SOC 315 Final

the freedom to choose a mate is still...

"arranged" by status of family, college, work settings, etc.

interracial dating is becoming more common. what percentage of adults have dated someone of another race?

1/2

what proportion of marriages are remarriages for at least 1 of the adults?

1/2

what proportion of Americans marry, divorce, and remarry?

1/3

what proportion of families are single parent families?

1/3

what proportion of marriages bring stepfamilies into existence?

1/3

what proportion of women in the Top 50 powerful businesswomen have a husband at home part or full time?

1/3

when women do 2/3 of the housework, what proportion of them say it's unfair?

1/3

what was the first state to implement family paid leave in 2004?

California (6 weeks) benefits cover 55% of lost wages

how did couples in 1900 meet?

a calling--on front porch with parents

why do men withdraw more?

because they can avoid both the argument and the change in how they act

devilatized marriages

couples who were once in love but drifted apart over the years

life expectancy change from 1920-2008

from 55 to 81 years for women and from 54 to 76 years for men

adults took teen jobs after

great recession

are interracial or intraracial relationships more stable?

intraracial (within race)

what does employment do for health?

many benefits but the benefits are reduced for mothers with young children

two measures of marital success

marital stability and marital quality

heterogamy

marriage between people of different backgrounds

what is coping?

the active process in which individuals manage a set of demands that is perceived as excessive or experienced as stressful

role fit

the degree of consensus between the spouses on decision making

two-tiered family benefits structure

typically men have more access

most stable marriages by race

white, asian, latino

how othermothering is globalizing

women from other countries migrate to the US to take care of other peoples children for better wages

stalled revolution (Hochschild)

women have been willing to move into the labor force and share the role of breadwinning but husbands have not made a corresponding move to share responsibility of housework and childcare

the percentage of childless women raises to 27% when talking about

women with graduate or professional degrees

in 1990 what proportion of divorces were over 50? what about 2009?

1 in 10 to 1 in 4

AIDS between 1981 and 2010

1,130,000 people have been diagnosed and 619,000 have died of AIDS ... 30 million 785,000 have HIV and 477,000 have AIDS

how many federal statutory provisions are due to marriage?

1,138

what proportion of adoptions are foreign born?

1/10

what proportion of step families include a child from other marriage?

1/10

how often do people have sex?

1/3 - twice a week 1/3 - few times a month 1/3 - few times a year or not at all

how many marriages dissolve in 10 years? what about 15 years?

1/3... 2/5

what proportion of adoptions involve children with special needs?

1/4

what proportion of gay and lesbian couples established equal housework?

1/4

what proportion of households are made up of people living alone?

1/4

what proportion of children are at risk for negative outcomes due to having a stepparent?

1/5

what proportion of marriages ends in divorce or separation within 5 years?

1/5

what proportion of marriages include at least one previously divorced spouse?

1/5

what percentage of women will never have children?

1/6

what proportion of couples is unable to conceive by natural means?

1/8

recently there has been in increase in childless women 40-44 from

10% to 17.8% from 1980 to 2008

what percentage pay paternity leave?

14%

what percentage of women are executive officers in US? top earners?

14.1% and 7.5%

alimony (spousal support) is only awarded how much of the time?

15%

what percentage of US children under 18 live in stepfamily household?

17%

most cohabiting couples either marry or split after how long?

18 months

when did sexuality enter the public sphere and become part of self discovery and identity?

1920's

approval percentage rates by Americans in 1958 and 2011

1958: 4% 2011: 86%

miscegenation laws

1967 supreme court turned over these laws in 16 states. these laws were reflecting that marrying someone outside of race ethnicity or religion is wrong

when did the decline of teen employment begin? when did it get steep?

1970, 2000

what percentage of marriages were interracial in 1970? 2000? 2010?

1970: less than 1% 2000: more than 5% 2010: 10%

when was the first time more married women were employed than not?

1980

what is the dual-earner family to breadwinner/homemaker family ratio?

2-1

what is the poverty rate for african americans, hispanics and american indians compared to whites?

2.5 times higher

what is the average household size? what was it 30 years ago?

2.6 persons compared to 3.1 30 years ago

african american divorce rate

2/3

what proportion of childless couples want children but are infertile?

2/3

what proportion of divorces are initiated by women?

2/3

what proportion of mothers have child support awards?

2/3

what proportion of mothers said they multitask most of the time?

2/3

what proportion of women between 25-64 work?

2/3

what proportion of children will be affected by new divorce?

2/5 african american 2/3 and white 1/3

what percentage of cohabiting couples have children?

20%

what was the first state to legalize same sex marriage?

2004

what percentage of 25-34 year olds live in a multigenerational household?

21% compared to 11% in 1980 (20 . million)

what percentage of pregnancies are aborted?

22%

median marriage from 1960 to now

22.8 to 28.7 and 20.3 to 26.5

what percentage of hispanic and white and asian american and african american women were married between 20-24 in 2012?

23% hispanic women 20% white women 15% asian american women 10% african american women

what percentage of adults have experienced at least one divorce in their lifetime?

24%

in 2009, military men were given

26 weeks of military leave

what percentage of wives in dual-earner homes earn more than their husband?

29%

what is the ratio of dual income couples w/ no children at home vs. the traditional family?

2:1

how much more time do men spend with their kids when wife is at work?

2x

how much more likely are 50 year olds or older to divorce than 1990? what is this called?

2x - Gray Divorce Revolution

how many adults have married or entered a long term relationship with an online dating partner?

3 million

percentage of marriages that are interracial in 1980 and 2000 and 2010

3.2% and 6.8% and 8.4%

what proportion of couples is the amount of money one partner earns relative to the other establishes relative power in relationship? (except lesbians)

3/4

what proportion of people with AIDS are men?

3/4

what proportion of single mothers work outside the home?

3/4

what proportion of divorced men and women remarry

3/4 of men and 2/3 of women (white---but only 1/3 if the women are african american)

number of hours of housework women did in 1975 and 1999 and men?

30 to 17 4 to 11

what percentage of people using online dating sites are married?

30%

what percentage of preschool children with employed mothers are cared for by a grandparent?

30%

what percentage of family income comes from working wives?

37%

in 2011, what percentage of White, Asian, and African American and Hispanic teens 16-19 were employed?

37% White 22% Asian 25% African American and Hispanic

in 2011 there were how many households in the united states that had 3 or more generations within them

4.3 million

what proportion of people losing their jobs in the great recession were men?

4/5

how likely are cohabiting and married couples to include children? (%)

40%

percentage increase of unmarried couple households from 2000 to 2010

40%

what percentage of adoptions involve that of different race of parents?

40%

what percentage of children will spend some time living with their mother and her cohabitating partner before age 16?

40%

what percentage of marriages are remarriages?

40%

what percentage of the time is infertility caused by male partner?

40%

what percentage of married people have sex twice a week? singles?

40% married, 25% single

in 1970, what percentage of married mothers with dependent children work? what about 2010?

40% to 70%

in 2010, what percentage of all births were to unwed mothers?

40.8%

the number of biracial children has increased by how much in the last 30 years? all births?

400% all births - 18%

what percentage of cohabiting couples have children under 18 living at home?

41%

what percentage of the work force do women make up?

47%

how much longer do married men live than single men?

5 years

during 20th century, proportion of childless marriages ranged from

5-10%

fertility rate for foreign born adult women is how much higher than for native born adult women?

50%

how much more time do women spend on home/housework than husband?

50% more time

what percentage of companies pay maternity leave?

58%

what percentage of children in the US lived with their grandparents in 2010? of that percentage, what how many didn't have a parent in the house?

6.5% 1/5

what percentage of first marriages are preceded by cohabitation?

60%

what percentage of places permit some employees to work from home?

63%

what percent of American families where both parents work?

65%

what percentage of couples are dual-earners?

65%

what percentage of divorcing couples have minor children?

65%

what percentage of children live with two parents?

69%

percentage of places providing child care at or near work? what about that provide subsidies?

7% 2%

couples who separate do so how long after marriage?

7-8 years

what percentage of men worked in 2012?

70%

among 10 million internet users who say they are single and looking for romantic partners, what percentage of them have used the internet to advance their romantic interests?

74%

what percentage of children from divorce able to cope?

75-80%

what percentage of places allow flex time?

77%

what percentage of female pay is it compared to men?

78%

what percentage of women with children are in the paid workforce?

78%

in what percentage of families is the wife the sole provider?

8%

what percentage of American families where there is only ONE breadwinner?

8-10%

gay and lesbian couple household increase in 10 years

80%

since 1980, what percentage of new jobs in the economy were taken by women?

80%

what percentage of US born arabs have non arab spouses?

80%

what was the employment rate of men in 1960? what was it in 2012?

83% to 70%

if children are involved in divorce, what percentage live with the mother?

85%

what percentage of married couples in the US have children?

85%

what percentage of married people are extremely physically well pleased in their relationship?

88%

what proportion of household workers are women?

9/10

what proportion of single parents are women?

9/10

what percentage of remarriage takes place after divorce?

90%

what percentage of the population eventually marries?

90%

what percentage of whites and african americans marry within their own racial groups?

93% compared with 70% of asians and latinos only 2.5% of married couples are biracial which is a 300% increase since 1970

the most egalitarian marriages race

African Americans

what ethnicity of women have the highest labor rate? next?

African Americans (60%) White (58%) Asian and Latina (57%)

what group of high school students is most likely to say they are sexually experienced?

African Americans then Hispanics then Whites

after great recession, what were the total labor trends?

All labor force rates dropped

are US born adolescents or immigrant adolescents more likely to be in a relationship?

US born

are first generation immigrants more likely to have relationships resembling their parents or American society?

US society

how much extra time does the women's extra work add up to?

a month of work per year

the prevailing idea of love

a white middle class emotion

what is assortative mating?

addresses the question of who individuals choose as mates

what is sequencing?

adjusting timing of events over life course-altering paid work and child rearing

firstborn children

advantage adopt parents values less influenced by peers achievement oriented females more religious and conservative

most likely to end in divorce by race

african american

which ethnic group is least likely to marry outside their racial group?

african americans

who has sex earlier? whites or african americans? why?

african americans because of adaptive responses to discrimination

intimate terrorism

attempts to dominate one's partner and exert control over relationship (almost always men) forms: power and control

structural influences on mate selection

availability of marriage selection varies affiliations with different groups school play and college social class

why are women more often in the demanding role?

because they have desires to change the relationship

declines in aids reason

better treatments, better education

was the decline steeper for white men or black men?

black

if latinos struggle with the same problems, why do they have a divorce rate as low as whites?

catholocism too simple because not homogenous group....immigration status - first gens lower divorce rate

what are the 3 main causes of increased labor force?

changes in economy decline in real earnings personal fulfillment and self-reliance

research on daycare suggests

children who go to daycare develop as typically as children who stay home full time

5 types of enduring marriage

conflict habituated marriages devilatized marriages passive congenial marriages vital marriages total marriages

what does the effect of teen employment on teen wellbeing depend on?

context of employment -- are they being treated well?

sandwich generation

couple in the middle of the sandwich has both elder care and child care responsibilities

what are gender strategies?

couples create these to fit conventional gender beliefs and needs with the realities of women's and men's daily lives

having children effect on divorce

couples with children are less likely to divorce than childless couples

what makes people less sensitive to seriousness of violence

customs and beliefs, abnormal gender roles, media

welfare reform legislation of 1996

cut welfare programs by $55 billion

of all children, who does the most housework?

daughters of mothers who work full time latino and african american children do more work than white

what is the trend in teen labor since the 1970's?

decline

what has happened to teen sexual activity in the last 2 decades?

decline from 54 to 46%

general trend of fertility rates

declining since 1800 lower during GR baby boom after WW2 slow decline now

what is the prediction of labor force participation in 2020?

decrease because baby boomers will retire

has the gender gap in hours of housework increased or decreased?

decreased

likelihood of divorce ______ as size of family increases

decreases until 4 children

what is happening to the men's share of family income?

decreasing

DOMA (1996)

defence of marriage act which gave same sex unions legal benefits of marriage but didn't allow them to be categorized as married or spouses

vital marriages

differed greatly from the forgoing types in that spouses shared true intimacy in all important life matters

having divorced parents ____ the odds that you get a divorce

doubles

when did the women's labor force increase begin?

early 19th century

what is economic well-being increasingly tied to?

educational attainment (men more than women)

social constructionists

emphasize the social conditions leading to sexuality

are wives more likely to be employed or unemployed?

employed

what is the family medical leave act of 1993?

employers of 50 or more people provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to any worker with the need to leave -- doesn't cover part time

what is the mommy track?

employers place women on the mommy track when they return to work--minimal opportunity for advancement

20 years after divorce, possible categories and their percentages

enhanced 20% competent loners 10% good enoughs 40% defeated 10% seekers or libertines 20%

middle class children grow up with a sense of ___ while working class children grow up with a sense of ___

entitlement, restraint

what has happened to the percentage of teens that date frequently?

fallen

differential fertility

fertility rates in the US vary in a consistent pattern by social factors, most notably social class, race, and religion

muslim american divorce by generation

first gens low divorce rate, second and third rising from 2 to 35% in one generation.

dramaturgy

frontstage behavior and backstage behavior

how many marriages involve a second marriage of one or both partners?

half

in comparison with white women, how likely are black women to be married?

half as likely

U shaped curve over life cycle

happens in the first 10 years of marriage then gradually drops in the next decades

who has more commitment - heterosexual couples or gay men?

heterosexual men

what is the relationship between sex and marriage?

high sexual satisfaction is related to high marriage satisfaction

interreligious couples have ____ divorce rates than couples with the same religious beliefs

higher

age related to abuse

higher age = more abuse due to stress and joint things

lower education is associated with (divorce wise)

higher divorce

premarital cohabitation

higher divorce rate usually but is starting to change and depend more on commitment

what relationship does education have with sexual satisfaction?

higher education = higher sexual satisfaction

interracial marriage divorce rate

higher than white/white couples

families whose children are exclusively daughters have a _____ divorce rate than exclusively sons

higher; father is more active in childrens lives when there are sons

who is the gender gap greatest for?

hispanic and asian couples and least for black couples

who does more housework among women?

hispanic and asian women do more than african american and white women

who marries earlier than white women?

hispanic women but the group differences are diminishing

sexual identity

how people classify themselves - gay, lesbian, bisexual, or straight

1824 law Mississippi supreme court

husbands can strike wives with sticks no wider than thumbs

essentialists

identify biological determinants of sexuality

Hoschild proposed that clockwork of male careers

imposed unrelenting family demands

His divorce

improved standard of living, increased personal freedom, and personal isolation

what has happened to the average number of work hours?

in US it has increased, in many other nations it has decreased

two differences from the past to present about fatherhood

in divorces involving childre, custody was given to fathers, second, the literature on child development was directed toward fathers, not mothers

since 1990 what has happened to the percentage of teens that have never dated?

increased

what two factors lead to delayed childbearing?

increased age of first marriage and greater likelihood of highly educated women launching careers first

what happens to the childbearing age when women are employed?

increases

what is work-family conflict?

individuals experience incompatibility between responsibility as a worker and in family

two worlds created by instability of social class

instability and stability

social constructionist approach to sexuality

instead of examining biological or developmental aspects of human sexuality, this approach questions the naturalness of the social order and looks for underlying social motivations 1. it varies 2. it is intimate and inequality

situational couple violence

intimate violence that falls outside the norms and pressures

relationship of socioeconomic status and rate of sexual premarital sexual activity

inverse - higher SES means less sexual permissiveness

2 main consequences of work-family conflict on single mothers

keeps them out of labor force and makes it difficult to maintain stable employment

why are teens in lower income families less likely to be employed?

lack of reliable transportation and competing with adults

cohort and its effect on divorce

large predictor of divorce - people born during great depression stayed married much more than people born after world war 2

who experiences more equality in relationships - lesbians or heterosexual women? relationship satisfaction?

lesbians for both

is military more or less racist than society as a whole?

less

remarriage is ___ common among blacks and latinos than whites

less

the more overlap in schedules between husband and wife, the _____ time husbands spend with kids

less

were there more or less couple interaction in 2000 than there was in 1980? marital conflict? problems?

less interaction and less conflict and problems than in 1980

in what proportion of dual earner households with children do they both have standard work weeks?

less than 1/2

what percentage of women worked in 1940? what percentage of women worked in 2012?

less than 20% to 58%

what are the two work characteristics that affect family?

level of economic rewards associated with work and conditions associated with performing a job

total marriages

like vital relationship being multifaceted involving couples absorbed in one another's lives including work

4 factors of marriage outcomes

longterm contract with support sharing of economic resources benefit of economies of scale connects people to others and social groups

higher SES means what for divorce?

lower divorce rate

divorce rates are _____ in families with children under 3 and _____ in families with children over 13

lower, higher

poor women consider marriage a _____ and children a ______

luxury, necessity

reasons people stay childless

made a commitment before marriage not to have children conscious choice after launching self into career series of decisions not to

what is kin work?

maintaining contact and connections among kin as well as providing care and assistance to family members

higher education effect on sexual activity

makes it more elaborate and more likely oral sex

machismo

male dominance

hypergamy

marrying a person of higher status

hypogamy

marrying a person of lower status

are men or women more likely to date interracially?

men

what percentage of college men said in 2005 that it's ok for 2 people who have known each other for a short time who like each other to have sex? women?

men: 58% women: 34%

what percentage of married men say they have always been faithful? married women?

men: 75% women: 85%

who values intimacy more - middle class or lower class?

middle class

the higher the class, the ____ control parents have over their children's dating activities

more

the younger the child, the ____ likely to have divorce adjustment problems

more

what kind of husbands do more housework?

more educated and younger men

Latino immigrants are more or less likely to marry immigrants than US born latinos?

more likely to marry immigrants

what is happening with oral sex trend?

more teens are having more oral sex than a decade ago because people are not counting it as sexual intercourse

percentage of women ages 20-24 that have not married have done what since 1960?

more than doubled from 28% to 81%

what has happened to birth rate of twins since 1980? triplets?

more than doubled, more than 5x

parents are spending ____ time with their kids and ____ time with each other

more, less

the more money a divorced man has, the _____ likely he is to remarry. the more educated a divorced woman is, the _____ likely she is to remarry.

more, less

how much of the private workforce was ineligable of the family medical leave law was not covered?

nearly 1/2

does the general pattern of gendered housework vary by race or class?

no

does the preference affect mate selection?

no

is there a difference in quality of relationship between within and outside race dating?

no difference in quality

peer marriage of same sex relationships share 4 characteristics

no more than 60-40 split of household and child duties both believe other has equal influence on decisions both feel they have equal control of family economy each person's work is given equal weight in life plans

is it only shaped by society?

no, individuals can take deliberate action to redefine it

is human sexuality only a biological drive?

no, it is formed by social system and relations of power

family stress model of spouse abuse

or intimate partner violence stemmed from early studies about domestic abuse

is it more likely that women work outside or inside the home?

outside

how many people believe intermarriage is good out of 10? bad? indifferent?

over 4/10 good 4/10 indifferent 1/10bad

what is the biggest determiner of house work division?

partner work hours

age related to race

people of color are less likely to get help because of fear of criminal justice system

age at first marriage play into divorce

people who get married younger more likely to divorce

negative effects of the expectations on men

perpetuates sexual ignorance prevents them from discussing sex with partners prevents seeking help when a sexual problem does occur

two types of relationships

personal and private, and impersonal and public

Her divorce

personal isolation, decreased standard of living, sources of income (alimony and marital property and child support and welfare and employment)

homogamous marriages

persons who share similar characteristics adjust more easily to each other and are more likely to agree on values

what has changed about preferences in men and women?

physical attraction has become a priority

how violence and family privacy are interconnected

privacy prevents victim from seeking help

who is more committed - working class or professionals?

professionals

what effect does reducing discrimination-induced stress have?

promotes marital stability and lessens divorce rate

what has happened to the number of children living in interracial families?

quadrupled

difference between statistic of women and men 30-34 never been married from 1970 to now

quadrupled... women: 6% in 1970 and 30% now men: 9% in 1970 and 39% now

stepfamily can also be known as

reconstituted family blended family binuclear family

the sexual revolution

redefined sexual activity as a right of individuals not a means for reproduction or marriage intimacy

sexual orientation

refers to sexual attraction and desire

24/7 economy

required shift work because you can work at any time

factors that contribute to distribution of power

resources, social class, race/ethnicity, individual factors

increasing independence of youth from their families is linked with

rise of interracial and same sex unions

from 1970 to 2010, what has the age of first time mothers done?

risen from 21 to 25

what is the fastest growing employment since 1973?

sales

what is consumption work?

selecting goods and making purchases, links the needs of family with products in the market

sexual behavior

sexual acts people engage in

risk factors for elderly violence

shared living situations, social isolation, dementia, women

marital quality traits

shared social characteristics economic and personal resources dual-earner couples division of household labor role fit social class children life cycle

boomerang generation - accordion families

sharing a house with adult children who have either come back or never left

the most common type of violence within families

sibling abuse

what is the strongest predictor of early births?

social class

why is there such a strong relationship between race/ethnicity and fertility?

socioeconomic factors, people making different sacrifices to get ahead (large families moean more workers)

types of families

stepfather families stepmother families complex families stepfamilies with a mutual child

as rates for school employment rise

teen employment is expected to fall

pronatalism

the high value given to childbearing

patriarchy

the idea that ultimate authority resides in the husband and father

macro influences on marriage

the law, religion, and societal expectations

what is the principle of least interest?

the person with the least interest in continuing the relationship has the power to control it

how is child support affected by wealth?

the poorer the family, the less likely to receive child support

compulsory heterosexuality

the practices that enforce heterosexual behavior as normal and natural while stigmatizing other forms of sexual expression

homogamy

the tendency to date and mate within class, race, ethnicity, religion, and education level

marital quality

the way in which husband and wife describe and evaluate the character of their relationship

stereotypes about racial ethnic people

they are portrayed as more sexual and therefore less capable of controlling animal instincts

1977 teachers

they could use corporal punishment if state legislatures approve. paddle in school in 19 states

what happened with gay adoption?

they have tripled because of the high number of children waiting to be adopted and the increased acceptance of gays and lesbians

passive congenial marriages

those in which love was not expected, but marriage provided stability for couple to direct energies elsewhere

what is spillover?

transfer of moods, feelings, and behaviors between work and family settings (positive or negative)

intimacy is experienced at a micro level but intimate relationships are shaped by macro-level forces. true or false?

true

peer marriage

type of relationship in which couples successfully reconstruct gender roles on a genuinely equitable basis

homosexuality incidence

under 10%

how did couples in 1920 meet?

unsupervised courtship - initiation shifted from women to men

what is split-shift parenting?

used by working class families alternating shifts of coping--men doing more than before

Watchful Shepherd Program

uses electronic monitoring devices to protect children in potentially dangerous family situations 24/7

power and control wheel

using coercion, threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, etc

where are the highest levels of sexual wellbeing found?

western nations with more gender equality

what is interaction work?

what women do to sustain communication with their mates

shared mothering/othermothering

when white privileged women make colored or working class women raise their children too

what are the proportions of each race that live with two parents?

white - 3/4 asian - 4/5 latino - 2/3 african american 2/5 (slightly declined since 1970)

household size by race

white 2.5 african american 2.6 asian american 3.0 hispanic 3.4 other including multiracial 2.8

why are hispanics more likely to be in the labor force than white or black men?

white have a lower age of retirement and minorities experience the "discouraged worker effect"

who has the lowest fertility rate? in order

whites, native americans, asians, pacific islanders, african americans, latinos

what percentage of white had interdated? african americans? hispanics? asians?

whites: 36% african americans: 56% hispanics: 55% asian americans: 57%

marriage gap

widening gulf between least educated and best educated in divorce patterns

exception of SES divorce rate

wives earnings are positively associated with divorce rates because they have their own resources to leave

in 1980 and 2000 did men or women rate their marriages more positively?

women

who is more likely to abuse or neglect children?

women

what are the alternatives men and women pick if their equal sharing doesn't work?

women - individual, be on own....men, traditional breadwinner

do women health benefits depend on the quality of their marriage? do men?

women do, men don't

what is the work-family role system?

women's and men's uneven relationship to work and family

second shift

women's disproportional time in housework, childcare, and home management

highly educated ___ are more likely to divorce than highly educated ___

women, men

how many more African American women get diagnosed than white women? and men?

women: 20x more men: 7x more (46% of aids cases) hispanics make up 20%

what is emotion work?

work of trying to find the right feeling to make and keep everything find

what is the trend about spillover?

work to family is more common and more negative. men's work stress is more likely to affect family and women's family stress is more likely to affect work.

are dating gender roles still a thing?

yes