper mouth Mandible: 1 jaw Zygomatic: 2 cheek bone Nasal: 2 top of nose

How is an infant skull different from an adult skull?

Fusion of bones not complete More bones Brain enlarges faster than cranium right before birth Cranial bones connected by frontanels

What is the function and location of intervertabral discs and what type of tissue are they?

Intervertebral Discs 1. Are shock absorbers between vertebral bodies to keep vertebrate bones separated preventing friction and acts as a ligament to connect them together 2. Made of very strong fibrocartilage 3. Between all vertebrate except C1 and C2

What are the 4 shapes/types of bones, their location, function, and their bone tissue type?

Longs Bones - tubular shaft and articular surfaces at each end; leg & arm bones, hand & feet & fingers & toe bones, collar bones ?? Short Bones - long as they are wide; ankle & wrist bones, knee bone ??? Flat Bones - thin, strong, broad flat surfaces; pelvis, shoulder blades, all ribs, chest bone, top of skull ?? Irregular Bones - variable sizes and shape; vertebral column and tail bone, face

What are sutures and what are the names of the 4 cranial sutures?

Joint lines where cranial bones fuse together; make bones lighter, filled with mucus to clean and moisten nasal area, create resonance in voice Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary

What is a joint is and how do the 3 types/classes of joints: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthosis differ?

Joint—Where two bones interact 1. Synarthrosis (Sutures)- Immovable 2. Amphiarthrosis (Pubic symphysis between coxal bones) - Slightly movable 3. Diarthrosis (Knee)-Freely movable

How do you tell the difference between a male and female pelvis?

MALE • Tall, narrow sacrum angled inwards • Pubic angle 90° or less • Bones thicker, more massive • Narrow heart- shaped pelvic inlet • Narrower, taller pelvis FEMALE • Wide flat sacrum angled farther back • Pubic angle 100° or more • Bones thinner, more delicate • Open circular pelvic inlet • Wider pelvis, shorter pelvis

What are the major differences between a male and female skull?

Male Skulls - Generally larger, heavier, and rougher 1. Orbit shape more square 2. Less rounded,sloping frontal bone 3. Projecting supraorbital ridge and glabella 4. Blunt supraorbital margins of eye 5. Longer,larger mastoid process 6. U-shaped mandible(chin) 7. Mandibular ramus right angle 8. Nuchal crest more pronounced Female Skulls - Generally smaller, lighter, and smoother 1. Orbit shape more round 2. More rounded,vertical frontal bone 3. Smoother supraorbital ridge &glabella 4. Sharp supraorbital margins of eye 5. Small mastoid process 6. V-shaped mandible(chin) 7. Mandibular ramus wider obtuse angle 8. Nuchal crestless pronounced or absent

What is the function of each bone cell: osteogenic, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts?

Osteogenic: bone cell producer Osteoblast: bone makers Osteocytes: conductors Osteoclasts: bone breakers

What 2 bones make up the pectoral girdle and what bone makes up the pelvic girdle?

Pectoral Girdle 1. Scapula ("shoulder blade") - 2 a. Flat and Triangle shaped forms a ball- and-socket joint with humerus b. Function: Allows for shoulder and arm movement Pelvic Girdle 1. Coxal bones form ball-and-socket joint with femur and joint with sacrum a. Coxal formed by fusion of: i. Ilium ii. Ischium iii. Pubis 2. Sacrum and coccyx bones form the back of the pelvis but are Axial bones a. Function: Base of vertebral column, protects many organs, allow for nerves to pass through foramen, attach muscles for leg movement

What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?

Periosteum: dense irregular CT that covers outer honebut not cartikage, anchors tendons and ligaments to bone Endosteum: lines marrow cavity and inner surfaces of bone, participates in bone growth and repair

What is the function of the skull?

Protect brain Houses special sense organs Entry point for gasses, liquids, food

What is the purpose of the pubic symphysis?

Pubic symphysis connects coxal bones in front i. strong fibrocartilage holds pelvis together and allows limited pelvic movement ii. separates during childbirth for most women

What 3 regions make up the Axial Skeleton?

Skull Thoracic cage and sternum Vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx

What is the function of each synovial structure: meniscus, bursa, fat pads, ligaments?

Synovial joint (Diarthroses)- connects bone with ligaments, lined with hyaline cartilage and filled with fluid. A. Most common movable joint B. Covered by hyaline cartilage C. Lubricated by synovial fluid D. Enclosed within joint capsule and may contain these other synovial structures: 1. Ligaments-dense connective tissue connecting bone to bone 2. Fat pads-protect cartilage and act as "packing material" 3. Bursa-small fluid-filled sac in joint that provides cushion/shock absorber between bone, tendons and muscles 4. Meniscus-shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads

What 3 things make up the Thoracic Cage?

The Thoracic Cage - 25 Bone Total A. Protects the lungs and heart and allows for expansion B. Ribs or Costal Bones 1. Seven pairs of true ribs a. Attached to sternum b. Connected by costal cartilage 2. Five pairs of false ribs a. Costal cartilage of ribs 8-10 is fused together b. Two last pairs 11&12 are floating ribs that are NOT connected to the sternum C. Sternum (3 parts) 1. Manubrium, body, xiphoid process 2. Improper administration of CPR can break these

What is the function of the Atlas and Axis and which type of vertebrate are they?

They are cervical vertebrates. C1 Atlas: holds up the head and allows you to nod C2 Axis: forms a pivot join with atlas to allow head rotation

What 3 regions make up the Appendicular Skeleton?

Upper and lower limbs Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula Pelvic girdle: coxal

What is calcification and what do mineral salts and collagen give to bone?

When mineral salts in the matrix are deposited on the collagen fibers

Why are vertebrate bones thicker and bigger as we move down the spine?

as you go down the vertebral column, each vertebra bears more weight so they need to be larger to support the weight

What is the purpose of spinal curves?

helps align the body weight which mainly lies in front of the spinal column

Be able to identify the sex and race of a skull.

race: https://www.sanleandro.k12.ca.us/cms/lib/CA01001252/Centricity/Domain/818/Skull%20Race%20Honors%202016.pdf sex: https://www.sanleandro.k12.ca.us/cms/lib/CA01001252/Centricity/Domain/818/Skull%20Lab%20Sex%20Honors%202018%20Forensic.pdf

Be able to read a caliper.

step 1: slide lower Jaw until it touches the edges of bone or opening step 2: look at where the outside 0 line matched with the line below, This is your whole #. step 3: find which line on top matches up perfectly with the line below this is your decimal place step 4: add the whole number and decimal place. This is your diameter. nasal index= nasal width÷nasl height x100 facial index= height of face÷width of face x100 cranial index= width of cranium÷length of cranium x100

If CPR is improperly administered what bone do you risk fracturing?

sternum or ribs

What is the function of the vertebrate?

to protect the spinal cord

What is scoliosis?

veterbral column abnormally curves laterally (to the sides)