SOC Ch 1.

The well-educated are more likely to smoke and less likely to exercise than their less-educated counterparts

False

Morbidity is

the sickness rate

In the late teenage years and early twenties, among the biggest explanations for the gender gap in mortality is accidents and unintentional injuries

true

About _____________ Americans die each year from smoking-related diseases.

440,000-450,000

In 2015, the average infant in the U.S. could expect to live for ______ years

78.8

While both high and low SES persons experience high levels of stress at certain times, stress may have a bigger impact on low SES persons because

>they turn to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as alcohol or drugs >they are less likely to be able to afford counseling or therapy >they have fewer flexible resources

Stress can be defined as

A heightened mind-body reaction to stimuli inducing fear or anxiety

Medicalization is

A process where previously non-medical problems are defined and treated as medical problems

In epidemiology, a "case" refers to:

A single episode of a disorder, illness, or injury involving an individual.

The ____________ was founded in 1847 in philedadelphia?

AMA or American Medical Assoc.

People who have various types of physical deformities fall into which category of stigma

Abominations of the body

The ___________________model applies when the patient is seriously ill or being treated on an emergency basis in a state of relative helplessness, due to a severe injury or lack of consciousness

Activity-Passivity

What type of flexible resources may be the things that enable high socioeconomic status individuals to maintain a health advantage over low SES individuals?

All of the above >money,knowledge, power, prestige, social connections

Which is NOT a major area of investigation in medical sociology?

All of the above answers are major areas of investigation in medical sociology.

What caused the prevalence of STDs to soar around the globe?

All of the above.

Which of the following are TRUE about health lifestyles?

All of the above.

suicide occurs when people suffer a sudden dislocation of normative systems where their norms and values are no longer relevant, so that controls of society no longer restrain them from taking their lives

Anomic

People with middle and upper socioeconomic status tend to be more ________________ and active participants in the physician-patient encounter

Consumer-oriented

At the beginning of the 21stcentury we are witnessing that the dominance of medical profession is

Declining

______________ suicide occurs when people become detached from society and, suddenly on their own, are overwhelmed by the resulting stress

Egoistic

A scientist who studies the origin and distribution of all types of diseases is best described as a(n):

Epidemiologist

_______________ is thought to protect women against heart attacks until menopause, when levels drop.

Estrogen

Given that the poor are visiting doctors in greater numbers, it is generally accepted that they use the same sources of medical treatment as those of higher income groups

False

The AMA no longer yields influence in health legislation

False

The AMA supported the implementation of medicare

False

Visits to physicians are higher for:

Females

Male physicians tend to misdiagnose ______________ in female patients.

Heart attack

One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care, based upon rational thought and the rejection of supernatural phenomena, is found in the work of the Greek physician:

Hippocrates.

Which group has the highest percentage of persons without health insurance?

Hispanics, Mexicans

What is NOT a factor in the increasing emergence of epidemics?

Increase in public sanitation

One of the most significant guiding principles of the AMA has been its view of the physician as a(an)?

Independent practitioner

Medical sociology is an important area of study because:

It recognizes the role that social factors play in determining or influencing health.

Whose investigations into cholera outbreaks established the foundation of modern epidemiology?

John Snow

Unlike infectious diseases, chronic diseases typically are _____________ and ______________.

Long term; incurable.

The so-called "clinical gaze" is best associated with which of the following perspectives?

Medicine of the species.

The ___________________model applies to the management of chronic illness in which the patient works with the doctor as a full participant in controlling the disease.

Mutual Participation

Several studies in Britain, with its universal health care, have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____________ the disparity in health between social classes.

Not reduced

The scholar who first provided a major theoretical approach for medical sociology was:

Parsons.

What is a double agent?

Physicians who look out for the interests of the patient and the interests of a managed care organization.

The medicine of social spaces is concerned with:

Preventing disease.

One of the greatest threats from infectious diseases worldwide comes from:

Sexually transmitted diseases.

Talcott Parsons's book <ITAL>The Social System</IT contained which concept important for medical sociology?

Sick role.

Since 2000, the number of AIDS cases has sharply increased in what region of the U.S.?

South

Social status is a(n) ___________ dimension in "social class" consisting of how much esteem the person is accorded by other people.

Subjective

The American Psychiatric Association releases a guide to identifying disease called

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

is the notion that,since the work of the physician is for the good of the patient, physicians tend to impute illness to their patients rather than to deny it and risk overlooking or missing it.

The Medical decision rule

What important event occurred in 1951 that began to reorient American medical sociology toward the use of theory?

The publication of Parsons's 'The Social System'.

Considerable evidence shows that persistently coping with chronic stressors can have a profound adverse effect on a person's health

True

Many early sociological studies of medicine were carried out by physicians rather than academic sociologists.

True

Smoking is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in the United States

True

Which is NOT a major bioethical issue?

Use of adult stem cells.

What has been the general pattern in life expectancy during the 20thcentury with respect to men and women?

Women gained more than men in the first half of the century but since then men have made greater gains and the gap is narrowing

Weber suggested that lifestyles are not based on what one produces, but what one _____________.

consumes

Medical schools have begun to employ which method to help decrease doubt and improve the application of medical knowledge

evidence-based medicine

Osteoporosis is the leading cause of death for women after age 66

false

Rising costs of health care resulted in physician demands for government intervention.

false

what is the most dangerous job in the US?

fisherman

what is the number 1 cause of death in the US?

heart disease

_______________ are the largest minority group in American society.

hispanics/latinos

What is NOT a category of social structural variables that have the potential to shape health lifestyles?

language/linguistics

What group uses preventative health services the least?

lower

____________ refers to health care organizations that control the cost of health care by monitoring how doctors treat specific illnesses, limit referrals to specialists, and require authorization prior to hospitalization, among other measure

managed care

Which racial group in the United States is especially disadvantaged in regard to health?

non-hispanic blacks

Changes in lifestyle patterns over the past decades has meant that coronary heart disease is now concentrated more among which group?

poor/lower class

A social class is a category or a group of people who:

share a similar levels of wealth, status, and power.

A pronouncement of deviant behavior involves making a _____________ about what is right and proper behavior according to a social norm

social judgement

Historically, many urban clinics providing treatment for the poor were established primarily as

teaching facilities

Parsons's concept of the sick role is based on the assumption that

Being sick is not a deliberate and knowing choice of the sick person

The process by which a family provides a child with a specific social identity is

classification??

_______________ is where the deviants are temporarily exempted from normal obligations and gain some extra privileges, provided that they seek help in order to rid themselves of their deviance

conditional legitimacy

A researcher is interested in reporting how many people in a community currently have HIV at the (BEGINNING) of the year. He/she would measure the:

prevelance

Medical sociology, as a subdiscipline, began gaining strength:

After World War II with the infusion of large amounts of federal funding for research.

The ______________ system controls heart rate, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal functions: processes that are not under the control of the central nervous system

Autonomic

Which of the following have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiologic transition, which has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases?

B and C.

Alzheimer's disease is a more significant cause of death for women than men because

Nearly two thirds of people with Alzheimer's disease are women.• Women are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease than men, probably because they live longer.• About twice as many women as men die each year from Alzheimer's diseas

A person may desire to retain the sick role more or less permanently because of what Parsons calls a _______________, which is the exemption from normal obligations and the gaining of other privileges commonly accorded to the sick.

Secondary gain

The appearance of the West Nile virus in New York city reflects:

The role of globalization in the spread of infectious diseases.

Education is the component of social class that has consistently been shown to be the strongest single predictor of good health.

True

In 2008, a nationwide study of mortality in the United States revealed that life expectancy for part of the nation's women had decreased significantly between 1983 and 1999.

True

The professionalism of medicine would not have been possible without control over the standards for medical education

True

In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die?

Tuskegee

What are collections of actors linked together through particular relationships, such as kinship, work, religion, and politics?

collectivities

Physicians prescribe medications, diets, and the like and expect patients to follow them faithfully. This is called:

compliance

The wealthy show the highest proportion of cigar and cigarette smokers

false

The well-educated are more likely to smoke and less likely to exercise than their less-educated counterparts.

false

Who is part of the lay-referral system?

family, friends, neighbors or all of the above

What attracted corporations to health care delivery is the potential for

financial profits

Medical students shift from __________ to _____________ as part of a functional learning process fitted to the physician's role of maintaining an objective perspective of health and disease

idealism;cynicism

"A state or condition of suffering as the result of a disease or sickness" defines:

illness

A researcher is interested in reporting how many people in a community were (Diagnosed) with HIV during the PAST month. He/she would measure the:

incidence

What refers to routine physical examinations, immunizations, prenatal care, dental checkups, screening for heart disease and cancer, and other services intended to ensure good health and to minimize the effects of illness if it occurs?

preventative care

Physicians in the United States used to lack

standardized training and knowledge

When a patient is extremely ill or there is an emergency, doctors still cannot make life-saving decisions about patients without consulting them.

False

About 30% of all incoming medical school students are women.

False it is more like 50/50 women gear towards obgyn/pediatrics,family medicine, whereas male dominated fields are more like surgery.

Which is NOT a feature of professionalism?

all of the above >The profession determines its own standards of education and training. >The student professional goes through a more stringent socialization experience than the learner in other occupations. >Professional practice is often legally recognized by some form of licensure.

______________ are forced to spend time as "patient advocates," convincing various bureaucrats that more specialized and expensive care is warranted

primary care physicians

American medical schools in the 1800s were known to have:

all of the above low standards poor facilities students paying for medical degrees whom received little training

In quantitative studies, what variables are used to measure socioeconomic status?

all of the above income, occupational prestige, education

Which group may hold doctorates in their field?

all of the above nurses, pharmacists nutritionists

A major barrier to effective communication lies in the differences between physicians and their patients with respect to

all of the above: Status, education, training,