soc exam 4
A person can be described as "cisgendered" if ____. A. their biological sex characteristics match their gender identity B. they have an ambiguous sexual orientation C. they were born with sex characteristics (genitalia) that don't fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies D. their gender identity doesn't match the biological sex characteristics (genitalia) they were born with
a
A person's "gender expression" refers to ____. A. the way a person "performs" their gender in social interactions B. a person's sexual orientation C. a person's internal, deeply held sense of their own gender D. the gender identity that society applies to a person
a
A person's "gender identity" refers to ____. A. a person's internal, deeply held sense of their own gender B. the way a person "performs" their gender in social interactions C. a person's sexual orientation D. the gender identity that society applies to a person
a
A person's sexual orientation refers to ____. A. a relatively enduring physical or romantic attraction to another person, of your own or the other sex, or both B. the kind of person they tend to be attracted to (their "type") C. a person's internal self-identity as "male" or "female" or some other gender identification D. the level and intensity of sexual activity that a person regularly participates in
a
According to the "immigration surplus" economic model ____. A. population growth from immigrants increases demands for goods and services, which can lead to higher wages and more hiring B. population growth from immigrants decreases demands for goods and services, which leads to declining wages and higher unemployment C. areas that have more immigrants tend to have lower wages due to increased labor market competition D. areas that have fewer imigrants tend to be more attractive for future immigration waves
a
Alfred Kinsey's studies of human sexuality in the 1940s discovered that ____. A. people's range of sexual experiences was much more varied than most people believed B. people's range of sexual experiences were much more limited than most people believed C. back then, people rarely had sex outside of marriage D. homosexual behavior was very rare
a
American political scientists Martin Gilens and Benjamin Page studied the relationship between the political views of those in different incomes. They found that ____. A. the political views of the richest Americans were highly correlated with the kind of laws passed, but the political views of Americans near the middle of the income distribution had almost zero influence on politics B. the political views of the Americans near the middle of the income distribution were highly correlated with the kind of laws passed, but the political views of Americans near the bottom of the income distribution had almost zero influence on politics C. government policy tends to reflect the views of wealth and middle-income Americans D. there was little difference in the political influence of wealth, middle-income, and poor Americans; government responded to all citizens equally
a
As of last year, the median household income in the US was about ____. A. $56,000 per year B. $22,800 per year C. $117,000 per year D. $32,700 per year
a
Blake's parents were both middle class (a high school principal and a tax accountant). He decided to skip college and pursue a career in real estate. Since getting his real estate license, he has been a successful agent in his city and lives in similar middle class neighborhood as his parents. Blake's story is an example of ____. A. horizontal mobility B. relative mobility C. intragenerational mobility D. intergenerational mobility
a
For most of human history ____. A. poverty was the norm for everyone; there was little difference between countries B. European countries (especially Western European countries) have always been more technologically advanced, richer, and more politically stable than the rest of the world C. poverty was the norm in places like Latin America, Africa, and Asia, but not Europe D. technological and cultural changes have taken place relatively evenly across the world
a
From an economic perspective, which policy response to immigration would boost GDP (gross domestic product) and strengthen our economy the most? A. Full legalization B. Full deportation C. Full legalization with added border control D. Partial legalization with some deportation
a
How did Alfred Kinsey study human sexuality? A. He used surveys and other empirical methods to study the subject scientifically. B. He was guided by a liberal agenda that encouraged sexual promiscuity. C. He was guided by a scriptural understanding of the "proper" function of sex. D. He used experiments to demonstrate that people could change their sexual orientation.
a
How does income segregation help explain why public education is not the "great equalizer" that many policymakers often hope? Pick the best answer. A. Public schools tend to be neighborhood schools. Since most public school funding comes from local property taxes, high-income neighborhoods and communities tend to have much higher funding for education. That means that children from middle and upper class backgrounds tend to go to much better public schools than children from working class backgrounds. B. Public schools are generally poorly funded and offer limited choices to parents. If a "schools of choice" model were more readily available, public schools would be able to compete against private schools. C. Public schools tend to be neighborhood schools. Since people of different class backgrounds tend to live in similar neighborhoods, the impact of parental involvement is significant. Working class and poor parents simply don't invest in their children's education. D. Public schools tend to be funded by state and federal taxes, so public schools are equally funded. But middle class and upper class parents put greater emphasis on education, which explains why their children work harder at school.
a
If someone describes themselves as a "feminist," it means that they ____. A. support social equality for all genders and oppose sexism B. hate men C. advocate for women to return to their "natural" domestic role taking care of families D. advocate for women to become dominant over men
a
In 1889, George Ravenstein argued that the most important thing that drove immigration was ____. A. economic opportunity B. oppressive governments C. unattractive social surroundings D. bad climate
a
In a meritocracy, we would expect that which of the following would have little or no effect on how far students will go and how well students will perform in school? A. their social class background and other ascribed characteristics B. their athletic ability C. their social skills and ability to make friends D. their innate ability or talent
a
In many rust belt cities in the Midwest, as factories closed down in the 1980s, many people saw declines in their standard of living and had to look for jobs in other industries, often with lower pay and benefits. This is an example of ____. A. structural social mobility B. vertical mobility C. horizontal mobility D. status inconsistency
a
Javi belongs to a Boy Scout troop. Whenever they go on campouts, they make sure to bring halal/kosher food for their Muslim/Jewish members and vegetarian option for their Hindu members. They also always have a worship service that includes their Buddhist and atheist members. This is an example of ____ in action. A. pluralism B. assimilation C. utopia D. integration
a
Joe teaches his son to cook, because he is aware that his son will need these skills when he moves out next week. This is an example of ____. A. anticipatory socialization B. gender socialization C. class socialization D. resocialization
a
Lakesha's mother works as a school teacher, and considers herself lower middle class. Lakesha went to college, got a law degree, and now works at a prestigious law firm in Atlanta. Lakesha's story is an example of ____. A. intergenerational mobility B. absolute mobility C. horizontal mobility D. intragenerational mobility
a
Many Mississippi Delta Chinese frequently encounter people who are surprised that they speak English (with a Delta accent) and assume they are recent immigrants. Thinking sociologically, why does this happen? A. Our cultural assumptions about what it means to be "American" privileges "whiteness" and ignores the multiracial fabric of American society B. Our society makes a clear distinction between ethnicity and race C. People are complementing Chinese-Americans for their ability to assimilate into society so easily D. Very few Chinese-Americans live in the Mississippi Delta, and only recently, so people just haven't had a lot of experience meeting local Chinese-Americans
a
Marking our place (or our desired place) in the social hierarchy by our choices in the music we listen to, the type of clothing we wear, or other lifestyle choices is called ____ A. conspicuous consumption B. being a cultural omnivore C. imitative stratification D. stratified consumption
a
Modernization theory argues that poor countries are poor because ____. A. those societies cling to traditional culture instead of embracing technological and cultural change B. of the legacies of colonialism and exploitation by European countries C. the lack of foreign aid and investment in those countries D. high tariffs and other taxes, which inhibit job creation
a
People identified as "intersex" are ____. A. born with sex characteristics (genitalia) that don't fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies B. people who identify as bisexual C. people who are not particularly interested in sex or sexuality D. people who don't fit the gender norms of their society
a
Prejudice is a(n) ____, whereas discrimination is a(n) ____. A. attitude; action B. activity; action C. process; belief D. action; attitude
a
Public opinion surveys show that the share of Americans with positive views about immigrants and immigration ____. A. is steadily rising, particularly among younger Americans B. is steadily decreasing, particularly among older Americans C. has stayed about the same for many decades D. is steadily decreasing, particularly among younger Americans
a
Sociologists define "ideology" as ____. A. a set of cultural beliefs and values that justify a particular way of organizing a society B. a set of political values about what kind of government we should have C. a set of religious beliefs and doctrines about how we should understand our place in the world D. a set of cultural beliefs and values that challenge the existing social order
a
The US sets a "poverty level" that determines eligibility for assistance programs. Currently a family of four would have to earn less than ____ to qualify as below the poverty line. A. about $25,000 B. about $10,000 C. zero income D. about $20,000
a
The concept "ethnicity" is defined as ____. A. a group of people have a shared cultural origin B. a group of people who practice the same religion C. a group of people who originate from the same country D. a group of people who speak the same language
a
The economist John Kennan estimates that if immigration restrictions were eliminated worldwide, ____. A. world labor supply would double, leading to economic growth and higher wages B. world labor supply would double, leading to lower wages and economic decline C. the cost of public services would increase around the world D. the ability of states to protect their borders would decrease
a
The first Chinese immigrants came to Mississippi originally ____. A. to work in the cotton fields in the late 1800s B. to work in the new tech industry jobs that began to emerge in the 1980s C. to open grocery stores in the South during segregation D. to work in the new industrial jobs that began to spring up in the South in the 1950s
a
The income and wealth gap between white and black households is evidence of ____. A. institutional racism B. economic segregation C. xenophobia D. structural inequality
a
The so-called "Kinsey scale" of sexuality measures ____. A. a person's sexual orientation, ranging from "exclusively homosexual" to "exclusively heterosexual" B. a person's sexual proclivities, ranging from "boring" to "kinky" C. a person's sexual behavior, ranging from "normal" to "deviant" D. a measure of how sexually attractive a person is
a
The social expectations of what it means to be a male (tall, young, athletic, etc.) are called ___. A. hegemonic masculinity B. emphasized masculinity C. toxic masculinity D. metrosexuality
a
The tendency for families of similar income levels to live in similar neighborhoods is called ____. A. income segregation B. red lining C. social class integration D. income sorting
a
The term "Columbian Exchange" is used to describe the exchange of goods, technology, education, and diseases between the Americas and Europe/Africa after Columbus "discovered" the Americas, and their impact on the global economy. How does the Columbian Exchange help explain why many countries in Latin America are poor? A. In the Columbian Exchange, European countries gained access to agricultural goods and raw materials that jump-started their economic growth, allowing them to industrialize much earlier B. Europe's technological and cultural superiority explains why Europe conquered the Americas, and not the other way around C. Latin American societies resisted the technological and cultural change introduced by Europeans, which slowed down their economic development D. After independence, Latin American political leaders squandered economic opportunities due to mismanagement
a
The term "gender" refers to ____. A. a set of social and psychological characteristics that a society considers proper for its males and females B. the act of procreation (making babies) C. a set of social and psychological characteristics that an individual considers proper for themselves D. a biological category that distinguishes between male and female
a
The term "second shift" coined by Arlie Hochschild describes ____. A. women who come home from work to more work (cooking, laundry, childcare) B. women who go to work later in the day, in order to accommodate their childcare obligations C. men and women who come home from work to more work (cooking, laundry, childcare) D. women who have to work two jobs to make ends meet
a
The term "sex" refers to ____. A. a biological category that distinguishes between male and female B. a set of social and psychological characteristics that an individual considers proper for themselves C. a set of social and psychological characteristics that a society considers proper for its males and females D. the act of procreation (making babies)
a
When economists split the population into quintiles, they divide up the population into five equal groups of 20% of the population. The poorest 20% of households in the US earn less than ____. A. $22,800 per year B. $117,000 per year C. $56,000 per year D. $32,700 per year
a
When economists split the population into quintiles, they divide up the population into five equal groups of 20% of the population. The richest 20% of households in the US earn more than ____. A. $117,000 per year B. $56,000 per year C. $22,800 per year D. $32,700 per year
a
Which box do people of Middle Eastern descent check off (belong to) on the US Census form? A. White B. Black or African-American C. Asian D. Arab or Muslim
a
Which of the following best describes how the conflict theory paradigm views sexuality? A. The regulation of sexuality creates and/or reinforces sexual inequalities in society. B. Sex is important for social reproduction, so it's organized by society to meet those functions. C. Sexuality is primarily socially constructed based on "sexual scripts" people perform. D. Sex is a natural part of social life and we shouldn't be embarrassed by it.
a
Which of the following best describes how the structural-functionalism paradigm views sexuality? A. Sex is important for social reproduction, so it's organized by society to meet those functions. B. Sexuality is primarily socially constructed based on "sexual scripts" people perform. C. Sex is a natural part of social life and we shouldn't be embarrassed by it. D. The regulation of sexuality creates and/or reinforces sexual inequalities in society.
a
Which of the following individual would NOT qualify as "Hispanic"? A. Jean-Paul, an immigrant from Haiti B. Ingrid, who was born in Germany, but who's grandfather was a Mexican-American soldier during World War II. C. Raúl, an immigrant from Spain D. Marcos, who was born in Nevada but who's grandmother came from Zacatecas, Mexico
a
Which of the following is a reason many working women find themselves working a "second shift," according to Arlie Hochschild? A. Husbands are more likely to spend time after work relaxing, leaving their wives responsible for housekeeping and childrearing duties. B. Women are naturally better at housekeeping and childcare than men are. C. Women receive social rewards for being good housekeepers and childcare providers. D. Many women have to find a second job just to make ends meet.
a
____ is based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristics, such as skin or hair color A. Race B. Culture C. Heritage D. Ethnicity
a
____ is defined on the basis of some real or presumed cultural characteristic, such as language or relgion. A. Ethnicity B. Race C. Heritage D. Culture
a
Between 1882 (when the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed) and 1943 (when it was partly repealed), all Chinese immigration to the US was banned. Why did Mississippi Delta plantation owners want to hire "illegal" Chinese immigrants to work in the cotton fields? (You may select more than one answer.) A. They could pay them less than recently-freed African-American workers B. If the Chinese immigrant workers complained, they could easy get rid of them by reporting them to federal immigration authorities C. Chinese workers could help cotton farmers open up markets in Asia D. Chinese workers enjoy agricultural work more than African-Americans and were willing to work longer hours
a,b
Which of the following is/are important differences between indentured servants and slaves in colonial America? (You may select more than one answer.) A. Slaves were not considered 'human" B. Many (if not all) indentured servants came to America voluntarily C. Indentured service was a contractual agreement with fixed terms; slavery was for life D. Slavery was hereditary
a,b,c,d
Regardless of how we feel about it as a concept, race plays an important role in our daily lives, such as ____. (You may select more than one answer.) A. in the way people interact with each other B. in the places people live C. in the predisposition to certain attitudes or behaviors D. in the stereotypes people face
a,b,d
Think back to the comic strip "On A Plate," which showed snapshots of the lives of two people: Paula (born to working class parents) and Richard (born to upper-middle-class parents). What are some of the reasons why Paula struggled in school? (You may select more than one answer.) A. Paula's parents couldn't afford to choose a better school for their child (either by moving to a "better" school district or sending her to private schools) B. Paula's parents didn't think education was important, and showed no interest in their daughter's efforts C. Paula's parents worked long hours, and weren't able to help her with her homework D. Paula's parents weren't able to provide toys and books, which delayed Paula's intellectual development E. Paula spent too much time partying in college, because she developed bad work habits from her parents
a,c,d
Why is the following argument flawed: "In the past, immigrants from countries like Ireland, Italy, and Poland were also discriminated against. Over time, they and their descendants were able to assimilate into American culture and become successful. Therefore, complaints by other ethnic or racial minorities are invalid. They should just work harder, like Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants did." (You may select more than one answer.) A. It relies on the misconception that definitions of race and ethnicity are stable B. Because politicians deliberately exploit identity politics to further their own paths to power C. Because the social forces that shaped the immigration debate in the 1920s are not the same as they are today D. The ability for groups to assimilate largely relies on broader cultural shifts, which are based on negotiations based on who has social power
a,d
A "dependency theory" argument that explains why Mississippi and Alabama are among the poorest in the US would look like this: A. Mississippi and Alabama have long resisted technological and cultural change, prefering traditional communal life. B. Mississippi and Alabama focused on commodity exports (like cotton) in the 1800s. Exporting cotton and importing finished manufactured textiles produced a trade deficit that, over time, left those states poorer. C. Mississippi and Alabama were too dependent on slave labor, which hindered their economic development. D. Mississippi and Alabama became dependent on northern states, particularly after Reconstruction, which made modernization difficult.
b
A feminist who focuses on expanding the rights and opportunities for women by removing cultural and/or legal barriers to women's equality, such as implementing policies to prevent workplace discrimination or improving reproductive freedom is a ____. A. socialist feminist B. liberal feminist C. radical feminist D. conservative feminist
b
A social class system is one in which ____. A. stratification is based on occupational prestige B. ascribed status and personal achievement combine in a way that allows for some social mobility C. social mobility is severely limited and one's position is based on ascribed status D. stratification is determined by level of wealth
b
Annette Lareau's study of parenting styles found that ____. A. working class parents tended to encourage autonomy by talking through decisions, while middle class parents tended to emphasize obedience and discipline B. working class parents tended to emphasize obedience and discipline, while middle class parents tended to encourage autonomy by talking through decisions C. working class and middle class parents tended to raise their children in similar ways D. working class parents tended to emphasize hard work ethic, while middle class parents tended to emphasize artistic expression
b
Bobby graduates from college and starts a job as an elementary school teacher. The starting salary is $35,000 per year. Based on this, Bobby would be a considered a member of what social class in the US? A. Lower class B. Lower middle class C. Average middle class D. Upper middle class
b
In a meritocracy, we would expect that which of the following would have little effect on how far students will go and how well students will perform in school? A. their innate ability B. their social class background and other ascribed characteristics C. their athletic ability D. their relgion
b
Max Weber defined a social class as ____. A. a group that's fairly similar in occupational status B. a group that's fairly similar in terms of income, education, power, and prestige in society C. the group that determines the cultural values for the rest of society D. a group that's fairly similar in terms of income, wealth, and power
b
Sociologists use the term "minority" to define ____. A. any category of people, who stand out as different from the general population B. any category of people, who are distinguished by their physical and/or cultural difference, that a society sets apart and subordinates C. any category of people, who are distinguished by genetic markers, that has less influence in the broader culture D. any category of people, who are distinguished by their physical and/or cultural difference, and that make up a numerically small share of the general population
b
The fact that people of different races tend to be highly concentrated into "their" neighborhoods, even in large cities like New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, illustrates the prevalence of ____ in our country. A. assimiliation B. de facto segregation C. pluralism D. de jure segregation
b
The lines between racial and ethnic groups are ____. A. separated by nature and nurture B. vague and unclear C. very obvious D. historically defined
b
The practice of "redlining" was a common way to make it difficult for African-American families to buy homes in "white" neighborhoods. Although redlining was made illegal in 1968, how does this help explain the wealth gap between African-Americans and white households today? A. The housing market plays little role in how household wealth is accumulated across generations. But because African-Americans were unable to buy homes in better neighborhoods, they instead invested their wealth in other, more risky investments that usually didn't pan out. B. Wealth is often passed down from one generation to the next, and home values are often the most significant form of wealth for most households. Since African-Americans in the past were shut out from the better neighborhoods, the values of their homes stagnated while the value of homes in "white" neighborhoods continued to rise. White families were able to pass on more wealth to their children with each passing generation, while most African-American families were not. C. Wealth is often passed down from one generation to the next, and home values are often the most significant form of wealth for most households. Since redlining made it easier for African-Americans to buy homes with lower interest rates, the values of their homes declined steadily. D. Redlining doesn't help explain today's wealth gap.
b
The term "gender stratification" refers to ___. A. the different roles or functions different genders should perform in society B. the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege across genders C. the natural, biological inequalities between men and women D. the socially constructed gender differences acquired through socialization
b
The term "intergenerational mobility" describes ____. A. how an individual moves up or down in quality of life in absolute terms B. the movement in social positions within a family across generations C. how an individual moves up or down in social position compared to the rest of society D. how a person moves up or down the social ladder during their lifetime
b
The term "patriarchal dividends" refers to ___. A. the social costs that men accumulate simply because they are men B. the social benefits that men accumulate simply because they are men C. the social responsibilities that men bear in the economy D. the benefits men acquire from their participation in family life
b
The term "patriarchy" describes ____. A. a social system in which women (typically) reject the power and privilege of men B. a social system in which men (typically) enjoy more power and privilege than women C. a household in which fathers take an active role in family responsibilities D. a social system in which men (typically) bear the greatest financial responsibility for maintaining the family
b
The term "race" is used to ____. A. categorize people based on their language, culture, or religion B. categorize people people who share biological traits that a society thinks are important C. categorize people purely arbitrarily based on social prejudices D. categorize people who share biological traits identified by key genetic markers
b
The term "relative mobility" describes ____. A. how an individual moves up or down in quality of life in absolute terms B. how an individual moves up or down in social position compared to the rest of society C. how a person moves up or down the social ladder during their lifetime D. the movement in social positions within a family across generations
b
The term "relative poverty" is used to describe ____. A. lack of resources that threaten one's ability to survive B. lack of resources compared to others who have more (in that society) C. lack of resources compared to others in your immediate community D. lack of resources compared to standard set by the government
b
The term "undocumented immigrant" applies to ____. A. immigrants who have not yet been detained and processed by immigration officials B. people living in the US without legal residency status C. immigrants who do not have the correct work visas D. people who cross the border illegally
b
The traditional Indian caste system, the feudal social system of medieval Europe, and the Jim Crow era segregation in the US South are all examples of a(n) ____ stratification system. A. open B. closed C. apartheid D. meritocratic
b
What is the difference between "income" and "wealth"? A. Income is a person's earnings from work or investments; wealth is a household's total earnings. B. Income is money earned from work or investments; wealth is the total value of money plus other assets, like real estate, stocks, and bonds. C. There is no difference; they're synonyms. D. Income is measured in money; wealth includes assets other than money.
b
Which of the following best describes the way the symbolic interactionist paradigm views gender? A. Gender is a natural part of social life. B. Gender is primarily socially constructed based on "gender scripts" people perform. C. The regulation of gender norms creates and/or reinforces existing gender inequalities. D. Gender is an important social category that serves important social functions, particularly in the household.
b
Which of the following is NOT a trend in social mobility in the US during the most recent years? A. There's increasing concentration of wealth at the top of the social hierarchy, with relatively low (and declining) social mobility for those in the bottom 80% of incomes in the US. B. There's increasing growth in income among the working and middle classes, which is narrowing the income inequality in the US. C. There's a longterm trend in upward absolute mobility, with median incomes and standards of living increasing. D. Most people stay in the same social class they were born into.
b
Which of the following is NOT a trend in social mobility in the US? A. Younger women have greater upward mobility than their mothers' generation, but still have less upward mobility than men. B. Married couples have lower social mobility than single Americans. C. The decline in manufacturing jobs has led to decreasing social mobility for members of the working class. D. African-American face higher rates of downward social mobility than white Americans.
b
Which of the following is true about ethnicity? A. Over time, ethnicity becomes less important than social class B. Some ethnic groups are better able to assimilate into the majority culture than others C. Given enough time, any ethnic group can assimilate into the majority culture D. Some ethnic groups emphasize social class, while others tend to emphasize race
b
While all three paradigms recognize and study social inequality, ____ looks closely at how the way an individual speaks, dresses, and interacts with people in their day-to-day lives reflects an individual's social position. A. social conflict theory B. symbolic interactionism C. structural-functionalism D. social justice theory
b
Why did Chinese grocers live in the back of the store, along with their families? A. Because it was more cost-effective and efficient for them to do so B. Because the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prevented ethnic Chinese from owning property C. Because they didn't like to socialize with either black or white members of the community D. Because they were afraid that criminals might destroy their stores if they weren't vigilant
b
According to Simone de Beauvoir, which of the following are examples of how society pressures women to conform to the standards of "feminine" beauty? (You may select more than one answer.) A. Because of their biological differences (from men), women naturally develop an instinct for motherhood B. Popular media celebrates specific types of female bodies, particularly those that are sexually attractive to men C. Young girls are not treated differently from young boys; both are equally encouraged to explore their own interests D. Daily beauty regimens (makeup, hair, etc.) that are emphasized for women are reinforce their status as "objects"
b,d
In which of the following ways did the European Enlightenment affect our understand of "race"? (You may select more than one answer.) A. The emergence of better, scientific instruments that allowed the study of biological differences between different cultural groups B. Some philosophers claimed that some people lacked "history" and "culture" and were simply obstacles to progress C. The rise of the abolitionist movement, which argued that all people deserve dignity and "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" D. The push within scientific communities to categorize the natural world using "reason" into elaborate typologies extended to humans as well
b,d
A characteristic of "periphery" countries in Immauel Wallerstein's "capitalist world economy" model is that ____. A. they are the most developed, industrialized countries, which exploit the resources from "core" countries B. they are more traditionally oriented societies that stand on the "periphery" of global culture C. they provide labor and raw materials exploited by more industrialized ("core") countries D. they are societies that focus on wants, rather than basic (or "core") needs
c
A meritocracy is ____. A. a system of stratification based on chance and good fortune B. a system of social stratification based on your parents' wealth and social status C. a system of social stratification based on merit D. a social system with little or no stratification
c
According to Immanuel Wallerstein's "capitalist world economy" model, countries like Japan, the US, and Germany are part of the ____. A. semi-periphery B. periphery C. core D. capitalist base
c
During the 1950s, women were expected to stay at home and take care of their husbands' and children's needs. These socially constructed ideas are referred to as ____. A. cultural femininity B. patriarchy C. emphasized femininity D. hegemonic femininity
c
How much annual income do you have to earn to qualify as among the richest 1-2% of the US population? A. $1 million B. $1 billion C. $250,000 D. $500,000
c
In Walter Rostow's "four-stages of development" model, the "take-off" stage is when ____. A. the economy focuses more on wants than basic needs, and many societies begin to adopt robust welfare states B. society is structured around small, local communities, with most production done in family settings and focusing on basic needs C. people begin to use individual talents to produce things beyond necessities, creating markets for trade; at the same time, the culture become more individualistic and status is increasingly tied to wealth D. technology growth begins to change society: the population grows rapidly, poverty declines, and the economy become increasingly diversified; at the same time, political systems become more democratic and begin to provide public goods (like public schools)
c
In the 1863 New York City draft riots, poor whites (largely Irish immigrants) rioted against the draft law that offered draft exception for anyone who could pay $300. Who did they target their anger against? A. They attacked anyone who paid the $300 exception, because they considered it unpatriotic B. They attacked illegal immigrants, who couldn't be drafted but should have been C. They attacked African-Americans, who were ineligible for the draft because they weren't considered citizens D. They attacked wealthy New York elites, who could easily pay the $300 to avoid the draft
c
John is very proud of his Italian and French background. Therefore, it can be said that John is very proud of his ____. A. society B. progeny C. ethnicity D. race
c
Mary is a waitress who refuses to wait on black customers. This is an example of ____. A. prejudice B. implicit bias C. discrimination D. stereotyping
c
Often, we have subconscious attitudes or beliefs about other ethnicities or races that guides shapes our behavior without us noticing. This is called ____. A. explicit bias B. culture theory C. implicit bias D. prejudice
c
Overall, economists tend to agree that immigrants ____. A. make no difference to the economy B. are bad for the economy C. are good for the economy D. increase crime
c
Sociologists Karl Alexander and Doris Entwisle studied 800 first-graders in Baltimore. They found that ____. A. there was little difference in the performance of first-graders across different social classes B. the effects of growing up in poverty could be reduced by educational programs aimed at skills-building and character development C. the effects of growing up in poverty cast long shadows over their lives, and tended to affect the life outcomes of individuals well into adulthood D. the effects of growing up in poverty tended to decline over time, as the children moved into adulthood
c
Symbolic interactionists describe "gender roles" as ____. A. the social functions different genders perform in maintaining social order B. the "scripts" men and women should use during their wedding ceremony C. how society defines how women and men should think and behave D. how society defines how the internal dynamics of families should be structured
c
Talcott Parsons, a structural functionalist, argued that gender socialization was a way to ____. A. teach boys and girls the skills necessary for dating and marriage B. teach boys and girls to be comfortable with their own sexuality C. teach boys and girls the complementary roles needed to maintain stable family units D. teach boys and girls the importance of gender equality, at work and at home
c
The ability, or inability, to change one's place within the social classes in a society is called ____. A. stratification B. mobilization C. social mobility D. achievement status
c
The earliest uses of the term "race" referred to ____. A. a social category that marked people with similar culture or heritage B. a category of kinship or group affiliation, typically for people who shared similar phenotypes or biological traits C. a category of kinship or group affiliation, typically for members of the same household or who shared a common ancestor D. a social category for people of the same status or occupation
c
The term "heteronormativity" describes ___. A. the belief that government should make policies that prevent sexual activity until marriage B. the belief that heterosexuality is oppressive to cisgendered people C. the belief that there are only two genders, that genders correspond to biological sex, and that the only natural and acceptable attraction is between those two genders D. the belief that gender is non-binary, that gender do not necessarily correspond to biological sex, and that different kinds of sexual activity are equally acceptable
c
When Latinos and African-Americans are portrayed in violent video games as criminals and members of gangs, this is an example of ____. A. discrimination B. pigeonholes C. stereotypes D. racial profiling
c
Which of the following best describes how the symbolic interactionist paradigm views sexuality? A. The regulation of sexuality creates and/or reinforces sexual inequalities in society. B. Sex is a natural part of social life and we shouldn't be embarrassed by it. C. Sexuality is primarily socially constructed based on "sexual scripts" people perform. D. Sex is important for social reproduction, so it's organized by society to meet those functions.
c
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic principles of stratification? A. Stratification is a characteristic of society, not of individual differences B. It's universal, but variable. Every society has some form of stratification. C. Stratification systems are based on the objective merit of individuals. D. Stratification persists across generations.
c
While all three paradigms recognize and study social inequality, ____ emphasizes the consequences of inequality. A. symbolic interactionism B. structural-functionalism C. social conflict theory D. social justice theory
c
A ____ is a system in which a person's social mobility is based on personal merit and individual talents. A. class system B. caste system C. democracy D. meritocracy
d
A structural-functional perspective on stratification, the Davis-Moore thesis argues that ____. A. stratification is based on different relations to the means of production B. society rewards those who work hard and punishes those who do not C. we use consumption to demonstrate our social location D. society assigns greater economic and social rewards to jobs that are most important in society
d
A system in which everyone has an equal chance of succeeding economically based on their hard work and skills is called a ____. A. utopia B. democracy C. socialist society D. meritocracy
d
According to Talcott Parsons, girls are taught ____ that prepare them to care for families. A. home economics B. instrumental qualities C. gender skills D. expressive qualities
d
Demographers estimate that the US will be a majority-minority country by 2040. This is because ____. A. the Hispanic/Latino population will make up the largest share of the US population B. Whites will no longer be the majority, and will therefore become subordinate to the non-White population C. American society will be increasingly defined by identity politics defined by race and ethnicity D. Whites will no longer be the majority, but neither will any other group
d
Germain has a master's degree in economics and comes from an upper-middle class family. But instead of pursuing the family business, he has instead joined a farmers market coop. He doesn't earn much money, but is otherwise happy. Germain's combination of high education and low income is an example of what sociologists would call ____. A. meritocracy B. stratification C. endogamy D. status inconsistency
d
German sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf argued that by the late twentieth century, class conflict had changed in important ways that Marx had not anticipated. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which class has conflict changed since Marx's time? A. workers' organizations (especially unions) allowed workers to fight for better working conditions and improve their standards of living B. the capitalist class was too fragmented to become targets for revolutionaries C. the ideology of capitalism shapes the way workers think and makes them support the status quo D. the economic growth of the US was an example of the success of capitalist economies
d
Health indicators and life expectancy vary by social class, with lower-income individuals more likely to have poor health and shorter life expectancies. Why? A. Poor people tend to live in neighborhoods with lower access to fresh and/or healthy foods. B. Working class jobs tend to be more stressful and/or dangerous. C. Poor people have limited access to health care. D. All of the above
d
Members of Greek-lettered fraternities and sororities share culture (symbols, ways of speaking, norms & values, etc.). Sociologically, campus "Greeks" belong to a ____. A. heritage community B. status group C. ethnic group D. subculture
d
Omar graduates from college and starts a job as an accountant. The starting salary is $53,000 per year. Based on this, Omar would be a considered a member of what social class in the US? A. Lower middle class B. Upper middle class C. Lower class D. Average middle class
d
Prior to the early 1900s, the term "white" was reserved for which of the following groups? (You may select more than one answer.) A. Slavs (people from places like Poland, Russia, Czechoslovakia, and the Balkans) B. Iberics (people from Spain or Portugal) C. Celts (the Irish) D. Anglo-Saxons (people from England) E. Hebrews (Jews)
d
Raul started working in the local mill right out of high school, and would be considered working class. In his late 20s, he decided to go to pursue a different path. He went to college as a part-time student, and graduated with a chemical engineering degree. Now he works at pharmaceutical research lab. Raul's story is an example of ____. A. absolute mobility B. horizontal mobility C. intergenerational mobility D. intragenerational mobility
d
Sam and Barbara are married, with two young children. Sam has decided to stay home and care for the children while Barbara works for a local cleaning service. Barbara earns a little less than $24,000 a year cleaning offices. Based on this information, what can we say about Sam and Barbara's family? A. Barbara would have to quit her job in order to qualify for public assistance. B. Because Barbara works full time, her family doesn't qualify for public assistance. C. Barbara and Sam are in the lower middle class. D. Barbara and Sam probably fall below the poverty line and qualify for public assistance.
d
Social stratification is ____. A. the system by which individuals pick where they wanted to be located in a social hierarchy B. the system by which society recognizes the "best and brightest" based on personal merit C. the system by which businesses market different products to different types of consumers D. the system by which society categorizes people, and ranks them in a hiearchy
d
The small, but significant Chinese community in the Mississippi Delta dates back ____. A. to the early 2000s, when Chinese immigration to the US peaked B. to the 1980s, when China's economic growth began C. to the 1950s, following World War II D. more than 100 years
d
The term "intragenerational mobility" describes ____. A. the movement in social positions within a family across generations B. how an individual moves up or down in quality of life in absolute terms C. how an individual moves up or down in social position compared to the rest of society D. how a person moves up or down the social ladder during their lifetime
d
The term "pink collar" jobs refers to ____. A. jobs which women are naturally better at doing, such as nursing, teaching, and housekeeping B. jobs that women tend to seek out because they are less dangerous or emphasize "cuteness" C. jobs that are glamorous and provide high status D. jobs with higher concentration of women, such as nursing, teaching, and housekeeping
d
The term "racism" can be used to describe ____. A. words and actions that make ethnic or racial minorities feel uncomfortable B. actions that prove one's beliefs that one race is innately superior (or inferior) to another C. beliefs and ideas that help explain observed inequalities between racial and/or ethnic groups D. beliefs, thoughts, and actions based on the assumption that one race is innately superior (or inferior) to another
d
The theory that explains racism as a response or defense mechanism by people who are frustrated or face economic anxiety is called ____. A. authoritarian personality theory B. social distance theory C. culture theory D. scapegoat theory
d
Think back to the comic strip "On A Plate," which offered snapshots of two people: Paula (born to working class parents) and Richard (born to upper-middle-class parents). Which of the following best describes Richard's success later in life. A. Richard studied hard at school, and his success in life is entirely due to his own efforts B. Richard barely studied in school, and simply coasted on his father's good name and reputation C. Richard studied hard at school, but most opportunities went to less-deserving scholarship students D. Richard studied hard at school, but he also had numerous advantages that made it easier for him to focus on his education
d
Typically, upper class Americans tend to be ____, when compared to working class Americans. A. both fiscally and socially conservative B. both fiscally and socially progressive (or "liberal") C. fiscally progressive (or "liberal") but socially conservative D. fiscally conservative but socially progressive (or "liberal")
d
When immigrants come to the US, many of them feel compelled to give up their native language in order to learn English. This is an example of ____. A. segregation B. integration C. pluralism D. assimilation
d
Which of the following best describes the relationship between income and wealth inequality? A. Across US households, wealth inequality is SMALLER than income inequality. B. There is no relationship between wealth and income inequality. C. Across US households, wealth and income inequality are about the same. D. Across US households, wealth inequality is much HIGHER than income inequality.
d
Which of the following is NOT a "race" as defined by the US Census? A. Black or African-American B. Asian or Pacific Islander C. White D. Hispanic or Latino
d
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the structural-functional perspective on gender developed by Talcott Parsons? A. It ignores the personal and social costs of maintaining rigid social roles. B. It assumes a two-gender system. C. It is based on the 1950s (white) middle class experience. D. It did not describe the functions that maintained stable families.
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the economic benefits of extending legal status to undocumented workers? A. Undocumented workers would be better able to pursue jobs that matched their skill set, which would help free up tight labor markets. B. The wages of undocumented workers would increase, which would lead them buying more goods and services. C. Tax revenue from wages to undocumented workers would increase. D. The wages of undocumented workers would decrease, making it easier to hire native-born workers.
d
Which of the following is not a so-called "push" factor that drives international migration. A. bad or oppressive laws B. lack of economic opportunities C. high levels of crime or other social problems D. greater economic opportunity
d
Which of the following plays little or no role in determining our sexual preferences and behaviors? A. Social and cultural influences, such as family, religion, and values B. External stimuli, such as popular media C. Internal stimuli, such as our imagination, memories, and fantasies D. The kind of diet we eat or level of exercise
d
Which of the following statements about "race" as a concept is supported by historical evidence? A. The emergence of ideas about "race" and racial differences emerged BEFORE slavery expanded into colonial America B. The emergence of ideas about "race" and racial differences shaped the way slavery developed in colonial America C. The emergence of ideas about "race" and racial differences emerged AFTER the US Civil War and the abolition of slavery D. The emergence of ideas about "race" and racial differences emerged AFTER slavery was already expanding in colonial America
d
Which of the following statements about income and wealth inequality is NOT true? A. African-Americans tend to have lower wealth whites. B. Women tend to have lower wealth than men. C. Married couples tend to accumulate more wealth than people who are unmarried. D. Single people tend to have higher wealth than married people.
d
Why were Chinese grocery stores important in the Delta during segregation? A. Because they opened grocery stores in communities that had previously been "food deserts" B. Because they were able to offer lower prices than other grocers C. Because they generated new jobs for the local community D. Because they were willing to sell to black customers, unlike white grocers
d
"Race" as a concept operates the same way across time and different cultures.
false
Evangelical Protestants and Catholics are more likely to belong to the middle and upper class.
false
Having had a sexual encounter with someone of the same sex automatically means you are "gay" or homosexual.
false
Since "ethnicity" defines any group with a shared culture, anything can be an ethnicity.
false
T/F: Ideology both helps us understand why inequality never goes away AND it can also help us understand why societies are unequal in the first place.
false
The concepts "race" and "ethnicity" have nothing in common.
false
The gender wage gap is a myth; today men and women tend to earn the same pay for equal work.
false
After the Civil War, Mississippi Delta plantation owners could no longer rely on free slave labor. Chinese immigrant workers were an appealing alternative because they were cheap, disposable, and politically voiceless.
true
Although income and occupational prestige are distinct (one measures economic wealth, the other social status), the two tend to overlap.
true
In the US, the upper class (about 1-2% of the population) includes "new money" entrepreneurs and others who acquired their wealth through hard work, but also "old money" people who simply inherited their wealth.
true
Jobs with higher concentration of women tend to have lower prestige and lower pay.
true
Sex can serve a social function of helping build intimacy within a relationship.
true
Sex is necessary for social reproduction.
true
There's a tendency for people of different religious affiliations to belong to different social classes.
true
Can a man be a feminist?
yes
