SOC 411 TEST 1

Place the events related to the invention of whiteness and blackness in chronological order.

- Plantation settlements were farmed by indentured servants of English, Irish, Native American, and African descent - Bonded laborers of African, English, and Irish descent rose up against wealthy plantation owners in Bacon's Rebellion - Poor whites gain their freedom, and enslaved blacks descended into a state of permanent chattel slavery - The ideas of a white racial category and a black racial category, made up of groups "who had never before perceived that they had anything in common," began to be formed

Several important organizations emerged during the Civil Rights Era to fight for racial equality. They drew membership from different populations and used different strategies, but all fought for civil rights. Match each organization to the correct key tactics and demographics.

- SCLC: organized mass demonstrations and marches, largely through black churches - NAACP: fought racial domination primarily in the courts - SNCC: organized youth through local leadership

The United States has had a long history of voter disenfranchisement, which has continued in recent years. Place the historical events in chronological order.

- The Selma-to-Montgomery March begins - The Voting Rights Act is passed - The Supreme Court nullifies Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act - Wisconsin's voter ID law goes into effect - Donald Trump opens a presidential commission on voter fraud

Since the Civil Rights Movement, opinion polls have shown that most white Americans consistently ______ the principle of racial inclusion but ________ many of the policy measures designed to carry this out. Social scientists have referred to this relationship as the ________.

accept reject principle-implementation gap

Look at the cartoon and think about what the man on the right means when he says, "second." Which of the following years might reflect the actual "first time" nonwhite babies outnumbered white babies in America?

1510

Through the coordinated efforts of hundreds of black Montgomery residents, the Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted for more than one year. Which of the following was an immediate outcome from the boycott?

A Supreme Court ruling on segregation on buses

As the United States grows more diverse, our five major racial categories seem more inadequate than ever. A recent effort attempted to make which of the following changes to the U.S. census racial categories?

Add a Middle East or North Africa category

The Civil Rights Era was a period of rapid change in race relations. By the mid-1960s, which of the following had occurred?

African American women gained the right to vote. Some liberals began blaming racial inequality on the black family.

Race is a symbolic category that is based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed according to specific social and historical contexts; it is misrecognized as a natural category. Match each example to the correct definition that it illustrates.

Based on phenotype or ancestry: the "one thirty-second rule" Constructed according to specific contexts: race is defined differently in Brazil than in the United States Symbolic category: race does not exist objectively

Place the events in America's immigration policy in chronological order.

Black people were granted the right to naturalize as U.S. citizens The Johnson-Reed Act, a strict immigration policy, was passed Congress passed the immigration and nationality act, which reorganized U.S. naturalization law and forbade denying citizenship on the basis of race

Today, almost a half-century after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, many people of color still face modern-day voter intimidation. Identify the examples of voter intimidation that occurred in the last two decades.

Black women and Latinas were targeted by ads with misinformation about being able to cast their vote by text message. Fliers threatening the arrest of people with outstanding warrants or unpaid tickets if they showed up to vote were displayed in black neighborhoods. Native Americans in South Dakota were required to show a valid photo ID in order to vote.

Between 1850 and 1882, the Chinese population in the United States grew to 100,000. Identify the ways this growth in this Chinese immigration helped American capitalists.

Chinese immigrants helped develop the railroads. Chinese immigrants provided an expendable labor force. Whites' wages were kept lower.

The racial categories that exist in America are nonexistent in other parts of the globe. In South Africa, racial groups are organized around three dominant categories: white, black, and _______. In Brazil, five racial categories are employed in the official census: _______ (white), pardo (______), preto (black), amarelo (Asian), and indígena (indigenous).

Coloured Branco Brown

If someone is considered a resident of the United States, then they are granted all the rights and privileges associated with citizenship. However, racial classification has had an important impact on whether or not someone was granted citizenship. Historically speaking, identify who decided which racial groups could become citizens and which individuals belonged to particular racial groups.

Congress The courts

After the Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in interstate bus terminals, a small group of activists called the ________ tested the court ruling. The group included both white and black members, and they traveled on two public buses throughout the South. The activists on the bus were severely beaten in Birmingham and again in Montgomery. The group of activists who rode the buses were referred to as the __________.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Freedom Riders

Despite our understanding of voting patterns and the projected changes in racial demographics, it is impossible to entirely predict changes in political affiliation and voting by race into the future. Which of the following factors make these predictions more difficult?

changes in how individuals are racially identified differences in voter turnout across race changes in political party appeals

Identify the policies that were implemented to improve the conditions of freed blacks in the years right after the Civil War (1865-1875).

citizenship rights for black men citizenship rights for black women voting rights for black men

If the Spanish rather than the English had colonized North America, which of the following would most likely have happened?

Differences in skin tones in the United States would be less pronounced today

The Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 and incorporated more citizens into American democracy for the first time. Which of the following was accomplished through the Voting Rights Act?

enabling the federal government to oversee voter registration prohibiting voter discrimination by race outlawing literacy tests

Identify the European countries that played the largest role in giving birth to the system of racial classification that we have today.

England Spain

Which of the following were essential for the invention of whiteness and blackness?

Europeans perceived they had something in common. Tribal and ethnic differences among blacks were erased. White indentured servants viewed themselves differently from black slaves.

As long as someone's intentions are good, and they do not mean to be racist, their actions will not be racist.

False

In 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr., and other activists planned the Selma-to-Montgomery March. The march became famous because after two tries, protestors were never permitted to leave Selma and were unable to complete the march.

False

In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that certain states would have to get approval from the federal government to change their election laws.

False

In response to Republican opposition to the Civil Rights Movement in the mid-1960s, Democrats organized a unified response to continue pushing for racial equality, but could not overcome the Republican majority.

False

Martin Luther King, Jr. famously said, "I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." Based on this quote, we would expect that Dr. King would want us to be color-blind in today's society.

False

The invention of the cotton gin dramatically decreased the demand for slave labor in the United States.

False

The more wealth African Americans have, the more likely they are to vote for a Republican.

False

The voting gap between white and black voters has increased over time.

False

When someone commits the _________, it is best to respond by showing the complex ways in which racism has developed and changed over time.

Fixed Fallacy

Which of the following reflect whiteness as racial normality?

Flesh-colored Band-Aids closely match the color of white people's skin tone. In a bookstore, white novelists are found in the "Literature" section, but other novelists are not. Whiteness is treated as the standard.

The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964. Which of the following is considered illegal under this legislation?

having a whites-only public swimming pool firing an employee for being homosexual not hiring someone for a managerial position because they are a woman refusing to serve a Muslim in a restaurant

The NAACP believed that white racism was rooted in _______. To counteract this, one of their strategies was developing press releases, speeches, pamphlets, and a magazine that depicted nonwhite people in a realistic and _____ manner. Their strategies were successful and produced a backlash from southern whites. To cripple the NAACP's efforts, whites launched a coordinated campaign to reveal the NAACP's ________, which was at least partially effective.

ignorance reasonable membership lists

Many Irish people were forcibly taken to North America, where they worked for three or four years before being granted their freedom. Identify the concepts that reflect this example.

indentured servitude

Identify the true and false statements about race and gerrymandering.

Gerrymandering has proved to be a highly successful strategy for the Republican Party. Race-based gerrymandering is unconstitutional. Both Democrats and Republicans have employed gerrymandering.

Madame C. J. Walker was the first black millionaire, and one could say she built her fortune on a form of internalized racism. Which type of product did she sell?

Hair strengthening products

Bill Moore, a white postman working in Baltimore during the civil rights movement, staged a one-man march from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, to protest segregation. What was the outcome?

He was murdered along his journey

The SCLC, SNCC, American Indian movement, and United Farm Workers of America (UFW) used a variety of strategies and tactics to push for racial justice and the end of discrimination and segregation. Which of the following strategies and tactics were shared across all these organizations?

large demonstrations and protests direct action emphasis on nonviolence

A political scientist, David Canon, sought to understand if there were effects of unbalanced representation of people of color in high political positions. He found that white members of Congress elected from districts with sizable black populations were ______ of and attentive to the needs of their black constituents compared to black legislators elected from similar districts. When he examined if black legislators were knowledgeable of and attentive to the needs of their white constituents, he found _______ pattern.

less knowledgeable the opposite

The following items were part of what kind of test? 10. In the first circle below write the last letter of the first word beginning with "L". 20. Spell backwards, forwards. 21. Print the word vote upside down, but in the correct order.

literacy test

In addition to massive demonstrations, the Civil Rights Movement was known for emphasizing long-term investment in community leaders, very specific practical goals, and _______. Miss Baker called these strategies ______ because they were the nitty-gritty, tiresome, and unglamorous labor of chipping away at the white power structure day by day and door to door. An example of these strategies used during Freedom Summer were campaigns for ________.

local organizing "spadework" voter registration

After World War II, the federal government's Indian Termination policy removed federal recognition from 100 tribes. As a result, American Indians _______ more land. The stated intention was to _______ Native Americans to/from mainstream society. In terms of poverty, the policy _______ the number of poor Native Americans.

lost assimilate increased

As the Civil Rights Movement was producing important gains, a powerful white backlash emerged. George Wallace, Richard Nixon, and other politicians used coded language to defend the white status quo without referring directly to race. Which of the following were code words for racial issues?

moral failures welfare states' rights

In the 1950s, the federal government stopped recognizing more than 100 American Indian tribes. This is an example of which policy or legislation?

Indian Termination

What is the fundamental difference between interpersonal racism and institutional racism?

Institutional racism is connected to various forms of power.

Identify the examples of institutional racism and interpersonal racism.

Institutional racism: - Individuals within a corporation hire white candidates over more qualified Hispanic candidates. - White police officers in an integrated neighborhood disproportionately target black residents. - The Social Security Act did not provide payments for occupations that were primarily held by African Americans. Interpersonal racism: - White passengers in a car yell a racial slur at a group of Hispanic men on the street. - A white man crosses the street to avoid a black man who is approaching him.

People of color often internalize prejudice aimed at their own racial group, and in turn unintentionally contribute to racial domination. Which of the following apply to this process?

Internalized racism Internalized oppression Symbolic Violence

When discussing race, it is common to focus on the experiences of nonwhite groups and their various disadvantages. However, this textbook emphasizes the role of whiteness and its various privileges. Which is significant about this shift in focus?

It emphasizes the racial reality of whiteness, which is often the unnamed race. It reminds us that for each group's disadvantage, there is a corresponding privilege.

In his book Dog Whistle Politics, Ian Haney-López describes the role of race in contemporary political discourse. Which of the following are examples of dog whistle politics?

passionately denying that one is talking about race playing the victim when one is accused of talking about race talking about race in a way that constantly emphasizes racial divisions

What is the most important factor when it comes to determining how one votes for race-specific policies?

racial attitudes

Which of the following are examples of how whites prevented blacks from registering to vote, thereby disenfranchising them?

requiring that they own property requiring them to copy down and explain portions of the state's Constitution requiring that a white person vouch for their character

In response to the gains made by the Civil Rights Movement, a strong political backlash emerged. In terms of whites' responses amidst this backlash, the authors conclude which of the following?

Most whites were neither anti-racist nor active in hate groups but responded to race-based policies

Which of the following are considered homogenizing headings?

Native American Asian American

The Ku Klux Klan didn't only terrorize blacks. Which of the following groups were also targeted by the KKK?

Native Americans Catholics

Many people still assume that racial differences are dictated by nature and point to "obvious physical differences" that define so-called racial groups. When looking at these physical differences, the authors come to which of the following conclusions?

No racial group has members that all share the exact same physical characteristics. There are physical differences between people in general.

Consider this scenario: A white plantation owner gives a black family a small piece of land. The black family lives on the land and grows corn. The black family keeps some corn for their own consumption, gives some corn to the white man, and sells what is left. This best exemplifies which concept?

sharecropping

Starting in the late 1800s, the swelling waves of immigrants from Southern, Eastern, and Central Europe resulted in a kind of fracturing of American whiteness. Identify the ways in which these groups eventually come to be considered simply "white" as they are today.

socially attacking nonwhites by leveraging white employers' racial prejudices organizing through unions the conceptual differentiation of "race" and "ethnicity"

When scholars or activists adopt an intersectional perspective of race, they think about race in which of the following ways?

One form of inequality relies on other forms of inequality for their reproduction. Poor white Americans experience the world differently than middle-class white Americans.

Aliya Saperstein and Andrew Penner used longitudinal survey data that followed 12,000 Americans for nineteen years, beginning when they were teenagers. Which of the following did they find?

One in five people "changed races." "Interviewers were more likely to see someone as black when the respondents' situations fit the stereotype of black people."

Consider a scenario where a starving slave was caught stealing food from the plantation on which she was enslaved. As punishment, the slave owner gave the slave thirty-nine lashes. As a result of receiving the lashes, the slave died. Under the slave laws, which of the following crimes were committed, and which were not?

theft

Consider a neighborhood that is 50 percent African American, 20 percent Hispanic, and 30 percent white. In this neighborhood, the political candidates for local office include 3 African Americans, 3 whites, and 1 Hispanic. Residents in this neighborhood turn out to vote in higher rates than any other neighborhood in the city, with white residents most likely to support white candidates and oppose policies that support people of color within the neighborhood. What term is used to explain this phenomenon?

threat hypothesis

Raúl Labrador was born in Puerto Rico and is now a Hispanic Republican representing Idaho. As a representative in Congress, he has often opposed immigrant rights, and many within the Hispanic community now oppose Labrador. If we were to simply assume that he would support Hispanic and immigrant issues because of his identity, this would be an example of what fallacy?

tokenistic

According to the authors, which of the following are appropriate actions in responding to racism today?

People should be conscious of race.

Freedom Summer attracted thousands of activists to the Civil Rights movement. Which of the following demographic groups made up most of the activists?

white college students

Freedom Summer included several strategies deployed across the South. One of the strategies was the development of Freedom Schools in Mississippi. Which of the following were taught at the schools?

writing math self-worth leadership

Which of the following best explains the relationship between race, ethnicity, citizenship, and national origin?

Race, ethnicity, citizenship, and national origin are all intimately connected and have informed one another

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between racism of the past and racism today?

Racial inequalities and privileges accumulate over generations

Since 2001, nearly 1,000 voter ID bills have been introduced in forty-six states. Which of the following are reasons why these bills disproportionately affect racial minorities and poor people?

Racial minorities are less likely to have state-issued identification cards.

Which of the following characteristics describe racism today and racism in the 1950s?

Racism Today - Covert Racism -"race-neutral" laws Racism in the 1950s -widespread racial violence -racial segregation enforced by law

Identify law professor Charles Lawrence's observations about unconscious racism.

Racism has played and still plays a dominant role in American culture. Due to the history they share, all Americans hold some racist beliefs about nonwhites. Most Americans are unaware of our racism.

White families are _______ times more wealthy than black families and five times more wealthy than Hispanic families. In the Rust Belt and majority-black areas of the Southeast, households in majority- _______ neighborhoods were far less likely to be evicted. Today, schools in many parts of the United States have become segregated than they were fifty years ago. Today, ________ of all Americans say that racism is "a big problem" in this country compared to about _______ who said the same in 2009 after President Obama's inauguration. In 2016, the imprisonment rate for blacks was ________ times higher than the imprisonment rate for whites and nearly _________ the rate for Hispanics.

Seven White More Half A quarter Five Double

The journey of African slaves from their homelands across the Atlantic Ocean was a perilous journey in which many slaves died. Identify the true and false statements about their experiences aboard slave ships.

Slaves were raped by ship captains and crew. Slaves were force-fed. Slaves died of dehydration.

If the American Revolution shared the same basic characteristics as the Haitian Revolution, which of the following would likely have happened?

The American Civil War may not have happened

The infamous 1994 book that claims, among other things, that whites have higher IQs than blacks, and for the most part, these differences are genetic is titled

The Bell Curve

In the United States, the degree to which people have the power to choose, emphasize, or alter their multiple ethnic identities depends mostly upon

The Degree to which those identities are stigmatized

Choose the answer that best completes the passage. In the late 1960s, Richard Nixon and the Republican Party used language that indirectly placed blame for social problems on African Americans. This was meant to draw white voters in the South, who traditionally aligned with the Democratic Party, to the Republican Party. This political approach was referred to as __________.

The Southern Strategy

The orange shaded areas in the figure represent the irregular borders of Illinois's fourth Congressional District, one of the more infamous examples of gerrymandering. Why is this figure a good illustration of gerrymandering?

The borders of the district have been redrawn. Boundaries correspond to political advantage.

Identify the true and false statements about race and partisanship in the United States.

The majority of whites vote Republican, and the majority of nonwhites vote Democrat. Forty percent of the Democratic Party is made up of nonwhite voters.

The case of Tiger Woods, who is often perceived as African American or black, illustrates which of the following?

The tension between phenotype and ancestry in racial identity

The development of the concept of race must be understood in the context of modernity, which encompassed a new set of beliefs, practices, and worldviews. Match each person to his correct accomplishment that contributed to the rising of modernity.

Thomas Moore: he coined the term "utopia." Martin Luther: his ideas sparked the Protestant Reformation. Marco Polo: his narratives provided accounts of Asian lands that Europeans never knew existed. Copernicus: he was the first to argue that the Earth rotated around the sun.

According to the authors, which of the following best describe what it is like to "think like a sociologist" about race and ethnicity?

To comprehend everyday life through the broader historical forces that structure and direct it To not get hung up on racial labels Avoid relying on common sense explanations of the social world

Match each example to the correct type of fallacy it represents.

Tokenistic fallacy: Barack Obama won the presidency twice, so racism must be over. Individualistic fallacy: Some people might still believe "Most welfare recipients are black," but that doesn't mean society is racist. Legalistic fallacy: "De jure" segregation was ended in the 1960s, thus ending racism.

Due to current laws preventing certain groups from voting, at least one in seven black men throughout the United States cannot vote.

True

Identify the true and false statements about white privilege.

True: - Even if a person is not of Anglo-European descent, he or she might benefit from white privilege if he or she "passes" as white. - White privilege is an unearned advantage. False: - Low-income and poor white people do not benefit from white privilege - It is difficult for people of color to see the benefits of whiteness because they do not benefit from it.

César Chávez is the most well-known leader of the Chicano movement. One of his major accomplishments was cofounding the ______. Among their strategies was a 300-mile march to get national attention to their plight, worker strikes, and ______. Their organizing efforts won many rights for workers, including union contracts that secured fair working conditions such as access to clean water, pension plans, and _______.

United Farm Workers of America (UFW) boycotts rest periods

Identify whether or not the following are examples of white privilege.

White people are free to think of themselves as individuals, not as white persons. White people are far less likely to be exposed to toxic chemicals and pollutants than are Latinos or African Americans. White people do not have to worry about whether racism has played a role in negative interactions in their everyday lives. White people can choose to talk about race and racism or choose to ignore the topic.

The arrangement of racial life in such a way that its ordinary, everyday workings benefit certain racial groups (in our society, predominantly __________ at the expense of others (predominantly ____) is known as _______

Whites Nonwhites Racial domination

Implicit racial appeals (or "dog whistles") use racially coded language to say things about race without really saying it. Identify the terms that the chapter identifies as racially coded.

"welfare queen" "illegal immigrants" "food stamp president" "hard-working Americans"

The predominantly African American Civil Rights Movement inspired other marginalized ethnic groups to engage in similar tactics while fighting for deeper inclusion in American society. Match each ethnic group to the correct organizing activity.

- American Indians: raised awareness through a nineteen-month occupation of Alcatraz Island - Mexican Americans: organized boycotts to win contracts for poor migrant workers - Asian Americans: played a key role in forming the Third World Liberation Front

One of the ways that whites prevented blacks from registering to vote or casting their ballots was through terrorism. Match each individual to the corresponding scenario in which violence was used against them.

- Charlie Lang: tortured, castrated, and murdered for allegedly raping a young white girl - Henry Bedford: beaten to death for apparently speaking disrespectfully to a white man - Emmett Till: kidnapped, beaten, and castrated for whistling at a white woman

One of the racial stereotypes that rests on assumptions of biological differences is that certain races of people are naturally more intelligent than others. One way that people have argued this relationship is with IQ scores. Place the items for development and use of IQ testing in order from first to last.

- IQ testing is used as a technique to identify children with special needs - Scholars begin arguing that IQ is hereditary - Arthur Jensen argues that innate differences in IQ level exist between whites and blacks - Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray argue that innate IQ differences could explain various social inequalities