smart book 1

Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment?

Intracellular fluid

Which of the following is an important function of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid?

They control the movement of water between fluid compartments.

What substances can move across plasma membranes and alter the composition of intracellular fluid?

Water Electrolytes

The thirst center is located within the ______.

hypothalamus

Of the two main compartments, the ___________ fluid compartment has a greater percent of the overall fluid volume than the __________ fluid compartment.

intracellular, extracellular

Two major fluid compartments of the body are the __________ fluid compartment and the _______________ fluid compartment.

intracellular, extracellular

Besides personal preferences and habits, what important mechanism is responsible for maintaining water intake?

thirst

Blood osmolarity and pressure can be affected by changes in the volume of ______ in the body.

water

The human body is composed of at least 50% ___________

water

What makes up more than half of the weight of the human body?

water

An individual takes in 2,000 ml of water during the day. Ideally they should lose ______ ml of water during the day.

2000

Increased water reabsorption and decreased blood osmolality occurs in response to the release of the hormone _______.

ADH

Identify how the body will respond to an increase in osmolarity of the extracellular fluid. Select all that apply.

ADH secretion increases. Thirst increases.

Which is referred to as the "salt-retaining hormone" because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion?

Aldosterone

What major variables are affected by improper regulation of water balance? Select all that apply.

Blood osmolality Interstitial fluid pressure Blood pressure

Identify the location of baroreceptors that play an important role in regulating blood volume.

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

What structures detect changes in blood pressure and activate mechanisms for regulating extracellular blood volume? Select all that apply.

Cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus Baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch

Which of the following structures are involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism? Select all that apply.

Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus Adrenal cortex Distal convoluted tubules

Which of the following are sources of water intake? Select all that apply.

Cellular metabolism Ingestion

Which of the following is correct?

Chloride is the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid, and proteins are the major anions in intracellular fluid.

What causes osmotic pressure and movement of water between the fluid compartments?

Electrolytes

What structures serve as the main sensors for the thirst mechanism? Select all that apply.

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors Arterial baroreceptors Specialized cells in the kidney

What is/are the primary organ(s) responsible for regulating blood pressure and osmolality by controlling water loss?

Kidneys

Which of the the following are subdivisions of the extracellular fluid compartment? Select all that apply.

Plasma Interstitial fluid Cerebrospinal fluid

Which statements describe the atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism? Select all that apply.

Receptors are located in the heart walls. ANH is released with rising blood pressure. ANH results in increased urine production.

Identify routes by which water is lost from the body. Select all that apply.

Respiration Urination Defecation Perspiration

Which statement is correct?

Sodium is more abundant in the extracellular fluid, and potassium is more abundant in the intracellular fluid.

What affects the composition of intracellular fluid? Select all that apply.

Trapped organic molecules Electrical charge differences across plasma membranes Active ion transport Osmotic movements of water

Wetting the oral mucosa and stretching the digestive tract wall causes ______ in thirst sensations.

a temporary interruption

Routes of water loss occur through ______. Select all that apply.

defecation evaporation urination

When venous and arterial pressure increases, sympathetic neurons to the afferent arterioles of the kidney cause the arterioles to ______ which leads to increase in filtrate formation.

dilate

Blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and fluid in the tissue spaces are included in the ___________ fluid compartment.

extracellular

Name the fluid compartment that includes all of the fluid found outside of the body's cells.

extracellular

Interstitial fluid and plasma are examples of _____.

extracellular fluids

True or false: Both the adrenal medulla and the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney play an important role in regulating blood volume.

false

In regards to the daily volume of water intake and loss ______.

intake should equal loss

A temporary reduction in thirst occurs when ______. Select all that apply.

ingested water distends the digestive tract the mouth becomes wet

Most water intake (90%) comes from ______.

ingestion

Infants have _____ water by weight than adults, and women usually have _____ water by weight than men.

more, less

By helping the kidneys retain water, ADH slows down the decline in blood volume and the rise in its osmolarity. Thus, the ADH mechanism forms a ______ feedback loop.

negative

An increase in blood ______ or a decrease in blood ______ can result in the sensation of thirst.

osmolarity, volume

What cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid?

plasma membrane

Long-term suppression of thirst is regulated by ______.

reduction of blood osmolality

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ______.

sodium

Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by the relative concentration of ______ in each compartment.

solutes

Mechanisms used to regulate extracellular fluid volume include _____. Select all that apply.

sympathetic neuron inputs renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism antidiuretic hormone mechanism atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism

True or False: Water ingestion is regulated by the thirst mechanism.

true

The largest route of water loss is about 1500 mL/day and it occurs through ______.

urine excretion