SOC 1 FINAL SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Describe the four models of ethnic assimilation.

- Assimilation: new immigrant groups would take on attitudes and language of dominant culture - Melting pot: different cultures would merge - Pluralism: ethnic cultures exist separately, but participate in economic and political life - Multiculturalism: ethnic cultures exist separately and equally

According the Collins, how does objectification and the use of controlling images further subordinate black women? What were the controlling images used? How does this relate to the dominant group's perceptions of black women?

- Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment Author: Patricia Hill Collins - Theme: Oppression (Racial and Gender Inequality/ Stereotypes) - Purpose: To provide awareness towards stereotypes by challenging the controlling images of African American Women 1. The Mammy - caring for white children, obedient servant -Disregard care of their own children which leads to caste of African Americans in lower social level - stereotypical explanation - "teaches black children their place in white power structures" - Justifies the position of house slaves - maintains oppression of gender and sexuality Ex: Aunt Jemima, Calpurnia in To Kill A MockingBird 2. The Matriarch - female household headedness = cause of black poverty unfeminine - failed to fulfill their traditional womanly duties; overly aggressive (failed mammy) Ex: The Negro Family: The Case For National Action - social problems in African American society caused by women not fulfilling motherly duties 3. Welfare Recipient - Welfare mother= producing too many economically unproductive children - poor black women became symbols of what was deemed wrong with America and targets of social policies designed to shrink the government sector - welfare queen = economic dependency; MORAL DEVIANCE (NO HUSBAND), human debit Ex: Election of Reagan - mask effects of government cuts in spending through utilization of a scapegoat 4. Hot Mamas - Jezebel, *****, "hoochie" - Women seen as sexually aggressive so rape of them by white slave owners could be justified - Ex. 2 Live Crew's Song "Hoochie Mama" - "Mama just don't understand Why I love your hoochie ass Sex is what I need you for I gotta good girl but I need a *****". - Black women serve as the scapegoat for disadvantaged status of African Americans - The images mentioned previously represent the White male interests in defining Black women's sexuality and fertility - Controlling images are aimed to influence Black maternal behavior, controlling images symbolize the dominant group's perceptions of the ideal Black female relationship with elite White male power, image of matriarch is important in explaining the persistence of Black social class outcomes, supports racial oppression- black families seen as deviant because they challenge the patriarchal assumptions underpinning the traditional family ideal, absence of patriarchy is used as example of Black cultural inferiority - Elite groups manipulate ideas about black womanhood by exploiting already existing symbols or creating new ones - The controlling images are designed to make racism, sexism, poverty, and other forms of social injustice appear natural, normal, and inevitable - Black women are often objectified as the other, it is central to the process of oppositional difference

How are gender inequalities visible in education, the workplace, and politics? Provide an example in each context to show how inequalities are present and how we can see women making strides in each.

-Education - Teachers interact with students differently based on perceived gender - Content of interactions differ - i. Girls may be engaged less in problem-solving processes (example: exclusion of women in science/stem fields, you can see this changing now) - ii. Boys are punished more than girls and behavior may be mislabeled - Differential treatment perpetuates stereotyped gender role behavior -Workplace - Glass ceiling: women in the workforce have a cap in income; mobility is stopped. - i. More and more women are trying to break the ceiling and equal the ratio of women and men in the workplace. -Politics - Lack of involvement - i. Making strides: First black women being nominated for gov't in Georgia

Explain the process of scapegoating and how it is related to stereotypes. Provide an example to illustrate your point.

- Scapegoats: Individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing - Stereotyping: Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories Example is Immigrants blamed for taking jobs (even though immigrants have helped the economy)

Explain the politics of research. In your answer, make sure to include an explanation of the way it differs from the ethics of research. Additionally, incorporate the role of the researcher in your answer. Provide an example of the way that politics and research has been controversially intertwined.

-Ethics - methods that are employed -Politics of research - uses of research -Clear ethical guidelines, but not clear political guidelines -Most acknowledge bias should not guide research or presentation of results Role of researcher: positionality/reflexivity -Positionality (who we are & how our background can bias research) An individual's worldview Position a researcher chooses to adopt -Reflexivity: Researchers should acknowledge and disclose themselves in research. (Making readers aware of positionality & biases) -Includes sensitivity to cultural,political, and social context EX: Brown v Board, William Graham Sumner drew on sociological research; potential bias • Research showed detrimental effects of segregation •Court drew on results of a study designed to understand effects of segregation Coleman -Research showed that academic performance in integrated and segregated schools no different -"Studying down" - study subjects that have less power in society -His study could have potential kept segregation as valid, which would inevitable cause detrimental effects on those of color, since they would receive unequal treatment; this is an ethical study, but it has bias concerning the politics of research because it could subject those of less power into lesser educational conditions EX: Milgrim's study - study of obedience where a person had to shock a confederate when they didn't get the right answer, people kept shocking until it went all the way to the danger bar of the confederate getting hurt -Ethical issues: could have caused a lot of psychological harm -Political: potential to make people more obedient -Researchers have clear ethical guidelines, but not clear political guidelines

What does Perrow mean when he says that organizations are absorbing society and how does this occur? You should include both the three phenomena that constitute the basis of his argument and the additional processes that occur outside of the "'pure' case of absorption."

-Large employing organization, such as bureaucracies are more responsible than they used to be -Wanted to stress the role of organization; dictates every aspect of socialization -Branches do things families or small orgs or local govt can do (like retirement, can be done by local govt but done through b) Large employing organizations: larger absorb smaller and have more influence on the smaller ones Branches: the large corporations influence what each branch is going to do -(Actually the three phenomena) Additional processes: wage dependence (being compensated for your labor), externality (amazon business affects the neighborhood but they're not responsible for paying for the road repairs), and bureaucracy Three phenomena at are the heart of Perrow's argument: 1. Wage dependence (in order to survive, you have to be compensation in some way. This ensures that there is always labor) 2. Externalization of costs (Things that are placed on people who do not own organizations; social costs of an activity. This increases crime rates) example: cost of transportation or housing 3. Bureaucracy Wage dependence: One must earn compensation by working for someone else 1) Longer Hours 2) Reduction in Autonomy 3) Limited Mobility -Externalization of Costs - Costs placed on non-owners, workers, and communities i. Examples: - Increased crime rates; Spread of contagious diseases; Costs of transportation ii. Capitalism is designed for maximizing profits, not public good. iii. Externalities often ignored by organizations or handled through taxation of individuals à Not the corporations -Factory Bureaucracy - In an industrialized society, centralized control is necessary, but trust is not. - Hierarchy makes it clear to whom each worker reports 1. Formalization made procedures clear 2. Standardization reduced training and simplified work 3. Specialization had dual effect of raising skill for some and narrowing it for others

Explain the myth and dangers of the model minority.

-Model Minority: Certain demographic groups perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success. -Downplays racism and prejudice at the structural level -Dismisses patterns of immigration & variation between groups. -Ignores barriers to upward mobility

Summarize Alexander's primary argument. That is, how is mass incarceration the new Jim Crow and how does it illustrate how institutionalized racism has permeated our society?

-New Jim Crow laws - criminals and criminality rights are taken away; criminals are most likely people of color (disproportionately prosecuted) -Thomas Principle= "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"- real Jim Crow laws

What is a resistance identity and how does it relate to crimes of resistance? Explain how stealing a bag of chips is a crime of resistance and the way it provides a sense of agency.

-Resistance identity - an identity created by subordinated populations in response to oppression -Boy stole 25 cent bag of chips because the store owner threatened to call the police, assuming he wouldn't pay for the chips even though he was planning on it -Breaking rules was resisting a system that seemed stacked against him -Criminality was one of the few resources boys could use in response to criminalization because it gave them a sense of agency by gaining a sense of dignity for himself/his peers and to redeem himself for being ashamed and feeling disrespected

According to Ridgeway, what is status? Explain the way that status beliefs shape social relations.

-Status: widely shared beliefs about the worthiness and competence of people in the social groups to which the actors belong; status is based on widely accepted social categories; public recognition of social worth -Status biases affect the confidence and energy with which people put themselves forward in a situation. (people have different expectations, have self-fulfilling effects) -Status beliefs create inequalities in assertive versus deferential behavior, actual task performance, attributions of ability, influence, and situational rewards between otherwise equal men and women, whites and non-whites, and middle- class and working-class people. -Individuals from privileged status groups-> tracked into positions of power and greater resources; lower class has barriers -Resulting status beliefs shared = legitimating the inequality -Associational Preference Bias - status spreads through association; want to be associated with higher status others (ppl prefer ppl who are like themselves) - Higher status individuals have more opportunities therefore lower class individuals have divided interest for those in their own group and networking with higher status individuals in hopes of gaining more opportunities for themselves - To sum up, these lead to inequalities, social inequality- effect of status on... 1) esteem 2) respect 3) resources 4) power 1. unstable. It gives rise to a constant struggle between dominant and subdominant individuals. To persist, that is, for inequality to become durable inequality, control over resources and power has to be consolidated with a categorical difference between people such as race, gender, or life style. 2. The second reason why status beliefs matter is that, by transforming mere control of resources into more essentialized differences among "types" of people, status beliefs fuel social perceptions of difference. Constructing status beliefs about what types of people are "better" drives us to focus on, exaggerate, and make broader, more systematic use of socially defined differences among us. 3. Status itself has value

Compare and contrast the following three approaches to deviance and social control: Symbolic Interactionist, Functionalist, and Conflict.

-Symbolic Interactionist= differential association theory- Suggests criminal behavior is learned through association w/ others who engage in crime, Labeling Theory: Suggests ppl become deviant bc certain labels are attached to their behavior by others (once labels applied they become part of their identity) -Functionalist= (Durkheim, Merton, Anomie) Deviance arises when people strive to achieve culturally valued goals but do not have the legitimate means to acquire them. (Legitimate means= acceptable way to achieve a goal) -Conflict= (Control) Deviance is a deliberate and political response to inequalities.

Explain the problems with colorblind racism. Make sure to include a discussion of the history of African Americans in the US, the four tropes described by Bonilla-Silva, and how they contribute to colorblind racism.

-To ignore the issues and pretend to see it pertaining to color 4 Tropes: 1. Past is in the past 2. I didn't own any slaves 3. I didn't get a job/get into a university because a minority did 4. It's not all whites? (If other minorities made it, so can black people) -Color blind racism refers to the use of race neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo -Perpetuates inequality: people use neutral terms while supporting policies that are potentially racist or treat groups unequally - History of African Americans: europeans constructed a belief system that justified colonialism and slavery, the formal abolition of slavery barely changed conditions for African Americans in the South,"Black Codes" limited rights of black people, industrial development in the North and mechanization of African Americans northward, groups began working to promote black civil rights, groups still continuing that work today.

What is the difference between income and wealth and how have inequalities in these areas changed since the mid-20th century? Which is a better indicator of class and stratification and why? How do race, ethnicity, and education intersect with wealth and income? Income what we earn wealth is what we have such as all assets.

-Wealth is all the assets an individual owns, money and material possessions. Someone's net worth = wealth - debt -income is the money received from paid wages and salaries, or earned from investments. Income doesn't take into account someone's debt. -Wealth gap has grown significantly. The wealth gap between people of color and white has grown tremendously. -Wealth is a better indicator because wealth can sustain itself and income is unstable. -Racial wealth gap and differences in education. Since black families have a median net worth much lower than white families, it can be seen that black families have limited opportunities because they are stuck in the repetitive cycle of oppression that limits access to better education, and since better education is a good determinant of future wealth, those with more education are able to earn more while also having positions of higher authority and more income, which is predominantly seen among whites. While African Americans and people of color have less education therefore less opportunities, resulting in jobs with less power and less income, and a net worth that is decreased compared to whites. -Despite real income, income distribution has been growing far more unequal. We see income inequality is increasing dramatically. It has not been this great since 1928 when the richest 1 percent of families owned a quarter of the income. When we add wealth, we see far greater inequality (cash, savings, investment, bonds, real estate). Wealth inequality parallels income inequality. *Example* Besos is so rich he can buy each individual homeless in America their own house (gives you a sense of the inequality). **Cannot be discussing this without acknowledgement of intersectionality. The medium net worth for white and black households are very different -- not only with class but correlated highly with race as well. -Some reasons for massive wealth inequality: -Takes money to make money. -People of color experience discrimination Wells Fargo example: charged much higher interest rates to people of color even if they had the same credit score. Got sued for millions but that money does not even go to the people who deserve it. Those at the top get to stay there and kick the ladder down so others don't rise up as well.

According to Lamont, what are the different ways that people evaluate those above them? How does his argument challenge previous studies that argue that the American working class identifies with middle class values?

-With views pertaining to the upper class, the main factor the working class utilizes to measure a person's worth and quality is "the ability to recognize workers' dignity..." (Lamont 111) - This dignity was found in individuals who worked their way up the social ladder with dedication and good work ethic, while remembering where they came from. - African Americans don't value self-sufficiency as much because they understand there are racial constructs instilled by political governments that take away government help such as welfare since people assimilate race with social status. - Lower class are perceived to be predominantly black, therefore, conservative ideals backed by racism didn't want to support minority blacks. -Whites on the other hand do not associate authority with domination, as blacks do. - Whites highly value economic success, and they also value ambition as equated with intelligence. - Compared to previous studies that argue that the American working class identifies with middle class values, American working class disentangle socioeconomic worth and moral worth according to Lamont - The working class aspires to reach the upper classes socioeconomic worth, meaning increased net worth, however, the working class believes they differ in success in terms of moral worth, being that they believe they have more personal integrity, respect for others, and better quality of interpersonal relationships, while upper classes lack this.

How have the dynamics of families changed in the United States over the past 50 years? Be sure to include information about marriage, childbirth, household dynamics, and cohabitation. What explanations have been offered for these changes?

-people are waiting until they are older to get married (could be result of more women going to graduate and postgraduate school) -delayed childbirth (could be result of delayed marriages) -household dynamos have changed over time since more men and women are living alone -higher rates of cohabitation (less stigmatized these days so more widespread) -more same same sex couples, more children, while not married 1. Marriage -more LGBT marriages and less overall marriages (high divorce rates), age of first marriage is higher -increased cohabitation often leads to less of a need for marriage validation -women are also more selective of partners, getting married less for practical reasons 2. Childbirth -fewer children being born now -more non marital births and delayed childbirths -delayed marriages means delayed childbirth, especially since many women are enrolling in post-secondary education 3. Household dynamics -roles are not fixed/forces -stay-at-home dads and working mothers (or both parents working) -fewer traditional families -adults living alone/with friends -increases in education give women more working opportunites 4. Cohabitation -12x more common now that is used to be, people -modernization and secular attitudes increase the value of individualization -placing less value on being married and more on individual choice Why? 1. post-modern family in a post-modern economy 2. employment has shifted 3. loss of union-protected jobs and loss of jobs from recession

According to Weber, what are the three pure types of authority? What is the most rational and why?

1. Charismatic authority: Based on unique personalities. Often oppose rules/ Short lived accomplishments. 2. Traditional authority: Based on long-standing, unquestioned principles, but not based on qualifications or effectiveness. bureaucratic authority: Governed by universally applied rules and procedures; utilize qualified experts. 3. Bureaucratic authority is the most rational because bureaucracies are governed by universally applied rules and procedures and utilize qualified experts in a logical division of labor, very reliable.

What are the ways in which activists during the three different cycles of protest examined by Ghaziani and Taylor emphasize similarities or differences to heterosexuals? Make sure to explain all three cycles and provide direct comparisons between them.

1. Gay liberation and lesbian feminism: - before stonewall riots emphasized similarities to heterosexuals - among earliest articulations of sexual difference by activists - generated oppositional cultures and attempted to unify participants around a distinct, militant, and visible gay identity - pride parades as a form of collective action that gays and lesbians used to assert their identities and to resist heteronormative cultural codes through public displays of sexuality and gender transgression - created a quasi-ethnic public identity 2. Queer activism: - The potent combination of community development, diversification of voices, and exogenous threats provided a turning point in collective identity, one that renewed gay rage and motivated activists to assert their differences from the straight majority - Although queer activists embrace a politics that asserts their differences from the straight majority, scholars agree that queer protest embodies plural and at times contradictory logics - Queer activists aim to bring together individuals who feel perverse, odd, deviant, and different while affirming a common identity on the fringes of the mainstream - Activists in this cycle delicately balanced opposing logics of collective identity, with some struggling for acceptance by the mainstream and others advocating a radical rejection of homonormativity - expanded their boundaries to reflect the emerging interests of a new generation of bisexuals, transgender individuals, and others who resisted normative societal prescriptions 3. Marriage Equality: - movement was started by couples outside of the mainstream LGBT movement, it was started by people who just wanted to wed - initially received huge opposition, which inspired activists to mobilize through national organizations - shifting legal opportunity structure gave LGBT activists and movement organizations access to the courts and the support of political elites. This provided an opening for LGBT activists to mobilize the law and public opinion in support of marriage equality, and it motivated them to embrace strategic articulations of sameness - the fight for marriage symbolized to queer critics the movement's desire to normalize gay and lesbian identity and fit into, rather than change, US society -The LGBT movement's growing organizational leverage, its use of litigation and of identity strategies that stressed similarities with straight couples, and its framing of marriage as an equal right to love and commitment produced positive outcomes - A singular national focus on marriage equality prompted LGBT movements to veer away from a collective identity based on difference, societal transformation, and sexual liberation and instead to articulate similarities to the heterosexual majority - This body of work demonstrates that debates over sameness and difference, conceptualized by scholars as varied expressions of collective identity have incited thresholds and turning points that mark distinct protest cycles - In each cycle, disputes over sameness and difference created an imprint that lingered in the movement's later campaign for same-sex marriage, illustrating that activist identities are historically contingent and strategic.

Compare and contrast the four theories of social stratification we reviewed in lecture.

1. Marx- The Means of Production and Class Analysis: a. Class: people with a common relationship to the means of production b. Surplus value: the value of a worker's labor power left over when an employer has paid the cost of hiring the worker. c. Industrial capitalism created an increasing gap in wealth between the bourgeoisie and proletariat d. Conflict would lead to an uprising and the system of communism 2. Weber- Class and Status: a. Class is about economic differences that might not have anything to do with profit. This also included skills and credential. b. Those in better occupational conditions enjoyed more benefits in work. This gives them more prestige. Our Occupation is related to our role in society c. Status specifically refers in the way that we think of prestige. Given to you by your status in society based on your position d. The status one has is not always positive e. Pariah Groups: negatively status based on this definition; negatively privileged. Subjected to discrimination i. Example: Jewish people are banned from jobs in Europe. Jewish people were pariahs could not be involved in jobs or govt. f. We have disconnected idea of wealth correlated with education (Celebs) g. He is interested in power: he recognizes that different social classes have different levels of power. Power enables us to make change and have some sort of control in society. This can be distinct from status and class but they can also all interact. h. These views are far more flexible, understand how these things relate and how to gain opportunities. More elaborate than Marx 3. Functions of Stratification a. if you are going to study society, you need to see it as a whole and how it connects to other things b. Davis and Noir: stratification is beneficial to society - i. Example: surgeon is functionally more important job than other that require more skills. To attract people to these jobs that should be rewarded (status and money) - ii. Not everyone gets the same rewards. Stratification is good because it ensures that the most qualified people will be in these positions. If you are not there it's because you are not good enough 4. Erik Olin Wright: Contradictory class locations a. Marx meets Weber b. 3 Dimensions of control (determine how society is going to be stratified, really important) - i. Control over investments/money - ii. Control over physical means of production - iii. Control over labor power c.Members of the working class do not have control over any of these d. Contradictory class: people who fall in between; white collar workers. Control their investments and labor power. Contradictory because they are not capitalist or blue-collar. They have something in common with both (share characteristics with those above and below them)

Explain the three primary approaches to social movements and mobilization.

1. Resource Mobilization Theory: movements dependent on resource availability - Tangible resources: money, facilities, a communication network Intangible resource: labor and legitimacy - The best way to acquire and utilize resources is through existing orgs - i. Make resources easier to acquire and use May provide guidelines for new movements 2. Open Political Opportunity Structure: decentralized institutions with separation of power, mobilization may still occur in a closed opportunity structure, activists must determine cost of inaction is higher than cost of action 3. Framing Processes - Frame: a schema that simplifies a situation and encodes objects within it - Framing Tasks necessary to mobilize activists - i. Identifying problematic conditions and creating a plan of action

List the 6 biggest changes in family patterns that have occurred worldwide.

1. decline of clan/kingroups 2. choice of spouse 3. kin marriage is less common 4. higher levels of sexual freedom 5. rights of children increasing 6. rights of women increasing

Explain basic sociology, public sociology (include both traditional and organic), and applied sociology (including a discussion of how it may not always have an impact) How we can conceptualize these three forms as existing on a spectrum?

Basic Sociology (Professional Sociology) Goal: analyze some aspect of society to gain knowledge Audience: fellow sociologists Product: Knowledge Applied Sociology (Policy Sociology) Goal: work towards a specific outcome in a given context. Specifically trying to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific program. Audience: Clients Product: Change -Evaluation research: seeks to understand the effects of a program, policy, or effort to affect a social pattern -Social Intervention: action take to produce a specific, intended result 1. Needs-assessment studies: determine the existence of a problem 2. Cost-benefit studies: whether a program can be justified 3. Monitoring studies: provides a flow of information over time -Program Evaluation: used to determine if a social intervention has achieved its intended results. Ex: Drivers Ed Evaluation; found it to not be effective. Students who took the course had just as many accidents as those who didn't. They found this out and ended up changing it to make it better. -Public Sociology Goal: communicating knowledge to a broader public for their benefit; bring insight gained from sociological analysis into public conversations; help develop individuals sociological imagination; promote dialogue; *bring sociology to the public beyond the academy Audience: Policy Makers Product: recommendations 1. Traditional a. Includes scholarship and activities driven by the priorities of the discipline. b. May have results outside of academia, but motivated from within c. Might engage in debates within public; but will not actively engage. Hands off. But they will try to explain behavior. 2. Organic a. Collaborative approach to public sociology b. Blurred boundaries between research/practitioner, scholar/activist, and university/community are permeable. c. The idea is that we are not an outsider. d. Involves a process of mutual education Ex: sociologist goes to Town Hall meeting to explain importance of why we should have an open bathroom policy. He is engaging in the matter. He still has to follow the standards of research/ethics. Cannot drop the discipline ethics. Evaluation research (utilizing scientific method) does not always have an impact 1. Implications may not be presented in a way people can understand 2. Results may contradict existing beliefs 3. Others may have conflicting interests à Visible impact of lobbying groups on government -Ex: Richard Nixon wanted to study the consequences of pornography. All of the research said that there was actually no negative impact. They deemed the results as wrong and ignored it because it contradicted existing beliefs (during the time of a sex crime panic). -These three forms can exist on a spectrum since sometimes they overlap for example public and basic sociology may interact in that the knowledge gained from basic sociology may be transferred into knowledge for the public (basic sociology - professional sociology on one end of spectrum while applied sociology on the end of spectrum, these both can be intertwined with public sociology which stands in between these two. )

What is the difference between statistical normality and social normality? Define both and provide an answer or each. Explain how both conceptualizations relate to our understanding of deviance and why the statistical conception of deviance—and normality—is problematic.

Deviance - nonconformity to a set of norms Statistical bell curve - statistical normality Norms = informal, laws- codified laws Deviant = extremes Ex: IQ Social Normality - accepted behaviors of society Ex: saying something not normal in public, leads to violations of social norms seen as deviant Example of both: Gay homosexuality -More people heterosexual, homosexuals fall outside of bell curve, labeled as deviant, falling out of the category, negative social repercussions because they are labeled as deviant -> not conforming to societal norms

Compare and contrast the functionalist view of the family (this should include an explanation of what functions the family serves) and the feminist approaches to the family (this should include the three topics this approach emphasizes). Explain the primary critiques of the functionalist view and how they are addressed by feminist perspectives.

Functionalist view: Families perform important tasks that contribute to society's needs and help perpetuates social order. According to Talcott Parsons, the family serves two primary functions: 1. primary socialization: process whereby children learn the cultural norms and expectations of society 2. personal stabilization: the role of family in assisting adult members emotionally Feminist Approach: the feminist approach challenges view of families as protective and harmonious. "The problem with no name" -Betty Friedman -isolation of housewives -trapped in endless cycle of childcare and housework -this approach directed attention inside family dynamics and women's experience -unequals power relations means some benefits more than others (Ferree 2010) 1. Domestic Division of Labor a. unequal task allocation in the household b. sharper divide between domestic and work realms 2. Unequal Power Relations a. families as cities of gender oppression and abuse b. ex: marital rape exempt from rape laws until 1993 in some states 3. Caring Activites a. may involve spells of unpaid labor b. may diminish ability to work outside the home Primary Critiques: i. Makes more sense in historical context 1. immediate post-World War II years saw men returning from war and resuming positions as breadwinners ii. Less valuable for understanding modern society 1. neglects the role of the agents of socialization 2. neglects families that do not conform to white, suburban, middle-class ideal

What are the three basic systems of stratification and what are the ways that class systems differ from the other two?

Slavery, caste systems, class system -Slavery: Form of stratification in which people are owned as property -Caste: Social system in which one's social status is held for life -Class systems: A system of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move along classes -Class systems differ from slavery and caste systems in these ways: 1. Fluid; movement up or down 2. Large scale 3. Impersonal 4. Position is achieved based on race or yourself 5. Economics are the base of the system (occupation, education) Income: money received from paid wages and salaries earned from investments -Strong determinant of social position Wealth: all assets an individual owns (money and material possessions) Education: strongest predictor of future wealth, men will still make more than women -Net worth increases by education Lifestyle -Lifestyle is associated with consumption patterns -Choices people make due to economic constraints

Describe the social psychological, structural (include theory of racial formation), and processual theories (both versions) of race and ethnicity. Compare and contrast the three approaches.

Social psychological theories: - emphasize how social meanings assigned to groups shape attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes for individuals. - look at individual beliefs and potential to manifest in behaviors. - examine how racial/ ethnic differences are expressed and sustained through individual attitudes, perception, and beliefs. Structural theories: - race and racism are embedded in institutions - race is more important for determining life chances of individuals than other social identities - systemic racism maintains white privilege beyond individual attitudes - examine how systems of inequality came to be and are sensitive to histories of colonial conquest and slavery - theory of racial formation: race is a social convention that various political forces try to interpret to their advantage - racial formation is the socio-historical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed - macro-level changes inform individual experiences of racial identification Processual theories: - 1. ethnicity without groups: we should see race and ethnicity as categories that individuals use to interpret the world - 2. Ethnic Boundary Making: some ethnic categories are durable, other are largely inconsequential; ethnic and racial groups result from the interaction between individuals and groups in an effort to maintain an advantage Theory of racial formation (Omi & Winant): Race is a social convention that various political forces try to interpret to their advantage. - Racial formation is the socio-historical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed. - Macro-level changes inform individual experiences of racial identification.

According to West & Zimmerman, how are sex categorization and the accomplishment of gender different? Make sure you define your terms clearly in your explanation.

The accomplishment of gender: Sex categorization: placement into a sex category achieved through application of the sex criteria, but it is established and sustained by socially required identificatory displays that proclaim one's membership in one or the other category. -In the beginning of the article, sex was describe as what was ascribed by biology (anatomy) -Gender is what was constructed through psychological social and cultural means ("doing gender") -Went on to say that gender (doing it as a routine) methodological and reoccurring accomplishment which shifts from the matters internal and focuses more on international/institutional arenas.

Compare and contrast David Popenoe and Judith Stacey's views of the changing family dynamics over the past 60+ years.

There has been a great increase in divorce, nonmarital births, an cohabitation over the past 60 years. post-modern family: single mothers, blended families, cohabiting couples, lesbian and gay partners, dual-career families, families with breadwinning mom or stay-at-home dad David Popenoe argues this is related to underlying social problems (removing men from childrearing is particularly problematic) Judith Stacey counters Popenoe's traditional view by arguing that traditionalist view perpetuates segregation of sexes. Stacey: Post-modern families are better suited to meet the challenges of the current economy and is more appropriate for raising children Popenoe: A mother and father are necessary for a child's development. Each capable of teaching distinctive contributions (women can only pass on nurturing, men can only pass on competitive, independence) Suggest gendered socialization is important and inevitable (traditional argument)

What are the primary findings of Moore's study of gendered power relations? How do these findings bridge the gap between the sociology of the family and lesbian and gay studies?

Two elements of egalitarian ideology studied by Moore: 1. economic independence 2. distribution of housework and childrearing -More chore responsibility = more authority in household organization, family finances, and childrearing -Men's greater earning = power dynamics that subject women to subordinate dynamics -Women have an authoritative status in organization of family life due to black women's higher rate of child bearing -In black lesbian households, both partners are expected to financially contribute as well as contribute to household obligations concerning chores and kids -Gender is reified in society; Biological mothers have more responsibility towards household chores and activities even if they earn the same amount; more power and authority to the biological mother = legal tie = greater responsibility -Scripts of action carry established gendered meanings (household work is how these gendered meanings are constructed); the results show that power relations are not dependent on income of each partner, but rather on identities of family formation. -Lesbian families associate control over some forms of household labor with greater relationship power. Biological mothers want more control over the household because such authority affects the well-being of children

How has gender been approached by functionalists (make sure to include their views on gender socialization) and the four branches of feminism? What are the primary critiques of each perspective?

a. Functionalist: family is most efficient when labor is divided in a way so that women do the emotional work at home and the men are the breadwinners b. Gender role socialization: the learning of gender roles through social factors, such as family, peers, and schooling c. Four branches - i. Liberal: Gender Inequality produced by unequal access to civil rights and social resources. Critique: works within the structure, not the root cause. (Tries to change what's there) - ii. Radical: Gender Inequality result of male domination. Critique: concerned with the patriarchy, but patriarchy alone cannot explain women oppression, white womens feminism - iii. Black: focus on the multiple disadvantages of race, class, and gender (intersectionality) instead of race alone. Critique: They are mistaken and assuming that it is possible to prove an overarching explanation for women's oppression. - iv. Postmodern: rejects any grand theory or universal theory for women's oppression. experiences are too varied to have a universal explanation. Primary critiques of each perspective: -Critique held by Postmodern Feminists about Black Feminists: Black Feminists are mistaken in thinking they can provide an overarching explanation for oppression. Postmodern Feminists challenge the idea of a unitary basis of all women's experiences because this group cannot be a defining force. -Postmodern Feminist Critique: Think of your own if you'd like if you have any; you will not be marked down for not providing a critique.