SOC Mid term

Which of the following is NOT true about marriages?

Working-class women are satisfied with the more traditional gender relationships in their marriages.

The median income of today's female-headed families is __________.

$33,000

The class advantages or disadvantages that a child inherits are not just economic but also __________.

Both social and cultural.

The type of social mobility where some must lose for others to gain is referred to as __________.

Circulation Mobility

Lareau describes two basic approaches to child rearing, which Gilbert identified as __________.

Cultivated growth and Natural growth.

In which group do we find the greatest transformation about the roles of husbands and wives in marriage?

Daughters

Fewer than half of households have net worth greater than $100,000.

True

Among younger workers, upward mobility dropped from __ percent to __ percent (Table 6.6).

45% to 37%

By 2000, women constituted almost __________ of the labor force.

50%

The concentration of wealth at the top is so great that the top 1% now holds more net worth than the bottom __________.

90%

Occupation is a convenient variable to use in sociological studies of social mobility because __________.

Adults can more easily recall parental occupation than wealth or income level.

Of the following options, which has been identified by social scientists as contributing to the growing inequality of wages?

All of the Above

Ward McAllister's "400" list . . .

Attempted to define membership in New York's upper-class and was published in 1892.

Kohn assigned families to classes on the basis of _________.

Father's occupation.

A common way to measure intergenerational mobility is to compare the occupations of _____________ and _______________.

Fathers and Sons

The total value of the assets someone owns is referred to as their __________.

Gross Assets

Which team of researchers argued that corporate leaders, in response to declining profits since the mid-1960s, instituted a number of strategies that had adverse effects for the bottom half of the labor market?

Harrison and Bluestone

Which of the following would NOT be considered a "pink collar": occupation?

High school teacher

Most households derive the greater part of their net worth from what three assets?

Home Equity, Automobile Equity and Bank Deposits.

Rubin found that men were more likely to become abusive __________.

In periods of unemployment.

One year's wages, interest, and dividends, such as might be reported on a federal tax return, are examples of __________.

Income

Which of the following does NOT reflect class backgrounds?

Intelligence Level

Marriages among the upper-middle class tend to be . .

Joint Relationships

Which of the following is NOT an example of the poor situation of the American working class at the end of the 19th century?

Lack of the vote

Lareau found that upper-middle class 9 and 10 year olds __________ than working class children of this same age.

Lived more hectically scheduled lives.

In 1943 Alba Edwards, while an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, developed a set of broad occupational groups which provided a "socioeconomic" hierarchy of earnings, education, and prestige, ascending together.

True

In recent years upward social mobility has decreased and downward social mobility has increased.

True

Middle class parents are more likely to punish a child for the intent of his or her behavior, in contrast with working mothers, who were more likely to discipline for the consequences of behavior.

True

Most Americans can expect, at best, a modest inheritance.

True

Net worth is the value of assets owned minus the amount of debt owed.

True

Since the 1970's the gender gap between men's and women's wages has declined, though not closed completely.

True

The federal personal income tax is progressive in its overall effect.

True

The majority of women professionals today work in just three fields: nursing, teaching, and social work.

True

The richest fifth claims almost half of all personal income.

True

The service sectors of the economy now employ the majority of Americans.

True

The sum of the various forms of capital is the cumulative advantage of the privileged classes.

True

There is a high level of occupational inheritance.

True

Ward McAllister's "400" list attempted to define membership in New York's upper-class society.

True

Working-class parents are more likely than middle-class parents to hold separate sets of expectations for boys and girls

True

In recent years __________.

Upward social mobility has decreased and downward social mobility has increased.

A two-income blue collar household can often out earn a manager or professional __________.

Who does not have a working spouse.

By 1920 60% of the industrial labor force was foreign born.

False

Circulation mobility is not at work in modern societies.

False

Circulation mobility is understood as a "win-win" situation since some do not have to experience downward social mobility for others to experience upward social mobility.

False

Cultural capital refers to mutual obligations embodied in social networks such as kinship, friendship, and group membership.

False

From 1979 to 2007, the relative pay rate for women had risen from 60 cents to 85 cents for every dollar earned by a similarly employed man.

False

In 1870 approximately a quarter of all Americans lived in a rural location (under 2,500 inhabitants).

False

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States workers adopted Marx's conception of a capitalist society.

False

Income is much more highly concentrated than wealth

False

Income is much more highly concentrated than wealth.

False

Intermediate relationships focus on companionship and de-emphasize the sexual division of labor.

False

Kohn found that parents at higher class levels were more likely to identify "obedience" than they were "curiosity as an important value to impart to their children.

False

Kohn utilized surveys and participant observation in studying class differences in the values parents impart to their children.

False

Large public high schools often bring together students of diverse background who mix freely together.

False

Leahy found that young children conceive of the rich and poor in terms of psychological characteristics of individuals and their positions in society.

False

Most families hold adequate wealth to support themselves if they missed 3 to 6 months of paychecks.

False

Of the three white-collar groupings, it is the managerial occupation that has grown the most since 1980 in the U.S.

False

Research has shown that parents engage in child-rearing practices with the conscious intention that their children adopt specific social class characteristics.

False

Stocks, bonds, and real estate are the most common types of assets held by Americans.

False

Structural mobility is understood as a "zero sum game" meaning some must lose for others to gain.

False

The concentration of wealth at the top is so great that the top 1% now holds more net worth than the bottom 99%.

False

The economic situation of women tends to improve after a marital separation, whereas that of men deteriorates.

False

The income gap between female- and couple-headed families is less than that between majority and minority families.

False

The proportion of households with incomes greater than $100,000 has declined since the 1960s.

False

Transfer payments and non cash benefits raise the living standard of poorer households and dramatically alter the overall structure of economic inequality.

False

Two years after the publication of Middletown the Lynds returned for a restudy.

False

Wealth can be defined as monetary gain over a specified period of time.

False

When the Lynds revisited Middletown they found that the relationships between business owners and their employees and customers had become more personal.

False

When we look at data from 2000 on the influence of parental wealth on the wealth of young adults ages 35 to 43 we find that those who grew up in the wealthiest households had only a very minimal advantage over others.

False

Women's occupational attainment, unlike men's, is not powerfully influenced by class origins.

False

Working-class and poor parents were more likely than upper-middle class parents to encourage their children to ask questions and negotiate for what they want.

False

In which of the following occupations has there been a decrease in workers from 1870 to 2000?

Farmers

Most studies of social mobility have focused on __________.

Men

Which of the following is NOT a reason that women tend to have higher rates of poverty than men?

Men are not required to pay child support.

__________ draws people into higher positions when some occupational categories grow rapidly while others expand slowly or shrink.

Mobility Updraft

In recent years, poverty rates among the elderly have declined as a result of __________.

More generous Social Security benefits.

The kind of research Lareau used was __________, which is rare because it is expensive and time-consuming.

Naturalistic Observation

The literature on social class and patterns of association suggests that people at higher class levels _________.

None of these.

Most sociological studies of social mobility have focused on ________________as opposed to other stratification outcomes such as income or wealth.

Occupation

Which of the following has been characteristic of job earnings since the mid-1970s?

On average, men's earnings have stagnated.

In 2007 one in five working men was earning poverty-level hourly wages. For women it was __________.

One in three

In 1970 one in every 10 families was female headed. Which of the following statements about today's female-headed families is correct?

One of every five families is female - headed.

Which of the following is not one of the forms of capital distinguished by Pierre Bourdieu?

Political Capital

Which of the following is not one of the types of marital relationships distinguished by Rainwater?

Progressive Relationships

A tax that requires people with higher incomes to pay a greater proportion of their income to the Internal Revenue Service than those with lower incomes is a __________.

Progressive Tax

Which of the following was NOT a reason women entered the workforce in greater numbers beginning in the 1970's?

They were drawn by the possibility of earning higher wages than men.

A tax that takes higher proportions of income at lower income levels is a __________.

Regressive Tax

Corporate strategies to hold down costs include all of the following EXCEPT:

Required certification of all employees.

What research team reconstructed life in Middletown in 1890 and documented the way in which industrialization had affected the town's class structure using historical research?

Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd.

According to Kohn, middle class parents are more likely to stress the values of __________.

Self-control, curiosity, and consideration.

______________ is the extent to which people move up or down in the class system.

Social Mobility

According to the "outflow" table that starts with fathers and asks about the mobility of their sons we learn that the higher the father's occupation level, by a considerable margin, __________.

Sons are more likely to move up than down the occupational ladder.

The type of mobility where technological and occupational changes occur in a way that creates jobs at a faster rate in the middle and upper levels of the occupational structure than in the lower level is referred to as __________.

Structural Mobility

A common way to measure intergenerational mobility is to compare the occupations of fathers and sons.

True

According to the "outflow" table that starts with fathers and asks about the mobility of their sons we learn that the higher the father's occupation level, the better the son's chances for occupational achievement.

True

At the same time that the wealthy have become wealthier, more Americans have become wealthy.

True

Blacks are much more income segregated among themselves than whites.

True

Children and adolescents tend to associate with those of similar class backgrounds.

True

Which of the following is one of the three broad classes of wealth holders identified in the text?

The Near Propertyless Class, The "Nest Egg" Class, and The Investor Class.

Despite the civil rights movement, anti-discrimination legislation, and affirmative action programs in government and private industry, a considerable occupational gap remains between blacks and whites.

True