SO 1003 FINAL (Exam 4) Mehrzas Netadj CH 10, 11, 12

In 2016, the poverty line for a family of four was __________.

$24,300

The median family income in the United States in 2014 was approximately __________.

$50,000

According to Forbes magazine, in 2014, the richest individual in the world was __________.

American

__________ have the highest rates of educational attainment in the United States.

Asian Americans

__________ refer(s) to the accumulated sum of assets (savings accounts, homes, cars) minus the sum of debts (mortgages, loans, credit card debts).

Wealth

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

a corporation's systematic denial to women of access to managerial positions

What is the difference between cohabiting and hooking up? a. Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship. b. Cohabiting implies one person in a couple is pregnant, while hooking up implies two people are in a long-term romantic relationship. c. Cohabiting only occurs in heterosexual relationships, while hooking up occurs in all sexual orientations. d. Cohabiting benefits men while hooking up benefits women.

a. Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship.

Sociologists describe race as a social construct. What does this statement mean?

Race is a system that is invented, created by human beings.

__________ is a system for classifying people based on perceived innate physical characteristics, whereas __________ is a system for classifying people who are perceived to share cultural similarities.

Race; ethnicity

A group of friends are discussing their salaries. Among them they earn the following per year: $40,000, $50,000, $65,000, $68,000, and $75,000. What is the median salary among this group of friends?

$65,000

When did homelessness begin to grow into a serious problem in the United States?

1980s

According to current statistics, over __________ adults are serving time behind bars on any given day in America.

2 million

American adults account for __________ percent of all prison and jail inmates worldwide.

25

Sociologists have observed that upper-middle-class blacks earn __________ percent of what their white counterparts earn.

85

__________ are the most residentially segregated of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

African Americans

___________ are more likely to rely on emergency clinics as their usual source of healthcare.

African Americans

Alicia is part African, Hispanic, and Native American. How is she most likely to identify herself?

Alicia is most likely to identify herself as black.

Which of the following statements regarding the racial gap in household wealth between white and black Americans is false?

Black Americans have made no gains in income since the civil rights movement.

Which of the following statements regarding how Brazilians think about race is true?

Brazilians classify people based on specific combinations of skin color, hair color, facial features, and hair texture.

The fact that Apple Computer manufactures all iPads and iPhones in __________ is an example of __________.

China; outsourcing

Lucy is learning about social constructs in her sociology class. Based on the lectures that she has been exposed to throughout the semester, Lucy has concluded that race is a social construct. Why would Lucy make this conclusion?

Definitions of race take different forms in different places in the world and at different times.

During a lecture about race in his sociology class, Tomas becomes confused. He recently discovered, on his birth certificate, that he was labeled as white, yet his much younger brother, Carlos, is classified as Hispanic on his birth certificate. What could best explain this discrepancy in labels?

How social institutions choose to label and identify racial and ethnic groups changes over time.

__________ had the fewest opportunities for social inequality to emerge

Hunting and gathering societies

__________ refers to the receipt of money over a period of time, whereas __________ refers to the net value of assets that one has at a given point in time.

Income; wealth

In the United States, __________kept blacks from voting, from attending quality schools, and from participating equally in a wide variety of social institutions in the American South.

Jim Crow laws

Who theorized that the critical divisions between classes were the result of the economic system?

Karl Marx

In 1965, ___________ made the following statement: "You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair."

Lyndon B. Johnson

Why are a disproportionate number of African Americans unable to vote?

Many African Americans have lost their right to vote following felony convictions.

Why is it difficult to get an accurate count of the homeless?

Many of the homeless may temporarily live with friends and family.

Mawenzi has sent out hundreds of résumés but has gotten very few replies, even though he graduated with honors from a top-tier school and has experience and excellent references. If Mawenzi suspected intentional discrimination, what statement would support his suspicion?

Mawenzi is experiencing the disadvantage of having a stereotypical "black name."

__________ is a designation of class that considers income, occupation, and salary.

Socioeconomic status

Sophia is a third-generation Italian. She heard stories about how her grandparents experienced discrimination when they arrived in the United States. Her grandparents also maintained their culture and traditions by continuing to speak Italian in addition to leaning English. Sophia knows very little about Italian culture and does not speak Italian. What accounts for this lack of cultural knowledge?

Sophia's grandparents and parents gradually assimilated, taking on the traditions of their new country.

__________ can be described as negative, simplified generalizations about a group, whereas __________ involves actions that harm individuals.

Stereotyping; discrimination

A sociologist would most likely conclude what about homeless individuals?

The homeless live in absolute poverty.

Which of the following statements is true according to the analogy of the red-, blue-, and yellow-colored blocks cited in the text?

We grow up learning to look for certain pieces of information about a person's body to decide which race they belong to, while disregarding others.

How have parents' socialization practices changed over time? a. Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports. b. Fewer girls are now encouraged to go to college and enter the workforce. c. More boys are now encouraged to go to college. d. Parents no longer buy gendered clothing or toys for their kids.

a. Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports.

__________ was the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. a. Massachusetts b. Hawaii c. California d. New York

a. Massachusetts

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that surprisingly few gender expectations have changed in the romantic and sexual realm despite women's growing economic equality with men? a. Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women. b. Women are much more likely than men to orgasm with first-time partners. c. Women ask men out on dates only slightly less often than men ask women. d. Women who retain their birth-given names at marriage are in the majority.

a. Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women.

As long as she can remember Sara has always wanted to be a kindergarten teacher. Which of the following explanations would a sociologist most likely give to explain Sara's occupational goals? a. Sara has been gender socialized. b. Sara is naturally a nurturing person. c. Sara's parents encouraged her to engage in gender-neutral activities as a young child. d. Sara is probably immune to gender socialization.

a. Sara has been gender socialized.

Eric and Carrie hooked up after a party last night. They have never hooked up before. What is the most likely outcome of their hookup? a. They probably did not have intercourse. b. Carrie probably had an orgasm, but Eric didn't. c. Carrie probably initiated the hookup. d. Both of them probably had orgasms.

a. They probably did not have intercourse.

__________ challenge the notion that gender is binary. a. Transgender individuals b. Lesbians c. Heterosexuals d. Women

a. Transgender individuals

Tom has been casually dating several women for the past year. He has been described as a "player" by his friends. Rosa, on the other hand, has been criticized for dating several men at the same time. This scenario is indicative of __________. a. a double standard of sexuality b. changing sexual norms c. heterosexism d. heteronormativity

a. a double standard of sexuality

As a homework assignment, Dr. Calibri tells his students to find and bring to the next class meeting a picture of heteronormativity. Which of the following images is a student most likely to bring in? a. a picture of a female bride and male groom b. a picture of two female brides c. a picture of two men and their adopted baby d. a picture of two male grooms

a. a picture of a female bride and male groom

What are stereotypes? a. beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated b. when men and women are distributed differently across occupations c. discrimination or bias against homosexual people d. acts of unmarried couples living together

a. beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated

Sociologists who have studied sexual orientation have concluded that sexual orientation __________. a. can be fluid over the life course b. is based on biological sex, which is based on gender c. always stays the same over the life course d. is more deeply rooted in genetics for bisexuals

a. can be fluid over the life course

Young people today are much more likely than young people in the 1970s to __________. a. cohabit b. engage in sex outside of marriage c. have children d. marry young

a. cohabit

Advances in women's rights are largely the result of the __________. a. feminist movement b. civil rights movement c. Defense of Marriage Act d. legalization of cohabitation

a. feminist movement

Kelly and Jonah are in a romantic relationship. What is most likely their sexual orientation? a. heterosexual b. homosexual c. asexual d. sexual minority

a. heterosexual

Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs? a. heterosexual white men b. heterosexual white women c. homosexual black women d. homosexual black men

a. heterosexual white men

A __________ will most likely not be a __________. a. heterosexual; sexual minority b. homosexual; woman c. bisexual; man d. transsexual; woman

a. heterosexual; sexual minority

Researchers attribute the incidence of births outside of marriage among individuals with lower levels of income and education to __________. a. inconsistent use of birth control b. promiscuity c. religious censure d. ethnic differences

a. inconsistent use of birth control

The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________. a. lower-income men and women who do not finish college b. middle-income men and women who do not finish college c. college-educated men and women from lower-income families d. college-educated men and women from middle-income families

a. lower-income men and women who do not finish college

Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________. a. occupational sex segregation b. the double standard of sexuality c. heteronormativity d. social construction of gender

a. occupational sex segregation

Ben is interested in conducting research that looks at the sexual behavior of unmarried adults. He wants to utilize surveys that come from a sample with responses that are representative of the U.S. population. Ben is likely to use which research strategy? a. probability samples b. random-assignment experiments c. participant observation d. content analysis

a. probability samples

Which of the following research designs would be most desirable to measure changes in two groups where one receives a "treatment"? a. random-assignment experiment b. random sampling experiment c. a sex vs. gender experiment d. a stereotypical experiment

a. random-assignment experiment

Why do unmarried couples who expect to have, or already do have, a child outside of marriage not marry as frequently as these individuals who belonged to older cohorts? a. social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing b. social norms have not changed regarding marriage c. out-of-wedlock childbearing simply doesn't occur as much as it used to d. more educated women are most likely to find themselves having a child outside of marriage and they are also most likely to be economically independent

a. social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing

What does DOMA stand for? a. the Defense of Marriage Act b. the Double Occupational Minority Act c. the Don't Open Marital Attainment Act d. the Defense of Minorities Act

a. the Defense of Marriage Act

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of occupational sex segregation? a. the gender gap in pay b. heteronormativity c. homophobia d. the feminist movement

a. the gender gap in pay

The double standard of sexuality tends to more harshly judge __________. a. women than men b. men than women c. gay men than transgender individuals d. cohabiters than those who hook up

a. women than men

Lana, a single woman with no dependents, is unable to afford basic necessities, such as housing and healthcare. What type of poverty is she experiencing?

absolute poverty

The majority of minimum-wage employees are __________.

adults

In South Africa, __________segregated nonwhites from whites and made legal many forms of discrimination that benefited the white ruling minority.

apartheid

Rosa is a Guatemalan immigrant. She has learned to speak English and has taken to celebrating traditionally American holidays, such as Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July. Rosa is experiencing __________.

assimilation

__________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation. a. Heterosexism and heteronormativity b. Heterosexism and homophobia c. Homophobia and homosexism d. Homophobia and heteronormativity

b. Heterosexism and homophobia

According to sociologists, why are women more likely than men to avoid casual sex? a. Women are more concerned about contracting sexually transmitted diseases. b. Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations. c. Women are less concerned about their own sexual satisfaction. d. Women are less concerned about increasing their number of offspring.

b. Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations.

Mary has a very busy life. As a result, she prefers casual sexual liaisons with no expectation of a relationship to ensue. To Mary, __________ is ideal. a. a romance scripted by gender b. a hookup c. cohabitation d. a passionate attachment

b. a hookup

Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are __________. a. being ignored b. being watched c. among strangers d. among their social superiors

b. being watched

Carrie and Steven plan to marry next summer and decide to move in together before the wedding. Carrie and Steven are engaging in what sociologists refer to as __________. a. a hookup b. cohabitation c. hanging out d. getting together

b. cohabitation

Advertisements that portray romantic couples with images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation. a. homonormative b. heteronormative c. homophobic d. gendernormative

b. heteronormative

Kendra is an introductory sociology student. For a class project, she decides to study messages in the mass media. She notices that there are very few role models for young gays and lesbians. Kendra concludes that the messages in the media reflect __________. a. homophobia b. heteronormativity c. heterosexism d. a double standard of sexuality

b. heteronormativity

The term sexual minority refers to anyone who is not __________. a. gay b. heterosexual c. bisexual d. lesbian

b. heterosexual

In the United States, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the United States is best described as a(n) __________. a. oligarchy b. patriarchy c. matriarchy d. fraternal order

b. patriarchy

According to an online survey conducted in 2010 by researcher Paula England, __________ percent of college students had intercourse on their most recent hookup. a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 80

c. 40

Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers? a. Men are naturally less adept at taking care of young children. b. Occupational segregation remains rigidly in force across all occupations. c. Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations. d. Gender discrimination means men are not granted interviews for these positions.

c. Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations.

After dating exclusively for four years, George and Michael would like to get married. Living in the United States, what is the public support for same-sex marriage?? a. Public support for same-sex marriage remains at low levels. b. Public support for same-sex marriage decreased as states began allowing same-sex marriage. c. There has been a massive increase in public support for same sex marriage. d. There has been little change in support for same-sex marriage.

c. There has been a massive increase in public support for same sex marriage.

Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men? a. Women have fewer years of experience than men. b. Women are not as motivated to be successful at work; they would rather be at home. c. Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs. d. Employers intentionally set lower pay rates in jobs filled mostly by women than in different jobs filled mostly by men.

c. Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs.

Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by __________. a. biology alone b. only social construction c. both biology and social construction d. globalization

c. both biology and social construction

When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________. a. her parents b. the school c. her peers d. the mass media

c. her peers

Marcus has been ridiculed and harassed at school for being gay. His classmates shun his company and he has been the victim of numerous threats. Marcus is fearful for his life. He is the victim of __________. a. heteronormativity b. a double standard of sexuality c. homophobia d. stereotyping

c. homophobia

The biggest change for men as a result of women's increased employment has been that __________. a. more men have started staying home b. more men have started working part time c. many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple d. a majority of men have started sharing household chores equally

c. many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple

As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s. a. managers b. manufacturing workers c. service workers d. technicians

c. service workers

Joseph was born a biological male. He always felt that he was supposed to be female and eventually had surgery to correct his perceived incorrect assignment. Joseph now lives as Josephine. Josephine is an example of a __________. a. lesbian b. bisexual c. transgender individual d. homosexual

c. transgender individual

Sociologists refer to societies where birth determines whether individuals have social mobility as __________.

caste societies

The study of the distinctions among different social classes is called __________.

class analysis

The term racial stratification refers to __________.

clearly significant gaps between racial groups along social and economic dimensions

European explorers created a(n) __________ to dominate people across the globe through exploitation and enslavement.

color-coded hierarchy

Sociologists define ethnicity as a system for classifying people who share __________.

common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities

In general, technology __________ jobs that require higher levels of education while it __________ jobs that require middle and lower levels of education.

complements; replaces

Kenneth lives in a low-income, high-crime neighborhood. His home is poorly ventilated, which triggers asthma attacks. As a result of these stressors, he has high blood pressure. How would sociologists describe Kenneth's cognitive development?

compromised

What research method do sociologists use to study patterns and representations of minorities in magazines, television shows, and movies?

content analysis

W. E. B. Du Bois believed those reluctant to hire based on race actually_____________.

created the very stereotypes they used as a reason not to hire

__________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; __________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones. a. Patriarchy; gender b. Gender; patriarchy c. Sex; gender d. Gender; sex

d. Gender; sex

Which of the following statements about gender equality is true? a. While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women continues to follow gendered expectations. b. While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations. c. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations. d. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations.

d. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations.

Mass media, family, peer groups, and school are all examples of __________. a. transgender groups b. homophobic groups c. stereotypes d. agents of socialization

d. agents of socialization

A major change in the past 50 years is a(n) __________ employment and educational attainment. a. decrease in men's b. increase in men's c. decrease in women's d. increase in women's

d. increase in women's

The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________. a. one-time casual hookups b. the second or third hookup with the same partner c. the third or fourth hookup with the same partner d. relationships of six or more months

d. relationships of six or more months

Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that __________. a. biological influences have no impact on gender differences b. biological influences have minimal impact on gender differences c. social forces have no impact on gender differences d. social forces have an impact on some gender differences

d. social forces have an impact on some gender differences

The percentage of black men who have been incarcerated is __________ to their percentage representation in the population at large.

disproportionate

Over the last three decades, from 1980 to 2010, the rates at which Latinos completed college __________.

doubled

Max Weber felt that races stemmed from "common inherited and inheritable traits that actually derive from common descent." This view is known as __________.

essentialism

Which of the following is an example of unintentional institutional discrimination?

federal sentencing guidelines that penalize individuals who possess crack cocaine more heavily than those who possess powder cocaine

The dominant system of inequality prior to the advent of capitalism is known as __________.

feudalism

Nazi policies culminated in the __________ of millions of men, women, and children in a network of extermination camps during World War II.

genocide

When Europeans settled in the New World, they wanted to open up territories for settlements. This meant that Native Americans were not only forcibly removed from their land but sometimes killed. This deliberate and systematic destruction of Native Americans was __________.

genocide

The components of Nike tennis shoes are produced in different parts of the world. The final assembly of the shoes is completed in China. Thereafter the shoes are shipped to the United States, where David purchases a pair at a suburban mall in Denver. Of the following economic phenomena, which does this scenario best represent?

globalization

Most "one percenters" __________.

have jobs

Sandra is a corporate attorney. She graduated from Harvard Law School at the top of her class and earns $250,000 a year. Sociologists who evaluate Sandra's social position based on the dimensions of her income, education, and occupation would describe her as __________.

having high SES

Patricia works as a sales manager and earns approximately $60,000 a year. She owns her own home and has $20,000 in the bank as an emergency fund. She also owns a rental property, from which she earns $12,000 a year. Which of the following responses best represents her wealth?

her two properties and her $20,000 savings

In general, countries with __________ inequality also tend to have __________ social mobility.

high; low

The primary way in which most Americans with modest incomes accumulate wealth is through __________.

home ownership

Illegal or "underground" earnings from crime or from untaxed (undeclared) work or activity are __________.

income

Acts of racial or ethnic discrimination can be classified as __________.

individual or institutional

The concept of __________ is at the heart of the study of social stratification.

inequality

John was recently sentenced for 10 years in prison for possession of crack cocaine. His lawyer discovered that others have served less time for the possession of powder cocaine, a drug often associated with a different category of people. John's lawyer has concluded that this discrepant sentencing is the result of __________.

institutional discrimination

The United States spends __________ on programs that directly alleviate poverty than other wealthy nations.

less

It is often better to use the __________, instead of the __________, to measure household income because it is a more stable calculation that is influenced less by outliers.

median; mean

According to the U.S. census data, black and Latino families are __________ white families to fall below the poverty line.

more likely than

Individuals of mixed-race ancestry are more likely to identify themselves as __________ if they have Asian ancestry, but individuals with __________ ancestry are more likely to be assigned to a single race by others, regardless how they self-identify.

multiracial; African

In 2012, the unemployment rate for black Americans was __________.

nearly twice the rate as that of white Americans

In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men, Deirdre Royster (2003) found that the job market was __________.

not fair and not meritocratic

Sociologists estimate that __________ of adult black men who finish high school but do not attend college will serve time in prison.

one-third

A true meritocracy would most likely be considered a(n) __________ society by sociologists.

open

The premise of the __________ is that billionaires, millionaires, and all those at the top of the income ladder are expected to pay more in taxes than minimum-wage employees.

progressive tax system

In Marxist terms, the important distinction in a capitalist society was between the __________ and the __________.

proletariat; bourgeoisie

Some of the earliest research on prejudice and discrimination was conducted by __________, who saw racism as __________.

psychologists; an expression of particular personality disorders

In the United States, __________ has historically mattered more than __________.

race; ethnicity

__________ are much more likely than __________ to live in poverty in the United States.

racial minorities; whites

In a meritocracy __________.

rewards are linked to personal ability

In a study involving fictitious résumés of applicants with stereotypical "white names" (Emily and Greg) and "black names" (Lakisha and Jamal), researchers found that __________.

résumés with "white names" received 50 percent more follow-up calls than résumés with "black names"

Under feudalism, the laborers who were obligated to work for landowners were called __________.

serfs

Over the last three decades, from 1980 and 2010, the rates at which Latinos dropped out of high school __________.

shrunk by nearly half

The feminization of poverty is a term used to describe poverty experienced by __________.

single-parent families in which a woman is the primary provider caregiver

Ben was a bank teller at Goliath National Bank, until the tellers at Goliath were replaced by ATM machines. As a result, Ben decided to go back to school and update his computer skills. Ben's scenario best represents a consequence of __________.

skill-biased technological change

Because there are no obvious ways of determining how much opportunity individuals really have, social scientists measure it indirectly by examining __________.

social mobility

Labor markets and government policies are both important factors that influence __________.

social mobility

To measure __________ sociologists can use intergenerational correlations between parents' and projected children's __________.

social mobility; incomes

Current data indicate that Asian Americans have the highest median household incomes in the United States. Researchers caution, however, that the data about Asian incomes can be misinterpreted because __________.

some Asians, such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans, are at the bottom of the income hierarchy

As a result of economic restructuring, average wages have __________ since the 1970s.

stagnated

Current research shows that there is a relationship between poverty, __________, and __________; this is particularly worrisome in the case of children.

stress; cognitive development

Which of the following countries is much less egalitarian than the others?

the United States

Don and Cal are high school friends from the same hometown. After high school, Don started to work full-time as an overnight cleaner at a floor cleaning business. Cal attended a public university nearby and earned a bachelor's degree in marketing. At their 10-year reunion Don and Cal discuss the courses their lives have taken since they graduated from high school. Don has been working full-time for the whole 10 years and makes about $40,000 per year from the cleaning business. Cal has been working for 5 years as manager of the marketing department at a health insurance company in the area; he makes about $70,000 per year. What concept would a sociologist use to describe the differences between Don and Cal?

the college wage premium

Remington is involved in the Occupy Wall Street movement. He camped out for weeks at a park opposite the statehouse in Columbus, Ohio, and was eventually arrested. Remington, like other protestors, has many concerns about his economic condition, but he likely joined the movement to protest __________.

the disparity in income and wealth between the top 1 percent of Americans and everyone else

Which of the following scenarios best represents outsourcing?

the opening of a call center for an American credit card company in the Philippines

Karen is a home care aid. She earns about $10 an hour and works 40 hours a week. She is unable to save, and last month her car broke down. She cannot afford to fix her car, being already late in paying her bills for gas and electricity. From this description of Karen's life, you conclude that she is a member of which class?

the working poor

Candace and Bill are married with two children. Bill works and earns minimum wage. Candace stays home to raise their two young children. Their annual household income in 2016 was below the poverty line. Given this scenario, you can accurately infer that __________.

their annual income is below $24,000

Before retirement, most people get most or all of their income from __________.

their jobs

What is the goal of affirmative action?

to increase the representation of minorities and women in fields from which they have historically been excluded

Dawn works as a lawyer for a Fortune 500 company and recently bought her first home. She was the first person in her family to attend college. Even though while she was growing up her family was very busy working to pay rent and other bills—her dad worked as a janitor and her mother as a childcare assistant—her parents have always been supportive of her education and career goals. What sociological concept best describes Dawn's life?

upward mobility

Sociologist Devah Pager (2003), who tested the influence of criminal records on the job applications of blacks and whites, found that __________.

white applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than black applicants without criminal records

A pessimistic interpretation of recent survey results used to measure prejudice might be that __________.

whites are reluctant to admit to harboring racial prejudices