Soc Ch. 9

second shift

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor (page 255)

toxic masculinity

a masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men (251)

hegemonic masculinity

a masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness, and rejects any alternate qualities in men (251)

men's liberation

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity (page 277)

intersex

a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female (page 239)

rape culture

a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women (page 244)

gender binary

a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite gender categories (page 241)

prejudice

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it (249)

gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender (page 242)

sex

an individual's membership in one of two categories-male or female-based on biological factors (page 239)

gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender (page 242)

miaogyny

an ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women (page 249)

men's rights movement

an offshoot of male liberation whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men (page 277)

pro-feminist men's movement

an offshoot of male liberation whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women (page 277)

feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief (page 262)

cisgenderism

belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities (page 251)

heterosexism

belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals (page 251)

primary sex characteristics

biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females (page 239)

microagressions

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups (page 252)

homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people (page 251)

transphobia

fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people (page 251)

LGBTQ

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (page 243)

patriarchy

literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society (page 249)

secondary sex characteristics

physical differences between males and females, including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction (page 239)

bisexuality

sexual attraction toward members of both genders (page 243)

homosexuality

sexual attraction toward members of one's own gender (page 243)

heterosexuality

sexual attraction toward members of the other gender (page 243)

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories (page 243)

cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth (page 242)

gender nonconformity

term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles (page 242)

transgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth (page 242)

heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm (page 244)

sexism

the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other (page 249)

sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual (page 242)

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism, from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 (page 263

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care (page 258)

sexual orientation or identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender (page 242)

asexuality

the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; no interest in or desire for sex (page 243)

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through agents of socialization (page 244)

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess (page 277)

suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women (page 277)

second wave

the period of feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s, often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education (page 277)

gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members (page 240)

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing (page 253)

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides material support; often an authority figure (page 253)

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction (page 244)

essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed (page 241)

constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many (page 242)

coming out

to openly declare one's true identity to those who might not be aware of it; short for "coming out of the closet," a phrase used to describe how gays and lesbians have felt compelled to keep their sexual orientation secret (page 251)

privilige

unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.) (249)

discrimination

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice (249)