Smartbook Chapter 5
How are long chain fatty acids absorbed?
Enter circulation via the lymphatic system Reformed into triglycerides
Cholesterol and triglycerides are structurally similar.
False
True or false: High-fat foods cannot be included in a healthy, well-balanced dietary pattern.
False
Choose the correct statements about how the food you eat affects your blood lipoproteins.
Eating saturated fats and trans fats raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL. Dietary cholesterol does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood.
Match popular sources of dietary fat to either the Mediterranean diet or the typical North American diet.
Mediterranean diet matches Choice, olive oil, fish, nuts olive oil, fish, nuts North American diet matches Choice, mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk
Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?
They keep mixtures of fat and water from separating.
Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?
Triglycerides
True or false: HDL removes cholesterol from cells and returns to the liver for excretion.
True
True or false: Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories.
True
True or false: Much of the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise (or light activity) comes from fatty acids.
True
Why do reduced-fat foods contain the same, or similar, amount of calories as their reference foods?
When fat is removed, sugar is usually added to maintain a palatable flavor and texture, usually resulting in similar energy density.
Essential fatty acids ______ be synthesized in the body.
cannot
As fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine, they are packaged as ______ for transport through the lymphatic system.
chylomicrons
Match each type of lipid with a common example. fatty acid sterol phospholipid
linoleic acid cholesterol lecithin
One risk factor for cardiovascular disease is
low levels of HDL.
Which of the following fats have been shown to reduce serum cholesterol levels?
monounsaturated fats polyunsaturated fats
When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because
more sugar has been added.
essential fatty acids
must be obtained from the diet.
According to the American Heart Association, individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease (or who already have cardiovascular disease) should limit saturated fat intake to
no more than 5% to 6% of total kilocalories.
How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton length of the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton
Lipoproteins are transport vehicles for lipids in the bloodstream. In the structure of a lipoprotein, phospholipids form the
outer shell.
Because they can be soluble in fat and water at the same time, ______ form(s) the outer shell of lipoproteins.
phospholipids
Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ______ fatty acids.
unsaturated
Pair each lipoprotein with its primary component.
Chylomicron matches Choice, Triglyceride Triglyceride LDL matches Choice, Cholesterol Cholesterol HDL matches Choice, Protein Protein
Pair each lipoprotein with its primary component. Instructions
Chylomicron matches Choice, Triglyceride Triglyceride LDL matches Choice, Cholesterol Cholesterol HDL matches Choice, Protein Protein
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
Do not readily dissolve in water
Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?
Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources
How does the body respond when it is attempting to store fat and the existing fat cells are "full"?
It forms new adipose cells.
______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.
Low
What are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids?
Reduced risk of heart disease Reduced inflammation Decreased blood triglyceride levels
What two food components contribute the most to raising the level of cholesterol in your blood?
Saturated fat Trans fat
Match the health effect associated with consumption of each fatty acid.
Saturated fatty acids matches Choice, Increases blood levels of cholesterol Increases blood levels of cholesterol Polyunsaturated fatty acids matches Choice, Decreases blood levels of cholesterol Decreases blood levels of cholesterol Omega-3 fatty acids matches Choice, Reduces inflammation responses, blood clotting, and triglycerides Reduces inflammation responses, blood clotting, and triglycerides
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth (top of the list) and ending at the small intestine (bottom of the list).
Some Lipase Salivary lipase bile emulsifies pancreatic triglycerides
Once a fat cell is filled with fat, the body can form new adipose cells.
True
What are the main functions of cholesterol?
building block for bile acids helps form hormones provide structure to cells
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
butter salad oils whole milk avocado
High-fat foods
can be included in a healthy eating pattern if they are balanced with low-fat foods.
When the ______ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.
carbon-carbon double bonds
The leading cause of death among North American adults is
cardiovascular disease.
If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider
changes in the texture of the food product. changes in the flavor of the food product.
What deficiency would you suspect if a person has flaky and itchy skin, diarrhea, and poor wound healing with infections?
essential fatty acids
Just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. Some high-fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of
fat-soluble vitamins. essential fatty acids.e
Match each type of lipid to a description of its chemical structure.
fatty acid matches Choice, Chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens Chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens triglyceride matches Choice, Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. phospholipid matches Choice, Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group sterol matches Choice, Multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group Multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group
Butter and margarine have about the same amount of fat, but the types of fatty acids in butter and margarine are different. Compared to margarine, butter has a ______ proportion of saturated fatty acids.
higher
The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to
insulate the body.
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
insulation transport of fat-soluble vitamins energy storage
Which of the following is a leading source of fat in the Mediterranean diet?
olive oil
People who eat fish at least twice a week have lower risks for heart attacks. This protection is attributable to ______, which reduce blood clotting.
omega-3 fatty acids
Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of
omega-3 fatty acids.
Preparing meals with plant oils, such as olive oil, rather than animal fats, such as butter, is one way to improve the fat ______ of your diet.
quality
Enzymes that digest fat are secreted by the ______.
salivary glands pancreas stomach cells
Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels?
saturated fat intake trans fat intake
Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in
saturated fat.
To promote heart health,
select more plant sources of fat and fewer animal sources of fat.
How are fatty acids of various chain lengths absorbed and transported?
short and medium-chain fatty acids matches Choice, travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver long-chain fatty acids matches Choice, reform into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travel through the lymphatic system reform into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travel through the lymphatic system
What are the structural components of a triglyceride?
three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone
High levels of HDL in the blood tend to slow the development of cardiovascular disease because HDL
transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver for excretion.
A(n) ______ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
triglyceride
Heart disease is the ______ leading cause of death among North American adults.
#1
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.
Cholesterol
What are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Hypertension Smoking Family history of cardiovascular disease High blood cholesterol
What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?
Impaired wound healing Growth restriction Flaky/itchy skin
Choose a function of fat tissue.
Protect organs from injury
______ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen.
Rancidity
The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to
decrease saturated fat intake.
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
eggs chicken ice cream
Most Americans need to improve
the quality of the fats they choose to consume.
The AHA recommends reducing trans fats and limiting saturated fat to no more than _____ of total calories.
5% to 6%
What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?
Aid in fat digestion and absorption Form cell membranes Participate in fat transport
How does cholesterol affect digestion of fats in the small intestine?
As a component of bile, it emulsifies fats.
how are long-chain fatty acids absorbed?
Enter circulation via the lymphatic system Reformed into triglycerides
What are some of the positive attributes of dietary fat?
Fat imparts a creamy texture to foods. Many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods.
Choose food sources of alpha-linolenic acid - the essential omega-3 fatty acid.
Flax seeds Walnutse
Which of the following is a function of the phospholipid molecule?
Formation of cell membranes
Place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur, with the first step at the top of the list and the last step at the bottom of the list.
Glycerol Triglycerides/ intestine triglycerides/ chylomicrons Chylomicrons
______-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol.
High
Oxidation of ______ contributes to plaque formation in the development of atherosclerosis.
LDL
Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?
LDL contributes to the development of plaques inside the arteries.
What are the latest guidelines from the Dietary Guidelines and the American Heart Association for dietary cholesterol?
No limits have been set because dietary cholesterol intake has little impact on blood cholesterol levels.
______ are important for fat digestion and absorption because they help to emulsify lipids in chyme.
Phospholipids
______ form the structure of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Pair the type of lipid with its correct chemical structure. sterol triglyceride
Sterol matches Choice, Multi-ring structure with a hydroxyl group Multi-ring structure with a hydroxyl group Triglyceride matches Choice, Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
Choose food sources of linoleic acid - the essential omega-6 fatty acid.
Sunflower oil Safflower oil Nuts and seeds
What is the function of an emulsifier?
Suspends fats in water
Pair each lipoprotein with its correct function. Instructions
chylomicron matches Choice, carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells VLDL matches Choice, carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells LDL matches Choice, carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells HDL matches Choice, contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body
List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.
clot as plaque damage plaque/damage
Fatty acids are used as the primary energy source by muscles
during low-intensity physical activity. when the body is at rest.
A major function of phospholipids (e.g., lecithin) in foods is to act as a(n)
emulsifier.
