soc 220 exam 2
examples of Informal social control and S&M
-Among friends, peers, -Informal relationships, -reactions by people who know each other
peculiar
-Anyone who is deviant from mainstream expectations -Anyone that might seem foreign, strange, deviant than you Ex) S&M Sexual behavior counter to mainstream society and they have own rules and norms Have very clear guidelines completely separate from mainstream society For example, safe rules
what is are dark figures of crime?
-Crimes go unreported -Identity stolen, don't think justice will be served, afraid of repeat victimization (retaliation), offenders don't get caught don't want to disclose to police to get themselves in trouble -Don't know everything going on because a lot of crime is unreported
religious terrorists attribute 2: reject mainstream culture
-Don't compromise and no accommodating main stream culture -Reject westernization (especially us) Anything involves mainstream music and movies
Milgrams experiment three insights about deviance
1. Capacity to help and harm others 2. Harm others in both extraordinary and ordinary situations 3. Common sense does not stop us from hurting others
subcultural difference
Acts that are completely deviant in an in group or other group might be perfectly acceptable in another group Acts deviant in one group may be perfectly acceptable behavior in another
how do we unofficially measure deviance?
Basically everything professors do -Self report surveys and questionnaires -Goes into research more than social polices
expressive dimension
People getting together to help people out informally Can bring people together or be in company of similar deviance When people organize activities and services Self out groups ex) NANY
criminal justice system
"Hard" Racial profiling -When law enforcement relies solely on person's race, national origin to stop them, arrest them, etc. Clear violation of constitutional rights and unethical. "Soft" Racial profiling -Supposedly constitutional. Uses hard racial profiling in a more subtle way.
Typical crime and typical image homework assignment
"Typical crime/typical image" Predatory offenses done intentionally by an individual or a small group of people - against one person or a small number of victims Street offenses - male offender, low SES/income, member of a racial or ethnic minority Stereotypes
limitations of unofficial measurements of deviance discussed in class
-Honesty: younger people more like to brag or exaggerate about their behavior but minimize victimization -memory
What are two types of social control used to control S&M?
-Informal -Formal
what are the limitations of self-reporting discussed in class?
-Lack memory -Recall wrong -Might just not know Memory: -ask about lifetime victimization and hard to remember or recall information or forget or don't think you were or weren't There are crimes that don't have victims (victimless crimes we don't report on) victimless or vice (drug use, gambling -Gambling -Prostitution (can go either way) -Underage drinking (criminal but no one is necessarily victimized) -Drug use (victimless)
formal social control of S&M
-Laws, the criminal justice system, felon, arrested, incarcerated
informal social control of S&M
-Reactions by people who know each other
religious terrorists attribute 3: faith is a part of politics
-Reject that their should be a split between religion and state (separation of church and state) -Faith and religion covers organization of society, schools are taught, social institutions, politics -People want constitution to be more representative of their religion
what is the hierarchy rule
-When criminal event and multiple crimes being committed they only report worst crime -Break in, stolen good, sell what they steal, kill neighbors dog, and kill nanny -Nanny is only one being reported because murder is most important -Only time -Arson is the only time people will reported for something along with murder (charged with arson and.. 'murder' -How we report -Some crimes are worse than others
what does self-reported data involve?
-ask juveniles extent of delinquency -began in the 60s as a way to estimate delinquency -overall, provides a moderately accurate estimate of the extent of juvenile delinquency
what are new methods used in self-reporting?
-audio computer-assisted self-administered interview -use better measures of delinquency to obtain accurate counts of the number of acts committed and focus on both minor and serious offense -make efforts to eliminate trivial acts from delinquency counts by asking follow up question to determine trivial vs nontrivial -researches making special effort to include serious offenders in their samples, for example: -over sample juveniles in neighborhoods with high delinquency rates -screen juveniles before including in survey, making special effort to detect and recruit serious offenders into survey
Mauritania: What is Gavage?
-basically extreme and forced over eating -last three months -force feeding -children to young teens to prepare them for get married -if children rest something toes until they eat
blemishes of individual character
-being fat indicates a blemish of individual character specifically possessing a 'weak will' and a 'unnatural possession'
How do we count deviance?
-counting: gathering data both in both official and unofficial ways
weight of the nation: role of family
-critical and judgmental -devasting impact on their self-esteem and self-worth -usually main force behind -too much control as child or abused or verbally attacked because fat
Mauritanian: in consideration of Mauritanian culture and appearance norms, do you think gavage is deviant? child abuse when you consider ethnocentrism, cultural/oral boundaries?
-depends on willingness -eating disorder in both us and the countries that practice this -appearance norms -their cultures sense of beauty -extremes comparison (we minimize our own and few them as more extreme, and vice versa)
weight of the nation: negative impact on mental health
-depression and anxiety -very low self-esteem and self-worth -suicide -wish they were invisible (wear big clothes) -don't want to face society -feel worthless -less than human
weight of the nation: role of legal rights
-dont have legal rights for being discriminated in workforce -dont have legal outlet no federal laws against weight discrimination
what are the advantages of the UCR?
-represents 95% of the population -collected since 1930 (long term info on trends) -'crimes known to police'=moderately accurate for serious offense
Victimization Data = national crime victimization survey (NCVS)
-each year, 12+ aged in approximately 50,000 households in the US asked about experiences as crime victim (picked to be nationally representative) -obtained by asking people to report on their experiences as crime victims -ask people if they have been victims of crime, including aggravated assault, simple assault, rape/sexual assault, robbery, burglary, auto theft, and larceny --if yes, asked a number of questions about victimization (reported? why or why not (personal matter), if they saw person and demographics?)
weight of the nation: role of the media
-extremely negative -headless pictures making fun of them -usually in inappropriate behavior and clothing -"framed" to be perceived as stereotypes -image of what they are supposed to look like and media makes impossible to be happy and obese
weight of the nation: negative impact on relationships
-find it hard 'to fall' -'can't be seen with you because you are fat' or 'embarrassed to be seen with you' -scared never adequate for love -lonely
UCR and Juveniles
-information on extent of delinquency and trends in delinquency comes from the clearance and arrest data (contains age of offender) can estimate: -# of crimes committed by juveniles -# of arrests that involve juveniles -most serious offenses juveniles arrested for -whether juveniles arrests are increasing or decreasing juveniles commit crimes in groups, so often several juveniles arrested for single crime
weight of the nation: what we can do
-need to provide them support -address situation without bias to attack the issue of obesity without attacking the person -obsese people have sensitivity & judging them has huge affects on their lives
weight of nation: self-reported stigma and biases
-no self control -weight bias as strong as gender and race bias -por -uneducated -dirty -lazy -all they care about is eating -unintelligent -lacking discipline -people avoid them -people feel it is justified to be mean toward them -treated as less than human
spoiled identity
-obesity as the basic of one of a number of categories of stigmatized persons who form 'huddled-together self-help clubs" ?-'fraternity fat boy' treated as the 'mascot for the group' and is denied the respect from the full-fledged members
abominations of the body
-one of the various deformities -obesity is regarded by the average-sized majority as a moral failing as much as physical defect -being fat indicates a blemish of individual character specifically possessing a 'weak will' and a 'unnatural possession'
what are problems with victimization data<
-only focus on a few violent and property crimes committed against individuals ages 12+ (no drug use, status offenses, no crime against business like shoplifting, no crimes against those less than 12) -certain groups with high rates of victimization are under sampled, such as homeless, transients, and institutionalized persons -evidence that many victims do not report victimizations to the interviewers --people don't always think of incidents by someone they know --now questions asks: did you have something stolen from you or were you attacked or threatened by a) someone at work or school b) a neighbor or friend c) relative or family member of d) any other person you've met or known? -victims does not see offender (ofter) so cannot estimate offender's age --especially for property crime and auto theft --important for estimating juvenile offending -validity issues in defining crime: --girls and sex offenses
how can we apply these terms to deviance and obesity?
-overweight most stigmatized group in the US and are expected to participate in their own degradation by agreeing with people who taunt them to not seem deviant -substantial port of obese people accept the degradation thin society uses on them because they feel that they deserve it -few defense other fat people who are being criticized because they are a mirror of the very effects that are so repugnant to them -unlike other minority groups, obese rarely fight back and feel they can't fight back -obesity is regarded as 'morally reprehensible" and a "social disgrace -they are isolated from 'normal' society and are set a part from the average sized people -outcome of the stigma of obesity and deviant behavior is the struggle between good and evil and vice and virtue -overweight because of the stigma around their behavior -less indulgent individuals resist their eating habits and don't give in to temptation and 'hedonistic pleasure seeking' (eating excessively) -research found that obesity stigma falls in between physical handicaps such as blindness and behavioral deviance such as homosexuality -women more stigmatized and being overweight considered more deviant for women than men -stigma seen as a moral, not medical, issue
weight of the nation: role of society
-perceived as personal responsibility but people don't understand that often times disease (mental and physical)
Fat Feminist Caucus
-political segment that sees the self and body as separate entities -group member rely on notions of disembodied self as they negotiate their political activities and individual attempts to come to terms with being fat -stresses importance of personal and political empowerment and that it is possible through shared understanding of each other's experiences and bond of shared expression
weight of the nation: problem with our society
-problem with society is how we treat them -we make them feel like they are worthless -don't provide them support
Advantages of Victimization Data?
-provides information on both crimes that have and have not come to the attention of the police (self-report data)
Weight of the nation: what the different types of stigma and biases reported and how do they negatively image individuals who are obese/overweight?
-self-reported -stigma/biases sources: -media's role -doctor's role -family -society -friends -employers Negative impacts -employment discrimination -lack of legal support -relationships (family and romantic) -mental health -health care
Mauritania: How is female obesity perceived in Mauritania?
-skinny girl is a sign of a poor family -forced fed to be "beautiful" -must be fat to get married -want to be fat not skinny -larger =wealth, beauty, and helps find mate
Mauritania: How is this perspective different from appearance norms in western society?
-skinny is beautiful in america and fat is not -complete opposite
weight of the nation: self-reports
-skinny judging on bus -when grocery shopping someone walked up to cart and said "you don't need that" -feel like than human because of issues they can't control -belittled
loose settings
-subcultures find ways to let lose home, all white community, more likely to be themselves and symbolic gesture (actual)
why is balancing two identities problematic for Aryans?
-the aryan activist dilemma balance needed to make it with desire to promote white power beliefs home, all white community, more likely to be themselves and symbolic gesture (actual) -Tight: setting are less likely to open up -Loose: subcultures find ways to let lose
1. what is the NAAFA?
-the national association to advance fat acceptance -created explicitly to contest popular notions of beauty -nonprofit civil rights organizations seeking to increase well being of fat people provides members with safe harbor: -with a welcoming and supportive social environment -potential friends with similar experiences of size discrimination -opportunity for sexual and romantic pursuits
weight of the nation: role of doctors
-they avoid health care because negative experiences -doctors often don't know how to handle them -judgmental and critical -don't think them seriously and treat them with enough care
what are problems with SR surveys?
-very few long-term, nationwide self-report surveys of delinquency -many surveys underestimate extent of serious delinquency -many employ measures of delinquency that focus on minor offenses and employ age response categories (how often is 'often') -juveniles often report trivial acts that probably would not be considered delinquent by law enforcement officials -tend to under sample most serious delinquents (miss school or ran away from home/hang out on the street, or parents don't agree)
weight of the nation: negative impacts on women
-women are more vulnerable to stigma than men because higher beauty standard -image of what they are supposed to look like and media makes impossible to be happy and obese
what are the four processes that merge for an individual to commit mass killings? -book and lecture notes
1. ancestral show 2. identities of the perpetrator 3. culture of cruelty 4. social 'death' of victims
milgrams three insights
1. humans have the capacity to harm others as well as help other. -Ordinary people have great capacity to harm others. By typically thinking otherwise, by separating normal people, themselves, from "those" deviants when thinking about who harms others, ordinary people protect themselves from seriously confronting their capabilities. Their common sense, which holds that normal people would not commit serious deviance, comforts ordinary nary people. 2. people can harm others in more ordinary situations: -volunteers who became teachers in milgrams research were ordinary people who had no pathological desire to harm others, but did; and it did not take a certain kind of person to inflict harm on learner 3. ordinary hold to a different common sense -Milgram asked psychiatrists, trists, college students, and middle-class adults whether they would shock the learner and whether people in general would shock the learner. -These "other" ordinary people-who did not participate as the teacher in Milgram's research search but were asked to respond about their and others' possible participation-could tion-could not imagine that they or others would shock the learner. They thought only a small percentage, 1 or 2 percent at most, would shock to the highest level. These ordinary people saw a wide gulf between themselves and those who would shockingly harm others. They were dramatically wrong. Their common sense failed them.
what are the three different view points of religion?
1. nature of good and evil 2. the nature of truth 3. nature of religion
religious terrorists share 3 attributes
1. one true, authentic faith 2. reject mainstream culture 3. faith is a part of politics
SUM=underestimate occurs because
1. serious offenses are more likely to be under reported 2. measures of delinquency often focus on minor offense & employ vague response categories 3. respondents often report trivial acts 4. most surveys tend to under sample serious offenders
NAAFA: attempting to neutralize the stigma of the hugely obese (gimlin) pg. 72
1. what is the NAAFA? 2. identify and explain the two strategies that NAAFA uses to manage the stigma associated with obesity
immigration
A lot of white people approve restriction flow of legal and illegal immigration and policies for refugees A lot of push back, especially with Syria People very fearful of illegals and different religion Boarder wall, more military and troops at border But only talking about border in south not Canadian (all white)
affirmative action
Any programs designed to address systemic racism when it comes to employment and college admission Hale (book) head of white supremacy and -Whites resent other races getting free pass into education
religious terrorists attribute 1: one true, authentic faith
Believe any contemporary form of other religions are weaker versions of the one truth faith (whatever religion they have is right and all the others are wrong
3. culture of cruelty -join aggressive, millitaristic, or paramilitary -professional callousness
Book: -As ordinary people develop identities of a perpetrator, some come to be members of or participants in specific organizations and groups, such as military and paramilitary organizations. -These organizations may socialize their ordinary members into a culture of cruelty whereby the members gradually develop a professional callousness toward violence and death. -Through pressure sure from and dependence on their comrades, the ordinary people remain attached to their organizations that embrace cultures of cruelty. Class: -Become members of aggressive military or paramilitary organizations -They Don't care that they are causing harm, don't lose sleep over it (in the moment)
1. ancestral shadow -ethnocentrism -desire for domination
Book: ancestral shadows emphasize -ethnocentrism, a belief in the superiority of one's own society or social group; -xenophobia, the fear of outsiders who could harm one's own society; -a social desire to dominate other societies and groups, which can lead to aggression and violence against outsiders. Class: Weird term to describe cultural patterns that allow various negative behaviors to thrive -Using sociological imagination, history, social institutions -They are gounded in ethnocentrism and desire for domination- which can lead to aggressive behavior' -know you can use violence and war to maintain power
2. identities of the perpetrator -cultural beliefs -moral disengagement -serve own selfish interests
Book: -Through cultural beliefs, moral disengagement, and rational self-interest, some members may develop identities of a perpetrator. Some members may experience cultural beliefs that direct them to look to others, such as government officials or religious leaders, to make decisions instead of accepting responsibility to make their own decisions. -Through moral disengagement, a subgroup of individuals comes to be seen as socially unworthy outsiders, not covered by traditional moral obligations. -violence toward the morally unworthy may come to be understood as rationally serving one's professional, organizational, and/or personal interest. With the development of these identities, ordinary people have become more willing to obey authorities who direct them to use violence against unworthy outsiders. Class: Identities of the perp - what makes them more likely to answer directly to authority; Issues: we obey authority even when they tell us to cause harm (leader tell citizens to use harm against preconceived out-group) -Cultural beliefs that direct them to look at authority and officers on what to do -Moral: view subgroup socially unworthy, lesser human, socially unequal (religion, ethnicity, race) -Serve; look at immoral group and know that you can use violence to keep them down and you up (serve personal interest...financial, socially, politically)
4. social 'death' of victims -outsiders lack morality, humanity
Book: -through producing the social death of the victims, ordinary people who have become potential genocidal killers are more easily able to physically kill the victims. -By taking away the humanity of the victims through derogatory tory labels and identities, ordinary people can more easily commit mass killings without any moral qualms. -If killing others rids your society of a harmful disease, for example, then the killing is justified, even honorable. Class As ordinary people begin to accept that outside are morally worthless or take away the humanity of outsiders they are much more inclined to commit mass killings without feeling bad Very extreme form
2. Harm others in both extraordinary and ordinary situations
Can harm in day to day life, not just extreme situations such as the holocaust; great capacity to do harm; Sense of obligations to finish experience, just a little bit of pushing was all a lot of people needed to go to highest voltage despite cries for help
3. Common sense does not stop us from hurting others
Common sense saying I don't want to do this anymore he has heart porblme I don't want responsibility didn't stop them from continuing
how did we view S&M?
DSM (diagnostic statistical manual) was used to help diagnosis people with mental illness and used as a way to control sexual behavior in America -any behavior that resembled S&M was considered pathological and identified as a type of mental illness (pathological=scary, the 'unknown back then) -warranted need for intervention (formal sanctioning), medicine and therapy -was removed from the DSM-IV in 1994 increased social acceptance -once removed as disorder, S&M become more legitimate in mainstream
What are UCR limitations discussed in class?
Dark figure of crime hierarchy rule
Misleading
Focus on the underclass We are encouraged to view crime as being done by a certain segment of the population. -This is in fact wrong -Fear of least successful -Neighborhood violence stays within that neighborhood (intergang violence) Upper class is causing most harm to society -Deviance and crime occurs across all lines How does the media and society reinforce the typical crime/typical image? -Media is one of the most powerful institutions in the world and they have huge investment in crime and constructing criminal image/offender --Only focusing on violent crime---when you take all crime in country, less than half is violent crime ---Drug use, white collar crime is popular but media sells violent crime
avoid contacts with 'stigma symbols'
Hide so no one knows Ex) hiding racist tattoos or not wearing shirt says pro hitler
Manages stigma - reduce contact with "normal"
Joining deviant groups is way people handle being stigmatized Grounded in subcultures It reduces contact with people who don't agree with your subcultural norms and you identify with people with same norms beliefs Promotes social acceptance Very important role in human conditions Tattoo collectors: skill building, what tattoo
how do aryans deal with stigma?
Keep it hidden because fearful of physical and verbal threats Constant guard against attacks Cant be out right open at work or with family or with friends Keep identity and belief system private
examples of Formal Social control and S&M
Laws Social control Arrested, labeled felon Church response (kicked out of church)
instrumental dimension
Legislation Trying to legitimizes deviant behavior Transition into political activism Marching, rallies, voting
what are the various components of identity construction?
Lenient vs harsh response -Understand the motivations and construct identity -Know their back story--the more we find an offender relatable and apologetic, we are more likely to be lenient -Lots of people are involved
what is UCR (uniform crime report)?
Local police send all arrest data set to FBI and FBI compiles national data and people make reports based off the data -Able to understand crime patterns at local, regional, and national level -Can see that deviant is socially constructed (criminal behavior, arresting people)
religious terrorists: nature of good and evil
Nature of good and evil -Lies within the group -Enemies are wicked, selves are protectors of righteousness -Perceived enemies as completely bad and they are the protectors of righteous, unless you follow my doctrine I will protect my world with my -Makes it very hard to negotiate -What I believe is end all be able -Zero redeeming for people outside fait
religious peacekeepers: nature of good and evil
Nature of good and evil -Lies within the individual -We are all capable of evil so it is hard to condemn others -Line between good and evil lies witching individual -All capable of evil and good and on us to be good people -Aren't self-righteous -Don't condemn others because know they are capable of it -Believe all people are redeemable
religious terrorists: nature of truth
Nature of truth -One truth: timeless and unchanging -Willing to die and kill for this truth -Don't think things change at all (truth wont't change, only one truth) -Willing to kill and be killed in the name of their truth (peace keepers wont kill) -If culture change think culture is wrong, their ideology doesn't change no matter what
religious peacekeepers: nature of truth
Nature of truth -Truth is in the eye of the beholder -Willing to die for truth but not to kill -Think very dangerous if aren't willing to adjust can lead to dominantize and readiness to kill -Willing to die but not willing to kill (against moral code)
Data Sources Summary Handout
Officia statistics Unofficial statistics
Social comparison
Once in group you tend to compare yourself to groups outside your own Essential to prejudice ex) Minor like sports teams up to the on going Muslim genocide because of different religions Powerful because people compete for social power and control and self-esteem
Who is involved in constructing an offender?
Parents, media, CJ system (attorneys, prosecutors, police officers, victim) Gathering evidence
Katz and "the seduction of crime"
People seduce themselves into deviance or criminal behavior people develop feelings of understanding in the moment that compels them to act in a deviant way -there is some sort of "Motivation" that triggers this behavior Righteous slaughter -Impassioned attack -- payback -Pay back to some sort of injustice done -More severe attack more injustice was perceived -Retaliation -Seduced in responding to crime because retaliation -More committed (secondary) Sneaky thrills -Excited by idea of being delinquent and getting caught (or not) Stealing from Walmart -About to do something deviant or criminal and you are excited about doing it but nervous you get caught -Not necessarily deviant, just mess around here or there
Athens and "The Creations of Dangerous and Violent Criminals"
Relied on first person accounts of very hardened offenders that we incarcerated or had been incarcerated Followed them around, interviewed them How do people became dangerous or violent criminals or both Athens stages of criminal behavior: 1. brutalization 2. belligerency/defiant: 3. violent performance: 4. virulence:
religious peacekeepers: religion
Religion -A means to an end (enlightenment, truth) -Integrate religiously-inspired ideas into justice -Respect for all people -Means to an end (helps people find spiritual fulfillment) -More of mechanism for what they are striving for (finding who you are or being closer to god) -Want to integrate religious inspired justice and build equality but not strictly religious -Respect for all people and knowing we are all different
Religious terrorists: religion
Religion -An end in itself -Dominate the world -Religious government and culture -religion end all be all -want religion to dominate the world world strictly -Think government and culture completely dictated by religion -No public private of spheres
how can we apply katz's theory of crime and deviant behaviors to South park's toilet paper episode?
Sneaky thrills: -The art in art class (penis mold) Righteous slaughter: -Tp house -4 counts of attempted murder Attach meaning to behavior "she deserved it" made sense by blaming victims Saying kid ***hole because doesn't care about guilt (bad person or psychological issue)
What are the three main processes of stereotyping?
Social categorization social identification social comparison
How is social control used in S&M?
Social control is the deliberate attempt to change behavior and ensures, or attempts to ensure, conformity to norms -Ways to deal with behavior that violates social norms -Deliberate attempt to change behavior with end goal that people conform to norms -Makes sure everyone conforms to socially acceptable behaviors
social control:
Social control: -Ways to deal with behavior that violates social norms -Ensure or attempt to ensure conformity to norms. -Many try to change these behaviors so that you try to stop people from being deviant and conform.
disidentifiers
Talk a big game Telling stories to trick people around you Not being forthright about voting history Ex) homo in secret so talk a lot about girls to hide identity
example: NYPD stop-and-frisk
This is soft racial profiling b/c people are acting suspicious (furtive movements).
what information does UCR include?
Three sections: -section 1: crimes known to police -section 2: crimes cleared or solved by arrests (only 20%) -section 3: number of arrests and characteristics of people arrested --age, sex, race Two parts: -Part I=index=8 mostly serious offenses -Part II=20 additional offenses and 'other categories
how do we officially measure deviance?
UCR-uniform crime report -FBI Data
segregation
Us still very strongly against anything that will further segregate neighborhoods, cities, and states Any form of social movement or process trying to intervene with segregation people push back against it
1. Capacity to help and harm others
We as humans have great capacity to help others, but oridianry people have capacity to seriously harm people as well; very ordinary and everyday people (no mental healht); A lot of reason (sensible, self defense, kill someone for greater good?
social identification
When we assign people in categories you are assigning yourself in category and identifying what is important to you Adopt that identity example: assign student you fulfill roles as students: buy books, laptop, attend class, do homework This is emotionally significant Self esteem very much tied to bound of social identity in group membership
violent performances stage
act of resolution -when people actually use violent behavior to getting what you want (people interviewed had severely injury people over slightest offense, very dominant
local chapter
at local level and within insulated space: -members can embrace their bodies as objects as sexual desires -enjoy ramifications that being desired has on their understanding of themselves -attempts to transform the meaning of the fat body and its significance for the self
double life
at work you don't play role or tell how you, only at home
discreditable three ways people pass as normal in daily life:
avoid contacts with 'stigma symbols' use disidentifiers lead a double life
how do you aryan manage stigma?
calculated conformity balance two identities
social categorization
categorize objects in a way that we can identify people and objects in various categories; assign them to varying categories Everything pretty severe such as race to things such as your political party Examples: -People who violate -appearance norms -Gender -Race -Social status
discredited- "out"
cathartic, therapeutic, or preventative deviant disvowel deviant avowel
when does identity construction go bad?
criminal justice system NYPD stop-and-frisk Misleading
What are subcultures?
cultures within a culture -have their own expectations of norms, values and beliefs makes it unique because completely distinguishable from mainstream, society
how are the concepts discredible and discredited relates to people who participate in S&M?
discredited: when society has found out that they're into S&M discreditable is when people haven't found out yet but they are into S&M
what are two dimensions of subcultures
expressive dimension instrumental dimension
why do Aryans feel the need to conceal their image/ideologies?
fear of physical, verbal, or symbolic harm/attacks problems at work, school, home
virtual social identity
give off identity that isn't really their own secret identity vs actual identity need to balance roles work in multicultural business and you are white supremacist--really hard
religion: violence of peace keepers?
how can religion inspire both violence and peace keeping?
deviant disvowel
ignore as a means to normalize -normalized behavior and act like it doesn't existence -way of avoiding
In group/out group dynamic
in group is the group we belong to a sense of pride and relates to our social identity and role as an individual in society -increases self-image -we like to build ourselves up by putting other people down --we discriminate and hold prejudices different groups than our own as a way to make ourselves feel better -anytime we identify with the in group there is always an out group -sometimes can be server to mildly deviant -we have an extreme ability to push people into out group which leads to racism and extreme events like genocide two important things to know: -We tend to exaggerate difference between in group and out group -We really exaggerate those differences -We exaggerate similarities in the in group to make it easier to push out group
where does the UCR get their data from?
local police departments send arrest data to FBI and the FBI puts data together for nationwide crime rates
belligerency(defiant) stage
make a resolution -person is still aging; next stage come to accept violence is necessary to survive; -normal behavior and what they need to do; -use violence and victims to survive; -protect themselves and prevent future harm to self assume need to be violent -occurs usually when they don't have control
weight of the nation: negative impact on job employment
not hired because: -dont think they are as competent/capable -looked over because don't have the 'image' -results in serious economic hardship -not legal help
deviant avowel
open up and break the ice -laugh and joke about deviant behavior you are involved in
calculated conformity
present themselves in certain ways in different contexts in order to avoid stigma -Idea that they are very calculated about how they present themselves in public and how open they are to who they are or how they are -Makes them balance the two -How do they manage stigma and protect themselves from being found out
virulence stage -- what makes them dangerous
readiness to engage in violent behavior change in master status -on edge and ready for violence -the slightest problem will turn them into a dangerous and violent behavior -extreme violence instantly Ex) got rear-ended, would get out of car and attack the person who did it (almost killed this person)
Miligrams experiment:
results: when learned placed in a room separate from the teacher and was groaning, screaming in agony, and pleading to be let out (protests tied to specific shock levels) and then not respond to the question have 330 volts were administered 63% of the teachers went to the highest level of school -when the learner was placed in the same room as the teacher, screamed in same set up^^ 40% when the highest volt -30% went to the highest level when learner was in the same room as the teacher and the teacher has to place the learner's hand on the plate at the 150-volt level or beyond because of learner wouldn't -when the teacher chose the level of shock 3% chose the highest level -interested in effects of punishment on learning -volunteers are college students, psychiatrists, and middle-class adults -1 volunteer is the learner and the other is the teacher -any time the learner makes a mistake in the learning activity the teacher will electrically shock the learner -with each mistake made by the learner, the teacher will be expected to increase the intensity of the shock by 15 volts to a maximum 450 volts -the professor says the shocks are very painful but won't produce permanent tissue damage before: everyone he asked said they would not shock the learner to the highest level when the individual made a mistake, saying they would stop before -90% said they would stop before level 13, (195 volts label very strong shock) -they also believed that most people would stop well before the highest level of shock -less than 1 or 2 % said they would shock the learner to the highest level
three ways US can be racist society
segregation affirmative action immigration
How do we unofficially measure deviance?
self-reported data
tight settings
settings they are less likely to open up in more likely to conceal their identity: school, work, they are more likely to use virtual
what is stigmatization
the process by which an individual becomes recognized as having a socially undesirable characteristic
how much deviance is there?
the statistics of social construction sometimes changes over time what we perceive as deviant and criminal changes overtime
why did ordinary people in this study inflict pain?
they created a willingness, even a sense of obligation, to continue what they had started. They created the willingness, even the obligation, acted on it, had it reemphasized for them by the researcher, shifted responsibility to the researcher searcher or to the learner for the learner's being shocked, questioned whether they should continue, wrestled with that powerfully felt obligation as they experienced rienced the resistance of the learner, and at times abandoned that obligation and stopped
2. identify and explain the two strategies that NAAFA uses to manage the stigma associated with obesity
two strategies that attempt to reduce the negative implications of the fat body: 1. fat feminist caucus 2. local chapter
what are the disadvantages of the UCR?
underestimates extent of most forms of delinquency and may provide misleading information about trends in delinquency -most delinquent acts not know to police (40% reported, some delinquent events my not have 'victim') and if committed as groups how reported? -even when crime known to police (nonviolent), do not catch offender in most cases -police do not arrest most of the suspected offenders they catch (victim preference' department type; crack-downs) police data reported to FBI sometimes inaccurate (sometimes realist of mistakes, sometimes police distort crime data in effort to make look good) -unfounding = investigate reports by citizens determine whether a crime has occurred and what type. if crime has not occurred, they 'unfound' the crime report and crime does not become part of 'crimes known to the police' data -reclassifying crimes - from more to less serious offenses (aggravated v. simple assaults
Brutalization stage
violent, subjugation, personal horrification, violent coaching -witnessed violence growing up (prehighschool age) -as a child witnessed subjugation and horrifying behaviors of parents; -when witness it coached them about violent behavior; -cruel treatment as kid negative consequences of adults; -violent coaching as conflict resolution; -sets you up to continue down path; If you took these away you wouldn't be criminal
balance two identities
virtual social identity actual social identity
why use self-reported data?
ways to check to see if juveniles are telling us the truth: -official record comparisons -comparisons with peer, family, or school reports -lie detector tests -comparisons with drug tests -comparisons between groups known to differ in they level of delinquency ex) comparing institutionalized delinquents to high school students and if they differ in SRD then self-report data may be accurate)
how do we use stats to measure deviance?
we use statistics to determine how much crime and deviance there is in (America and all over the world) -start to makes counts on how many times a certain behavior occurs (murder, mugging, gang violence) -can use officials like police officers and presidents
actual
who they are and what they embrace