SOC Ch 9 - Exam 2

The United Nations ranks countries according to a measure of gender inequality called the Gender Inequality Index. Of the countries listed below, which country ranked the worst in 2018? -The United States -Canada -The United Kingdom -China

The United States

Theories of natural difference are often grounded in -animal behavior evidence. -anthropological evidence. -historical evidence. -social psychological evidence.

animal behavior evidence.

In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of -gender conformity. -matriarchy. -gender binary. -gender inequality.

gender inequality.

Domination, the devaluation of women, homophobia, and wanton violence best characterize -toxic masculinity. -quid pro quo sexual harassment. -the gender binary. -the nádleehí.

toxic masculinity.

Labor advocates have noted that the workers who died in the Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh were primarily women. Which sociological lens might be especially useful for understanding this tragedy? -liberal feminism -radical feminism -Marxism -transnational feminism

transnational feminism

Researchers have found that boys are responded to positively when they act in masculine ways. When they act in feminine ways, however, boys are either admonished or ignored. This finding provides the most support for which approach to gender? -the biological approach -the gender socialization approach -the functionalist approach -the social position approach

the gender socialization approach

Which woman is experiencing the effects of gender typing? -Emily is sexually harassed at her job on a daily basis. -Ann applies for a position as school vice principal but is steered toward a teaching job. -Esmerelda's boss asks her whether she is going to have a baby soon and quit her job. -Letitia's boss encourages her to apply for an upper-management position.

Ann applies for a position as school vice principal but is steered toward a teaching job.

What did Margaret Mead find in her study of three New Guinea societies described in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies? -In all three societies, males and females generally exhibited behaviors typically associated with the Western female role. -In all three societies, males and females generally exhibited behaviors typically associated with the Western male role. -Gender roles did not vary among tribes. -Gender roles varied widely among tribes.

Gender roles varied widely among tribes.

What can we conclude about the effectiveness of programs like the Green Dot Bystander Intervention program at the University of Kentucky in reducing gender-based violence on campus? -Intervention programs have little effect on those that take the course. -Intervention programs can reduce gender-based violence on campus by half for those who participate in the program. -Intervention programs can decrease gender-based violence, but only in substance-free dorms. -Without more evidence, we cannot know how effective these programs are.

Intervention programs can reduce gender-based violence on campus by half for those who participate in the program. (2nd option)

Of the following individuals, who most likely does the most housework? -Evelyn, an unmarried childless woman -Joan, a married childless woman -Tanya, a married woman with four children -Tyrone, a married man with four children

Tanya, a married woman with four children

What is a criticism of sociologist Talcott Parsons's functionalist approach to the family? -The approach condones the subordination of women. -Families have to be supportive to socialize children successfully. -The approach promulgates a Marxist view of the social world. -The allocation of tasks in society is natural and inevitable.

The approach condones the subordination of women.

Don and Juanita, a married couple, split their housework equally. According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, why would this behavior be considered inefficient? -The family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor. -Don, like most men, dislikes housework. -A high-functioning family has servants to complete tasks such as housework. -Men should actually do more housework than women.

The family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor.

What is a characteristic of the gender gap on college campuses today? -Men significantly outnumber women. -Men slightly outnumber women. -The gender gap is larger among White Americans than among Black Americans and Latinos. -The gender gap is larger among Black Americans and Latinos than among White Americans.

The gender gap is larger among Black Americans and Latinos than among White Americans.

The "motherhood penalty" can be reduced by government actions such as funding for child care. -True -False

True

Which of the following positions do all schools of feminist thought share? -Women have an unequal position in society. -Gender has little influence on social life. -Gender inequality can never be eradicated. -Gender inequality is not a social construction.

Women have an unequal position in society.

Judy and her female colleagues are financial advisers at a bank. Their employer gave higher-profile and more profitable clients to male colleagues, leading to bigger annual bonuses and more rapid ascents up the corporate ladder. What is the most likely explanation for why women, such as Judy and her colleagues, hit a glass ceiling? -Women lack basic qualifications. -Women lack the sponsorship of well-placed, powerful senior colleagues. -Women have less valuable ideas than men. -Women have less innate inability.

Women lack the sponsorship of well-placed, powerful senior colleagues.

Which of the following statements regarding gender and work is most accurate? -Women now have equal opportunity in all job occupations. -Women tend to hold different jobs than men hold and typically work in women-dominated fields. -Sex segregation has very little effect on the gender gap in earnings. -Women are biologically hardwired to be teachers.

Women tend to hold different jobs than men hold and typically work in women-dominated fields.

Which person is most likely to fear that reporting intimate partner violence will cause the partner to be victimized by police? -a wealthy gay man -a working-class White woman -a middle-class Black woman -an upper-class Asian woman

a middle-class Black woman

Which of the following television characters expresses hegemonic masculinity? -an easygoing father who isn't very intelligent or motivated -a superhero character who uses physical strength and self-reliance to save the day -an intelligent young man who solves crimes by working as part of a team -a transgender man who overcomes adversity

a superhero character who uses physical strength and self-reliance to save the day

Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment? -sexual language, usually by managers or supervisors -lewd posters posted around the office -sexual advances that make a worker uncomfortable -a supervisor demanding sexual acts from a worker in return for a pay raise or promotion

a supervisor demanding sexual acts from a worker in return for a pay raise or promotion

Which of the following best exemplifies "doing gender"? -going through puberty -choosing to wear a dress -getting a spray tan -taking medication for a headache

choosing to wear a dress

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons used the term ________ to refer to providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support. -expressive role -instrumental role -gendered role -sex-segregated role

expressive role

Josiah is a wealthy twenty-six-year-old Black man. He says that he aspires to a romantic relationship in which he could share earnings and household responsibilities equally with his partner. What might sociologists say explains his point of view? -his race -his socioeconomic status -his gender -his age

his age

George is the breadwinner for his family. According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, George is filling which role? -expressive role -instrumental role -gendered role -nonbinary role

instrumental role

Hilda is a British sociologist who studies gender. She researches the day-to-day lives of female garment workers in Cambodia and concludes that the challenges facing working-class Cambodian women are very different from the challenges facing women in wealthy Western nations. Hilda's research underscores the importance of -White supremacy. -intersectionality. -liberal feminism. -biological essentialism.

intersectionality.

A political office is more likely to be considered "man's work" if the position -is part time. -is often held by a Democrat. -is based in politics further from home (state or federal). -is based in local town politics.

is based in politics further from home (state or federal).

Which form of feminist theory believes that unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources produces gender inequality? -liberal feminism -radical feminism -functionalist feminism -transnational feminism

liberal feminism

One reason for the increase in female labor force participation over the past fifty years is that -there has been an increase in the demand for blue-collar work. -many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force. -there has been no increase. -men have significantly reduced their labor force participation to engage in caregiving, so women have had to increase their participation significantly to compensate.

many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force.

Stanford University sociologist Shelley Correll and her colleagues' research on the motherhood penalty found that -mothers are less likely to be hired than are childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than are equally qualified childless women hired for the same job. -mothers are less likely to be hired than are childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than are equally qualified childless women hired for the same job. -mothers are more likely to be hired than are childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than are equally qualified childless women hired for the same job. -mothers are more likely to be hired than are childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than are equally qualified childless women hired for the same job.

mothers are less likely to be hired than are childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than are equally qualified childless women hired for the same job.

Because of differential treatment in schools, Jasmine, a twelve-year-old girl, will likely be socialized to be -quiet. -inquisitive. -outspoken. -an active problem solver.

quiet.

Which perspective argues that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life? -liberal feminism -radical feminism -Black feminism -transnational feminism

radical feminism

Joe hangs out with men who discuss women as if they were sexual objects. These discussions make Joe insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex. Which concept best explains this situation? -rape culture -the glass ceiling -gender inequality -sex segregation

rape culture

John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged to apply for the vacant principal position at his school. Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers, he is told he will get excellent recommendations. In this example, John is likely -hitting the glass ceiling. -riding the glass escalator. -experiencing gender typing. -benefiting from sex segregation.

riding the glass escalator.

Karen made an unwanted sexual advance on her co-worker Sarah, persisting even though it was clear that Sarah was resistant. How would sociologists characterize this interaction? -hegemonic masculinity -gender typing -sexual harassment -toxic femininity

sexual harassment

Juli is a sixteen-year-old female high school student. Which of the following scenarios most likely describes her experience in school? -Juli interacts more with her teachers than her male peers do. -Juli and her female friends are more often scolded and punished than boys are. -During class, teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than from Juli. -Juli is more likely to call out answers in class than her male peers are.

During class, teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than from Juli.

Which part of the world has the highest incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV)? -Western Africa -Central America -Southeast Asia -the Middle East

Southeast Asia

Which type of political office has the greatest likelihood of being occupied by a woman? -state assembly member -city council member -state governor -U.S. senator

city council member

Which of the following statements best describes the daily lives of !Kung of the Kalahari Desert? -!Kung men engage in child care. -!Kung women are aggressive. -!Kung women hunt. -!Kung men provide the majority of the food.

!Kung men engage in child care.

How does the idea of "doing gender" differ from biological essentialism? -"Doing gender" focuses on how gender is a role that people perform, whereas biological essentialism sees gender as innate. -Biological essentialism is more intersectional than "doing gender." -Radical feminists prefer "doing gender" whereas liberal feminists prefer biological essentialism. -Biological essentialism sees gender as changing across time and space; "doing gender" stays the same.

"Doing gender" focuses on how gender is a role that people perform, whereas biological essentialism sees gender as innate.

A corporate executive raises the question "Why are women employees underrepresented in the tech department?" Which explanation expresses biological essentialism? -"Women prefer flexible careers so they can care for children and aging parents." -"Girls in high school don't get enough encouragement to take tech classes." -"Women's brains don't process technological information as well as men's brains." -"The tech department has a reputation for allowing sexual harassment against women."

"Women's brains don't process technological information as well as men's brains."

How does evidence about aggression and testosterone in males contradict the idea that biology alone defines the difference between male and female? -Surgical intervention performed to reduce testosterone levels results in lower levels of aggression. -Aggressive behavior may increase testosterone levels. -Hormone levels are fixed at birth and are the reason for aggressive behavior in males. -Behavioral evidence in higher primates clearly shows that males are more aggressive than females.

Aggressive behavior may increase testosterone levels.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of the motherhood penalty? -Joyce is a psychologist who chose not to have children to focus on her career. -Bernette is a dentist and mother of two who gets paid less than her childless female counterpart. -Haley is given a heavier load at her job as a banker because she's a mother. -Simone is a mother of three who is currently in med school and working full time.

Bernette is a dentist and mother of two who gets paid less than her childless female counterpart.

Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages women face? -liberal feminism -radical feminism -Marxism -Black feminism

Black feminism

Which description of rape is most generally correct? -It is a violent, impulsive act, with the goal of satisfying sexual desire. -It is calm, premeditated act, with the goal of exacting revenge for imagined wrongs. -It is an act of violence, with the goal of wielding power and control. -It is a violent crime, but often the result of misunderstanding or miscommunication.

It is an act of violence, with the goal of wielding power and control.

Young Hee does not identity as male or female. Young Hee would most likely identify as -nonbinary. -transgender. -lesbian. -gay.

nonbinary.

Which of the following is an example of aggression that is consistent with female gender role socialization? -headlocks -perpetuating malicious gossip -threatening gun violence -fist fighting

perpetuating malicious gossip

Intersex individuals have undergone a surgical procedure to align their physical appearance with their gender experience. -True -False

False

________ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men. -Sex -Gender -Nonbinary -Intersectionality

Gender

Which feminist would most likely advocate for the overthrowing of the patriarchal order? -Jacqui, a liberal feminist -Loren, a radical feminist -Pathi, a symbolic interactionist -Shawna, a Parsonian functionalist

Loren, a radical feminist

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of female members in its national legislature? -The United States -Sweden -Iran -Rwanda

Rwanda

________ refers to physical differences of the body between males and females. -Sex -Gender -Gender binary -Intersex

Sex

Why did Columbia University student Emma Sulkowicz carry her mattress around with her across campus? -She was calling attention to the issue of rape on campus. -Her mattress revealed the unsanitary living conditions of female students. -She was demonstrating the power of White privilege. -Her strength showed the potential of female bodybuilding.

She was calling attention to the issue of rape on campus.

How would a sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society? -Men and women generally do different kinds of work. -Women are completely responsible for childrearing. -Work typically done by men requires more skill and education. -The activities of men and women are valued differently by society.

The activities of men and women are valued differently by society.

According to the textbook, in Navajo culture, the nádleehí, people assigned male at birth with feminine natures -are considered especially honorable. -are devalued. -cross-dress because they consider cross-dressing erotic. -were banned from Navajo society.

are considered especially honorable.

Theorists who believe in the social construction of gender -argue that only gender is socially constructed; sex is clearly biological. -argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed. -argue that neither gender nor sex is socially constructed. -accept that there are some gender differences that are biological.

argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed.

Of the majors listed below, which major has the lowest proportion of women? -early childhood education -school counseling -library science -engineering

engineering

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of women is known as -feminist theory. -functionalist theory. -queer theory. -postmodern theory.

feminist theory.

What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists to better understand about gender? -how gender in various societies is socially constructed -that girls and boys are treated very differently in that country -the importance of boys in Afghan life -how deeply Afghans value education for girls

how gender in various societies is socially constructed

Which reform strategy would liberal feminists encourage to promote gender equality? -the abolition of marriage -a revolution against capitalist economies -abolish affirmative action policies -institute family-friendly policies in the workplace

institute family-friendly policies in the workplace

According to your textbook, over the past fifty years, women's participation in the paid labor force has -risen more or less continuously. -dropped more or less continuously. -remained more or less the same. -gone up and down with no clear pattern.

risen more or less continuously.

Which statement best describes the functionalist perspective on gender? -Gender inequality is the result of unequal access to civil rights and social resources. -Gender inequality is rooted in male domination of society. -Gender differences are heavily influenced by global processes such as colonialism and racism. -Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration.

Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration.

How does patriarchy, or male dominance in society, take shape across the world? -Men are favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies. -Men are favored in most societies, and patriarchy is strong throughout. -Men are not favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies. -Men are not favored in most societies, and patriarchy is weak in most countries.

Men are favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies.

Which of the following statements concerning Afghanistan and the bacha posh, daughters transformed into sons, is true? -Families with sons only often experience shame and pity. -Most of the time, a bacha posh returns to womanhood when she enters puberty. -Parents of bacha posh consider transforming their girls into boys to be cruel. -Girls are highly prized.

Most of the time, a bacha posh returns to womanhood when she enters puberty.

According to your textbook, why are sociologists interested in understanding gender from an intersectional perspective? -Sociologists understand that gender does not shape everyone's experiences. -Intersectional research tends to receive more funding. -Women of color are more interesting research subjects. -Sociologists recognize that gender alone does not shape our experiences.

Sociologists recognize that gender alone does not shape our experiences.

Kheim was born a male and identifies as a male. Kheim would be considered transgender. cisgender. intersex. genderfluid.

cisgender.

Straight couples tend to revert to traditional gender roles, with women as lower earners, bearing the brunt of stereotypical female chores. How do same-sex couples tend to compare? -They tend to reverse gender roles. -They assign chores based on personal preference. -Lesbian couples tend to split chores equally, whereas gay male couples do not. -They are more likely to split chores based on income.

They assign chores based on personal preference.

What is more characteristic of majors dominated by women than of majors dominated by men? -They tend to be associated with caring and nurturing. -They tend to emphasize logic and analysis. -They garner the highest earnings after graduation. -They tend to be in technological fields.

They tend to be associated with caring and nurturing.

What do sociologists mean by the term "second shift"? -This term refers to women who perform housework and child care at the end of the paid work day. -This term refers to women who work from 4 p.m. to midnight, or overnight. -This term refers to women who take a second job in order to make ends meet. -This term refers to women who are consistently put on double shifts by their employers.

This term refers to women who perform housework and child care at the end of the paid work day.

In most cases of attempted and completed rape, the victim knows the attacker. -True -False

True

In most countries, women work longer hours than men. -True -False

True

Studies persuasively show an association between biological sex differences and differences in social behaviors and aptitudes. -True -False

True

Child-care work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work." This situation exemplifies -the motherhood penalty. -the glass escalator. -gender typing. -the glass ceiling.

gender typing.

Some critics argue that women are not fit to be in leadership positions because of their gender. Which perspective are these critics exemplifying? -biological essentialism -intersectionality -liberal feminism -gender socialization

biological essentialism

What is the main reason why millions of women and girls throughout the world are "missing" from the expected demographic? -"honor killings" of women who allegedly brought dishonor on their families -female infanticide in cultures where boys are valued over girls -violent rape that ends with the murder of the victim -women who die while being trafficked as sex slaves

female infanticide in cultures where boys are valued over girls

Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that -gender roles are biologically determined. -gender roles are not biologically determined. -Western social scientists have a bias that distorts their understanding of gender roles. -gender roles are essentially the same everywhere, with only minor variations.

gender roles are not biologically determined.

Judy Calibuso and her coworkers brought a case against Merrill Lynch, charging them with workplace practices related to gender inequality. What relevant sociological phenomenon was most specifically at play in the charges against Merrill Lynch? -gender inequality -gender socialization -glass ceiling -intersectionality

glass ceiling