SOC final :)

Megan wants to study bullying in high school. She randomly selected 1,000 students at a high school, and 400 students completed the survey. What is the response rate?

40%

the most commonly used value for confidence levels by social science researchers I

95%

An idea that can be named, defined, and eventually measured in some way is a(n)

Concept

Will wants to lose 75 pounds. Which of the following represents the constraining influence of social structure against his agency?

High-quality food and gym membership are costly, and Will's income is low.

In the course of his study on nursing homes, Inger inadvertently learned about specific instances of elder abuse. She had promised her subjects confidentiality, but

In some states, she is required to report abuse, even if she learned it in the course of research.

Compared to behavioral measures, what is a characteristics of an attitudinal measure?

Researchers prefer attitudinal measures when they are interested in understanding why an outcome occurs

There are five general forms of relations among concepts: positive, negative, mediation, moderation, and _____.

Spuriousness

In the obedience experiment, subjects were led to believe that they were administering shocks of higher and higher voltage each time a different person answered a question incorrectly. This experiment was conducted by whom?

Stanley Milgram

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative method?

Surveys

__ is an example of an omnibus survey

The General Social Survey (GSS)

Lisa is analyzing the results of her pretest. What would indicate to her that a question needs revision?

The cognitive interview showed that the question was confusing.

Which of the following is a variable?

The number of illegal activities in which a person has engaged over the last year.

The __ experiment is the most common type of experiment.

Laboratory

Teodor designs a study in which he will use closeness centrality to analyze network actor characteristics in a algae corporation. He considered how each actor in the corporation can

access other networks in a small number of steps.

When participants' identifying information is only accessible to member of the research team, this is called

confidentiality

Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is a statistical procedure that does what?

estimates how well changed in the independent variables predict changed in the dependent variable

A factor owner wants to know whether the assembly line workers feel adequately rewarded and appreciated. He hires a social scientists to conduct

evaluation research

The __ condition is a condition in an experiment where the independent variable is manipulated.

experimental

Double-blind experiments are an important defense against__.

experimenter effects

Michelle collects five new reports and adds them to her data set. She find that these new reports ass nothing new, rather reinforce what she has already found. Michelle has reached the point of

saturation

concepts such as socialization, deviance, and self-control can be linked to explain crime. When concepts are systematically linked in such a way that they can generate an explanatory chain of relations, they become a(n)

theory

The use of different types of research methods to study the same general research question is known as

triangulation

Why is direct observation rarely used to collect network data? Direct observation

used to be preferred, as in ethnographies of small societies, but it is less feasible with large populations

which of the following terms refers to whether results are true or accurate?

validity

The most important reason why, when the choice is available, sociologists collect primary information over secondary information is because

secondary information was collected by someone else, so the researcher cannot control its quality or content.

A key question is the main spark of a research project, but from where does this question come? The first step in asking a question is ___.

selecting a topic

A researcher distributes a survey to college students. One question asks, "How many hours per night do you sleep?" and another asks, "What is your GPA?" If the study has a cross-sectional design, which conclusion is possible?

students who sleep more have higher GPAs

Mary decides to conduct research in which she selects a sample of college students and send them a link to answer questions about their backgrounds, grades, and sleeping habits. Mary is using which type of research method?

survey

which sociological paradigm evokes criticism that is too focused on individual behaviors and not focused on social structures and processes?

symbolic interactionism

In political exit polling where no sampling frame can be made in advance, which type of sampling makes the most sense?

systematic sample

Emily in conducting a materials-based study of a social issue in Mexico. Which of the following would be classified by sociologists as a report?

the U.S. State Department's official document that synthesizes information about human rights in Mexico

When sociologist consider whether research is ethical they are referring to if

the actions are right to wrong, food or bad.

Which best explains why the Literary Digest poll failed to predict the winner of the 1936 presidential election?

the sample didn't represent the American population

Which of the following is an important benefit to non representative samples?

the similarity of people in a non representative sample can make it easier to identify cause-and-effect relationships.

When researchers want to test robustness, or how well an operational protocol is working, they might use which of the following techniques?

the test-retest method

In a matrix, a tie is represented by which symbol? (figure 13.3)

1

Sampling is necessary because

A researcher cannot study every member of the population of interest.

This figure depicts three different ways to draw a probability sample of 12 from six-person groups. Which type of sampling is illustrated from top to bottom of the figure?

Cluster sampling; Stratified sampling; Simple Random sampling

Emile plans a study about the health of deep-sea divers. In determining whether to use a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design, Emile should ask, "Do I want to know about

Diver health in a single moment in time, or diver health over time

Raj is interested in the impact of race and social class on interactions with the police. He has created a factorial design experiment. What is a characteristic of this experiment?

His study has two independent variables- race and social class.

Congressional hearings on the ethical concerns of medical and social science studies culminate in the __, which established the modern IRB system.

National Research Act of 1974

Lisa wants to survey mothers and examine the kinds of attitude changed about mothering that occur as their children grow older. Which type of survey would be best suited for this research?

Panel

Which of the following is a reason why web-based surveys might be ethically problematic?

There is no way to verify a respondents age.

Increasingly, business and governments use big data derived from __ to interpret people's lives and behaviors

electronic traces, such as websites visited or cell phone usage.

Jasmine is doing research on poor single mothers. For which question is leaving the response open-ended MOST appropriate?

What kinds of assistance do you think the government can provide that does not currently exist?

Under which scenario should subjects be debriefed?

When researchers use deception

1.) What is the most widely used quantitative methods in sociology?

a. Survey research

What is ideal when asking an ego to generate a list of alters?

about 5 alters, so the research can yield good results and still be completed in a cost-effective manner.

If a researcher is struggling with the data in a longitudinal study of job satisfaction because the composition of the sample has changed over time, he or she is most likely dealing with a problem of

attrition

If a question has an ordinal outcome as the possible response (i.e., it is ordinal level variable), it must be which type of question?

closed-ended

Xavier plans a materials-based study of Black Lives Matter protests over the last five years. Xavier uses news media to

document where and when protests occurred

If a researcher wanted to see how spouses' martial quality changed over time if and when children were born, he or she would probably use a __ design.

panel study

Network size refers to

the number of social actors in the network

Which of the following describes operationalization?

the process of linking conceptualized variables to a set of procedures for measuring them.

What is a strategy survey designs use for avoiding response set?

word some questions positively and other negatively

In a research study, which of the following steps typically occurs first?

write literature review

What did Nazi concentration camp experiments and the Tuskegee syphilis experiment have in common?

Researchers inflicted deliberate harm on research subjects.

Laud Humphrey's Tearoom Trade study focused on which population?

a. Men engaging in sex with other men

A researcher wants to known whether stress influences time spent exercising. She wants to strengthen the validity of her measure, so she

collects primary data, so she can control the accuracy of her measure

When social network analysts diagram networks, how do they represent nodes? (Figure 13.1)

Each circle represents a node, which is a social actor

Dr. Lang plans a study of why some high schoolers join Honor societies. Which of the following is the unit of analysis?

High-school students.

For which research question would mapping be an ideal research method?

How does social inequality influence access to grocery stores.

ABC bowling celebrates friendship and reciprocity among its league bowlers, but the adult bowling leagues have very few ties to the youth bowling league. There is a(n) __ between these two groups within the same network

Structural hole

If a researcher creates a measure of exercise frequency by averaging individual reports of exercise behavior across a neighborhood, this researcher is studying exercise at the __ level.

group

for which of the following would it make sense to measure using a composite variable?

happiness

An author submits a journal article and receives an editorial decision of "revise and resubmit." The author is probably

happy, because this is the most common path toward publication, and she will be able to improve the article with the feedback of her peers.

which of the following is one of the best indicators of a journal's prestige?

impact factor

Lucinda completes her study of people's attitudes toward affirmative action and finishes collecting her data, but while analyzing the data, she realizes she should have reworded certain questions in her questionnaire. What should Lucinda do with this insight?

include this limitation in the discussion section; it is a sign of having a critical mind

This figure describes the relations between variables in a casual hypothesis. 1 refers to __ variable; 2 refers to __ variable.

independent; dependent

Social scientists prefer the active voice over the passive voice because the active voice

indicated who took action in the sentence

Structural functionalism and conflict paradigms are more often criticized for neglecting __; symbolic interaction is criticized for ignoring__.

individuals; social structures

Observations about the noise level in the household, how well the respondent understood the questions, and whether another family member was present are examples of

paradata

Biological responses to stimuli are known as __ measures.

physiological

which of the following statements about plagiarism is true?

plagiarism is seldom blatant

Dr. Thomas has collected data on poor households including variables on the number of children in each household, the weekly expenditures of each household, and the toal income of each household. What is the unit of analysis?

poor households

Raul wants to conduct a study on interracial dating by asking participants to read a description of a scenario and then answer questions about how they would react to the given situation. He would like the study to have high external validity. Which type of experiment would he choose?

population-based survey

Auguste Comte's view of social science as a study of patterns that can objectively understood through logical analysis is known as

positivism

The word vulnerable has many meanings. In research, what is the most important quality that distinguishes a population as "vulnerable"?

potential inability to give informed consent

the goals of applied research are entirely

practical

The key difference between an interval and a ratio variable is that only

ratio variables have a true zero point

Anh plans to study the effect of age on standardized test performance, and chooses to represent age with number of years of age and to represent standardized test performance with Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores which are very similar to Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT) scores. In this study, age is a(n)__ variable and GRE scores are a(n)__ variable.

ratio; interval

Mateo has designed a survey study in which he asks respondents' marital quality. He administers the survey to several different samples over the course of two years and discovers that the respondents do not seem to be answering the marital quality question in very consistent ways. This suggests Mateo's measures of marital quality has a __ problem.

reliability

If a researcher were interested in the general attitude trends of a society over time, he or she would probably use a __ design.

repeated cross-sections

Which of the following is a challenge that researchers face in keeping data private?

researchers do not have a legal right to refuse to cooperate with law enforcement in order to protect research subjects.

The split- half method is when

researchers randomly split the set of items for a measure into two sets to create two separate measures instead of one.

before she conducted her research on Hurricane Katrina survivors, Mary Waters carefully considered whether the study would produce useful knowledge and whether her subjects would be traumatized about the experience. Such an assessment of __ and __ is central to the IRB review process.

risk; benefits

Jamal wants to study racial representations of children's TV shows. He has made a list of every TV show that aired on Nick Jr. from 2000 to 2015. The list of TV shows is the __ he will use to dar a probability sample.

sampling frame

If you think that the education system efficiently sorts people into occupations because the world needs grab collectors, even if no one really wants to do that job, which type of sociological paradigm are you using?

structural functionalism

Dr. Nguyen is interested in better understanding which students at the university of Houston study abroad. Her target population is all

students at the University of Houston

In her analysis of U.S. family history, Stephanie Coontz used materials such as census data to challenge which societal blind spot?

the tendency to romanticize the past as a golden time when families were stable and happy

The increase in median age at first marriage in the United States shown in figure 1.1 highlights how seemingly personal choices are deeply intertwined with larger social and historical forces. This is an example of which sociological concept?

The sociological imagination

1.) The central ethical principle at stake in Laud Humphrey's Tearoom study was _____; in contrast, the central ethical principle at stake in the study of Harvard Facebook users was ___.

a. Deception; privacy

1.) Which of the following is a concept?

a. Happiness

1.) Which accurately describes how sociologists view macro-level issues and micro-level issues?

a. Macro-level issues and micro-level issues are linked because large-scale systems affect personal experiences.

No matter what citation style you use, all bibliographies share which important characteristics?

alphabetical order by author's last name

If Dr. Lintz tried to make inferences about the outcome of individuals based on her data of state legislatures, what mistake would she be making?

an ecological fallacy

There are different types of confusion that can emerge around a study's unit of analysis. If a researcher draws conclusions about individuals using group level data, the mismatch is called __. If he or she draws conclusions about a group based on individual-level data, the mismatch is called __.

an ecological fallacy, reductionism

A document that lists all variables in a survey and provides information about each variable, including questions and response categories, is called a(n)

codebook

When McCabe and colleagues studied gender in children's literature, they developed a list of five possible categories fir gender in book titles. This list is the

coding scheme

in scientific research, an idea that can be clearly names, defined, and eventually measured is called a

concept

The two dimensions of criterion-related validity are predictive validity and

concurrent validity

The __ refers to the probability that a confidence interval includes the population parameter.

confidence level

Survey researchers must take care to protect respondents' __. It is unrealistic and impractical for survey researchers to promise __ to respondents

confidentiality; anonymity

Which sociological paradigm is more likely to state the following: In selecting a marriage partner, a man is likely to seriously consider potential mates who allow him to maintain power and control in the relationship. He will seek to maintain authority over the woman's wealth, earnings, sexual favors, and social state-- especially in a society where patriarchy prevails as an ideology and justifies his actions in the larger society.

conflict theory

Dr. Martin designs a laboratory to examine how people respond to unexpected, rude interactions with strangers. He tells participants that they should come to the lab to fill out a questionnaire, However, he has set it up so that his undergraduate research assistant will intentionally bump into participants as they come to the lab and say "watch yourself!" What has Dr. Martin used to help manipulate the independent variable.

A confederate

Which of the following is an example of a split-ballot design?

A survey in which half of the respondents answer questions about one topic and half of the respondents answer questions about a different topic

A sociology study about employment seeking and criminal backgrounds collects data from publicly available databases, and then de-identidies the data. No one, not even the researcher, can trace a piece of data back to the person it describes. This researcher has achieved

Anonymity

What kind of institutions must have institutional review boards?

Any institution that receives research money from the federal government

Dr. Luther has accessed a list of all public elementary schools in the state of California. He randomly selects 20 schools from the list and then randomly selects 100 students at each school to survey. What type of sampling methods has Dr. Luther used?

Cluster

Which of the following questions is a common potion generator?

Do you know someone who is a surgeon?

Dr. Jordan has been collecting data on sporting events for his entire career. Some of his variables include the total score, location, and the total attendance of football games. While running an analysis, Dr. Jordan finds that Big State University football games have a larger regular attendance than Small State University football games. He concludes that Big State U. fans love football more than Small State U. fans. What mistake had Dr. Jordan made?

Ecological fallacy

Dr. Jackson has designed a survey to examine the mental health of college students. One measure he includes in the survey is a composite measure of happiness. Which type of reliability should Dr. Jackson be concerned about with this measure?

Internal reliability

Figure 1.2 shows that at every increasing age group, women are less likely to be never married. However, racial disparities in marriage rates continue across each age group as well. This is an example of which sociological concept?

Intersectionality

What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?

It ensures that only difference between the experimental group and the control, group is the independent variable

Historical research methods consider __; comparative research methods consider __.

change over time' variation across location.

Dr. Zuber conducts come preliminary interviews with college students about their on-campus experiences in preparation for a research proposal he is writing. What type if data collection has he completed?

Pilot study

Dr. Smith is currently working on a research project that examines the effects of reduced subway fares for low-income individuals on employment and depression. He finds that reduced subway fares increase employment rates and reduce depression rates among low-income individuals. What is Dr. Smith's independent variable?

Reduced subway fares

Jenna is conducting a study in gender bias is hiring, She has recruited participants to evaluate job applications. What is an effective way to manipulate the independent variable?

She can randomly put common women's names and common men's names on similarly qualified applications

When dealing with sensitive topics like discrimination or prejudice, asking individuals about their attitudes is less reliable than covertly measuring their behaviors because of which concept?

Social desirability bias

How do ties relate to nodes?

Ties are links that connect the nodes in a social network

If you are interested in studying a city that has similar features to the average city in the United States, what type of case should you select?

Typical

George is researching the relationship between racial animosity and political preference. However, he tells his subjects that his study is about undergraduate political party preferences, which is false. This false reason for participation in an experiment is known as

a cover story

Micaela conducts a critical content analysis of beginner's plan lesson books. She deconstructs these artifacts to find

a hidden theme of racial superiority embedded in the illustrations

Among professional social scientists, what is the most common form of research report?

a peer-reviewed article in a refereed journal

A researcher is getting ready to gather data from a nationally representative sample of 5,000 Americans on their attitudes toward voting in local elections. In order to make sure our measures are reliable, we might gather a random sample of 100 Americans and test the study. What would we call this preliminary study?

a pilot study

1.) In the course of her study of drug use, Eileen finds many instances of criminal activity. She ensures her subjects confidentiality, because before the study began she received a(n)

a. Certificate of confidentiality

Which is an example of micro data

an individual's birth and death dates.

One of the most challenging parts of the IRB review process is __.

assessing possible risk

A survey question asks respondents, "Do your friends secretly binge eat?" This is a problematic question because it is prone to projection bias. This means respondents

assume their friends are like they are, without certain knowledge of their friends' hidden behaviors

Which of the following is the most serious drawback to panel studies?

attrition

Mary is a researcher studying sexual harassment. What can she use to make the face-to-face interview setting more comfortable when discussing this topic?

audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) technology

Which of the guidelines below needs to be considered by the writer of this question: :Should loving soon-to-be mothers take prenatal vitamins?"

avoid leading questions

which ethical guideline was violated in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment?

benefits clearly outweighed harm

Elise finishes her study of child actors in theater settings and decides to publish is as a monograph. She writes a

book-length publication that includes the research question, methods, and findings

Dr. Machi writes an abstract as part of his research report. The purpose of the abstract is to

briefly summarize the research report.

Suppose a researcher wants to measure difficulties for college students whose parents did not attend college. The researcher writes survey questions about grades, quality of support on campus, and financial resources, but does not ask about whether the student has family support of a good adviser. If the researcher has not tapped into all dimensions of difficulties for first-generation college students, which of the following would be at risk?

content validity

Julio needs to collect data for his senior honors thesis and has decided to administer surveys to 500 students who are currently enrolled in an Introductory Sociology course at this college. Julio's sample is a good example of a __ sample.

convenience

Eli is a family life educator and wants to intervene at the micro level to influence the issue of domestic violence. What should Eli do?

counsel a family affected by domestic violence

Because qualitative researchers discuss conceptualization and operationalization quite differently than in quantitative research, researchers may instead judge qualitative results based on

credibility and dependability

A __ design is the only type of design that collects data at one time point

cross-sectional

Johann took part in a study that he was told initially was about test-taking strategies. After the experiment was over, he was surprised to learn that the actual purpose of the experiment was to determine whether exposure to negative racial stereotypes causes changed in test performance. The interview after the study when Johann was informed of the actual purpose of the experiment is known as the

debriefing

Megan is collecting data for a research project. She has decided to increase her sample size from 500 participants. As her sample size increases, her sampling error __ and her margin of error __.

decreases; decreases.

Dr. Sarty submits a manuscript to the American Journal of Sociology and receives a brief letter than states his manuscript is not being considered and was not even sent out for peer review. This is an example of a(n) __ reject.

desk

The term materials-based is superior to unobtrusive methods because it

does not carry the implication that gathering data from people is intrusive and unwelcome.

Dr. Rogers submits her work to the journal Sociology Science Review. The editor decides to send her paper out for review and selects three reviewers. When the reviewers receive the paper, they cannot see that Dr. Rogers wrote the paper and she never knows who the reviewers are. What type of peer review system is this?

double blind

A question that asks about two or more ideas or concepts in a single question is known as a(n) __ question.

double-barreled

When a codiologist studies a network from the perspective of individual actors within the network, the sociologist has adopted a(n) __ network approach.

egocentric

definitively establishing causality is difficult outside of __.

experiments

__ refers to the extent to which the conclusions darn form a study generalize to a larger population or to a different setting.

external validity

Suppose a researcher wants to measure whether people have experienced racial discrimination their neighborhood. The researcher might ask questions about whether subjects ever felt they were turned away from renting or buying a home because of their race. The researcher might also ask about whether they have ever been treated unfairly ay store clerks or their neighbors. After writing the questions on their survey, the researcher felt they had accurate measures of discrimination because they seemed right. Which kind of validity would they feel they achieved?

face validity

__ is the first and most shallow, assessment of validity that a research can make.

face validity

Dr. Larsen has employed multiple research assistants to observe and record the race of people portrayed in different pictures. Which type of reliability should Dr. Larsen be concerned about with this measure?

intercoder reliability

The degree to which a study established a causal effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is known as

internal validity

Lisa uses triangulation in her study, so she uses

interviews, surveys, and observation

Experiments might potentially be critiqued for problems with external validity. Why?

it is hard to know if what happens in a lab setting will happen in the real world.

What is a characteristic of a neural experiment?

it is more observational than a true experiment.

A survey presents respondents with he following question: In the past 24 hours, how many text messages have you sent (circle one) 0 1-2 3-5 6-10 Which problem does this question suffer from?

it is not exhaustive

it is desirable for a __ to have a __ impact factor.

journal; high

the most important difference between macro sociology and microsociology is that macro sociology focuses on __ and micro sociology focuses on __.

large-scale social system; personal concerns and interpersonal interactions

Sociologists model social life with three levels that move from specificity to abstraction. Which words represent these levels in order from widest point of the triangle to the narrowest?

macro, meso, micro

The NAS poverty line may offer a more accurate picture of poverty in the United States then the FPL, but if

may not be as reliable a measure over time

An experiment in which the independent variable is manipulated by "nature," not by the experimenter, is known as a __ experiment.

natural

Affonso plans to study the effect of degree type on the income of college graduates. He chooses to represent degree type with college major and to represent income with individual annual income (in dollars). In this study, college major is a(n) __ variable and individual annual income is a(n) __ variable.

nominal; ratio

Dr. Muir asks Lin, a respondent,, for a list of her closest friends. Lin offers 20 names, and Dr. Muir asks four follow up questions about each one. Dr. Muir next asks Lin about her closest family members and notices the training effect influencing the way Lin answers the question. Lin

offers only five names, because she realizes that each name triggers numerous follow-up questions.

Qualitative research, often using an inductive approach, typically starts with data collection, which means that conceptualization and operationalization

often come late than they do in a quantitative study

Horace is studying how chronic pain affects people's work lives. He has collected a massive amount of scholarly literature related to his topic. He read some of it and plans to read more later. He used some of it in his study, while other parts will be useful in a future, related study. What belongs in the bibliography of his study about chronic pain and work lives?

only the coursed he cited in the research report.

Juan conducts a social network analysis of language students at his college. He finds that Spanish language students have strong friendships with Chinese language students, and Spanish language students have strong friendships with French language students, but Chinese language students and French language students are not very connected to each other. Juan concludes that this social network constitutes a(n)

open triad

In the quantitative social science research process, moving from a concrete definition of a concept to an actual measure of the defined concept involves

operationalization

Professor Flaeger hypothesizes that when college students participate in local service activities, their views toward human rights are strengthened. In this hypothesis, what is the depedent variable?

service activities

Chenguang has been very careful to clearly define the construct of job satisfaction in her study of employed parents. This is an important step to ensure that

she and those reading her study are thinking of the same meaning of job satisfaction

What is this figure an example of?

skip pattern

Anneli designs a social network study that will measure how college students' employment networks change from first year to senior year. This study is designed to analyze

social network dynamics

A survey in which a randomly selected subset of respondents, typically 50% of those persons selected to participate in the survey, receives one topical module while the other 50% receives a different topically ballot is called a(n) __ design.

split-ballot

To make sure that smaller groups are represented properly in a study, researchers might implement which type of sampling strategy to avoid pure chance from causing their sample to be non-representative

stratified sample

which of the following is a continuous variable?

temperature in Fahrenheit

These hypothetical networks show that people who maintain weak ties often have what advantage? They (Figure 13.2)

tend to have access to more distant regions of a network.

Which of the following is a name interpreter?

the question, "Does [NAME] live in your neighborhood?"

In establishing causality, which of the following conditions, in practice, is the MOST challenging?

the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable must not be caused by some other factor.

the test-retest method is an approach in which

the same measure is administer to a sample and then re-administered to the same sample.

Dr. Kline studies sexually transmitted diseases, He is generating a social network analysis of people who could possibly be infected by a particular disease. He wants to map non directed network ties, so she asks people whether

they have had sex with other in the network

David conducts a historical-comparative study of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. When he considered counterfactuals, he

thinks about what would have happened in society if the terrorist attacks has not occurred.

When used as a concept in sociological research, a clique must include

three people who are all directly connected to each other.

Establishing causality requires knowledge about the ____ of events, thus longitudinal studies are necessary to understanding cause and effect.

time order

Which statement about reliability and validity is true?

validity is much more difficult to asses than reliability