Soc Test 1

Key Characteristics: What is Technical Competence?

universal standards, meeting minimum standard for position, protect workers prevents nepotism (awarding family and friends) takes away favoritism because employers must hire people with certain requirements.

Problems of Bureaucratic Organizations: What is an Oligarchy ?

very few leaders control and make decisions for a whole population, can threaten democracy in an organization, concentrates power.

Sociological Theory: What is a Theory and what do they explain?

a statement of how and why facts are related, explains social behavior to the real world

What is a hypothesis and what does it come directly from?

a statement that possess a relationship between two or more variables and it can be imperatively test, come directly from your theory

Key Characteristics: What is Rules & Regulations?

allows for the coordination for employees, gives employees specific task one must perform

Key Social Research Terms: What is a concept?

an abstract idea ex. economic status, happiness, love, knowledge, freedom, etc.

What is Cultural Relativism?

evaluate a culture by its own standard

What do sociologist study?

human interaction, it is a generalization, is concerned with how people interact as a member, they study anything.

Groups & Organizations: What is Rational Power?

in a position, stable, cannot take power with you when you leave position

Key Characteristics: What is Specialization?

in position has a narrowly defined task, the problem is when you do the same thing over again, the workers get burnout and bored

Key Characteristics: What is Written Communcation?

reports, files, without them bureaucracy would not exist, if you get rid of files there is no bureaucracy

What are Universals? Examples?

traits that are apart of every known culture. Examples: food, sleep, music, humor (release valve), death (how we deal with death)

What is Social Reality? Example?

two or more individuals must agree that is it real. People with higher status are able to influence social reality. Language has a huge impact on the construction of reality. It is a negotiation process. Ex. looting vs. scavenging. Reality is constructed within a cultural context.

What is Social Reality?

two or more people agree that something exist Just because we haven't all experienced it doesn't mean we all don't agree it exist ex. poverty

Cause and Correlation: What is a spurious correlation?

two variable changing but not related

What is a Prescribed Role?

How you are prescribed/ believed to act with your status

Limitations of Scientific Sociology: What are the limitations of scientific sociology? predicting actions, patterns, research

Human behavior is to complex to predict precisely any individual's actions Social patterns change Sociologists are part of the world they study making value- free research difficult

What is Socialization & The Life Course?

Human experience organized according to age in US society

Structural-Functional Paradigm (Key Elements): What factors are linked to social inequality?

race, sex, class, and age

Structural-Functional Paradigm (Key Elements):What is an examples of Dominant vs. Minority groups relations?

the education system has the rules set in place to maintain the dominance of the capitalist system

What is a Theoretical Paradigm?

It is a set of fundamental assumptions that guide thinking, like an umbrella that houses specific theories

Understanding Socialization: What is Freud? What are the 2 Instincts?

The element of personality, Id. Human's beings basic drives ex. food, safety, sleep 2 Instincts: 1. Life 2. Death

Limitations of Scientific Sociology: What is the Hawthorn Effect?

The mere presence of the researcher may affect the behavior being studied

In- Group & Out- Groups: What is an Out- Group?

The other, competitive, or opposition

Social Self (George Herbert Mead): What is self?

The part of an individuals personality composed of self awareness

What is sociology?

The scientific study of human social activity and interactions.

What is Enthomethodology?

The study of the ways people make sense out of their surroundings- Garfinkel

Ideal vs. Real Culture: What is an Ideal Culture?

The way things should be, social patterns mandated by values and norms.

What do Cultural Capitalism Conflict Theories NOT look at?

They don't look how member are integrated into society- this is a problem.

Ideal vs. Real Culture: What is an Real Culture?

They way things actually occur in everyday life, social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations.

What are the negative aspects of Structural Functional?

Too broad, ignores inequalities, of social class, race, and gender. Focuses on stability at the expense of conflict. Overlooks cultural diversity (different people have different needs) and doesn't recognize subordinate groups.

What are the negative aspects of Social Conflict?

Too broad, it ignores how shared values and mutual independence unify society, pursues political goals.

In- Group & Out- Groups: What is an Dyad?

Two member Social Group

Groups & Organizations: What is a Social Group?

Two or more people who identify and interact with each other, common interest and consciousness

Cause and Correlation: What is a correlation?

Two variables changing together, can be positive or negative Negative= Inverse

What did Durkheim warn?

Warned that modern society creates anomie (a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals)

In- Group & Out- Groups: What is an In- Group?

a social group that demands a member's esteem and loyality

Types of Groups & Sizes: What is a Reference Group?

a social group that serves as a point of orientation in making evaluation and decisions, sized yourself up, multiple

Social-Conflict Paradigm (Key Elements): Why are some aspects of society structural?

to benefit a few at the expense of the majority

Gender & Performance: What did Jahis's Research say?

"Group Think," tendency for group members to conform and come up with a narrow solution to a particular topic

Non-Materialistic Cultural Transmission: What are "Sapir- Whorf" beliefs?

"We can only know the world by the symbols contained in our language" -Language anchors our thoughts

What are the basics of a Social-Conflict Paradigm? What kind of orientation, change, views? Example?

(Also know as conflict approach) a macro-oriented paradigm (big level), views society as an arena/ system of inequality that generates conflict and social change, competition Believe some members benefit at the expense of others, organized according to the needs of this in power. Why are black and Hispanic men incarcerated more than white men?

Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination- Where does the power of the sociological perspective lie?

It lies in transforming society (not people's personal as the cause of social problems)

What are the 3 Types of Socialization? Explain?

1. Anticipatory Socialization- getting socialized for the new position in life 2. Resolization- radical change of a person's behavior, very intense experience, downloading a new behavior. Extreme Ex- joining the military, extreme addictions to alcohol or drugs, The process can happen in a total institution. 3. Total Institution- Control all behavior ex. prison, rehab is not

According to Karl Marx (communism) what are the 2 groups of society? Explain them.

1. Capitalist/ Bougyzee- rich people, who owned and operated factories in pursuit of profit 2. Workers/ Prolifitarians- sell their labor to the capitalist for ways

What are the 4 aspects of Socialization & The Life Course? Explain

1. Childhood- we glorify it, grounded in culture and not biology, In US we have extended childhood because of technological advances because of this we have hurried childhood syndrome- children are exposed to adult related stresses. 2. Adolescence- buffer between childhood and adulthood, cultural inconstancy, we don't know where this begins or ends. Varies according to social background. Adolescence is expanding in the US- a trend of college students going home after graduation because the economy cannot support them. 3. Adulthood- most life accomplishments happen here, midlife crisis- feel like you haven't accomplished goals yet, no longer carefree. Personality is set, conflicting priorities begin. Sandwich generation- sandwiched between raising kids and taking care of parents. Health declines. 4. Old Age- final stage of life, health bad ex. eyesight, loss of income, independence- have to rely on people. Experience a lot of ageism

What are the 3 aspects of Nonverbal Communication?

1. Communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expression rather than speech 2. Can "say" more than verbal communication 3. Cues to what is being said

McDonalization of a Society, Ritzer: What are the 3 aspects?

1. Efficiency- fast pace ex. self-checkout 2. Uniformity- the layout is always the same, in any location 3. Control- control the environment and what you see Every organization is McDonalized, rational behavior can produce irritation results ex. Fast Food Nation, Supersize Me

Agents of Socialization: What are the 4 Major Agents of Socialization? Explain? Example?

1. Family- provides culture capital and social position ex. heritage, religion, values, lower/ upper/ middle class 2. School- first time exposure to beauric setting, teaches you culture and setting, also time management, gives you the ability to be a productive member. 3. The Peer Group- People made up of the same social class, age, and interest; they influence your behavior. Provides anticimatory socialization- gets you prepared for your future position 4. Mass Media- has taken on more of a role, hits a vas audience of people, tells us what we should pay attention to.

Social Control: What are the 2 different ways society encourage conformity to norms?

1. Guilt- a negative judgement we make about ourselves 2. Shame- the painful sense that others disapprove of our actions (the closer people are the more of an impact they have on your behavior)

What are the 8 Benefits of the Sociological Perspective?

1. Helps us assess the truth of common sense 2. Helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives 3. Empower us to be active participants in our society 4. Helps us live in a diverse world 5. Understand group dynamics from a scientific perspective 6. Provides answers to important social issues 7. Potential for developing ways to improves society 8. Helps alleviate prejudices and stereotypes

What are the 4 different types of culture?

1. High Culture 2. Popular Culture 3. Subculture 4. Counterculture

Gerhard Lenski's Sociocultural Evolution of Society: What is the evolution of society to least to most?

1. Hunting & Gathering Society 2. Horticultural Society 3. Agricultural Society 4. Industrial Society 5. Technology Society

What are the 2 Types of Leaders?

1. Instrumental Leaders- emphasizes the completion of task, achieving goals ex. secondary 2. Expressive Leaders- emphasize collective well- being, provides emotional support ex. primary

What are the 3 ways of Cultural Change?

1. Invention 2. Discovery 3. Dissfusion

What are the 3 types of Social Functions? (give an ex)

1. Manifest- intended outcome of an institution 2. Latent- unintended outcome on an institution 3. Disfunction- negative outcome by the institution ex. education as the institution- manifest: degree, latent: relationships and experimentation, disfunction: student debt

What are the 3 Types of Statues? Explain?

1. Master Status- position that carries exceptional importance, defines entire life ex. president, excon, people with disabilities. Our job is usually our master status, occupation is your master status. Sometimes people give you your master status, sometimes you can adopt this 2. Ascribed Status- received at birth, assume involuntary later in life, ex. race, sex, economic standing, religion. Attained from who you are not what you have done. It can be a very constraining ex. where you live in the world has a cast system. 3. Achieved Status- assumes voluntary, reflects a significant measure of personal ability and choice. It can be achieved with a lot of effort or no effort, positive or negative. Works in conjunction with ascribed status, the ascribed status helps you later on.

What are the two different types of culture?

1. Material culture- material items ex. cars, clothes 2. Non- material- values and beliefs

What are the 3 different types of Norms?

1. Mores 2. Folkways 3. Laws

Kohlberg's Moral Development: What are the 3 Levels? Explain?

1. Pre- Conventional Level- what is right, is what feels good 2. Conventional Level- rightness is in terms if it pleases others. Right & wrong is determined how others react 3. Post- Conventional Level- More outside norms and values of society and are able to understand abstract issues

What are the 3 concepts of Dramaturgical Analysis?

1. Presentation of self- created an impression in the mind of other's ex. doctor's office 2. Setting- provides ques to understand what is going to happen next 3. Performance- How we want to be understood ex. props, gestures, voices, dress/ costumes

What are the 2 Types of Groups? Explain?

1. Primary Group- a small group in which relationships are personal and enduring, face to face interaction, personal orientation, intimate, personal and caring ex. family, marriage 2. Secondary Group- a large and impersonal social group based on a specific interest, distance, impersonal, and goal- oriented Within each social group you can start to identify primary groups within them

What are the 6 Key Cultural Diversity Dimensions?

1. Race 2. Gender 3. Age 4. Sexual Orientation 5. Socioeconomic Status 6. Religion

What are the 6 ways the 6 Cultural Diversity Dimensions vary in American Society?

1. Sense of self and space 2. Communication and language 3. Dress and appearance 4. Food and eating habits 5. Time and time consciousness 6. Relationships, family, and friends

Cognitive Development Jean Piaget's Theory: What are the 4 stages of how we think and understand the world?

1. Sensorimotor Stage: Birth -2yrs: touch, taste, and smell everything 2. Pre-operational Stage: 2-7yrs: use language and symbols, lack abstract concepts 3. Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11yes: causal connections, focus on how and why, question everything 4. Formal Operational Stage: 11 and up: have developed abstract and critical thinking

Social Self (George Herbert Mead): What are the 4 developments of self?

1. Social experience 2. Exchange of symbols 3. Understand the intention from other's point of view, taking the role of the other 4. You have the ability to put yourself in someone else's shoes

What are the 3 forces of Sociological Theory?

1. Structural- Functional 2. Social- Conflict 3. Symbolic- Interaction

The Role of the Other: What are the 2 components of self?

1. Subjective form of the personal pronoun, I, how you see yourself 2. Me. objective form of the personal pronoun, how others see you. Adapts action based on reaction of people to us

What are the 4 Goals of Socialization?

1. Taught necessary skills to live in your society ex. read, write, know technology 2. Communicate effectively by developing ability to speak, read, and write 3. Internalize the basic values and beliefs of your society 4. Develop a sense of self

Origins of Sociology: What are the 3 stages?

1. Theological- Everything is God's will 2. Metaphysical- Everything naturally ex. women are naturally more nurturing 3. Scientific- Scientific method to prove theories

Karl Marx: What are the 3 reasons the workers never rise up and overturn capitalist?

1. Unions 2. Improved working conditions 3. Capitalist gave more money and material comfort to the workers. ex. healthcare

Formal Organizations: What are the 3 types (can be all 3 depending on group members)? Explain? Example?

1. Utilitarian- offers people a source of income, joins organization because offer you money ex. UTSA, jobs, Walmart 2. Normative- believes members' goals of organization are worthwhile, often voluntary ex. political, religious organization 3. Coercive- force members to join ex. jail, military (drafts), school An organization can be all 3 ex. Military- draft, income, believe in fighting for freedom

What are the 4 concepts Garfinkel believed?

1. find ways to break the rules 2. developed techniques for identifying rules 3. People take for granted how the world operates 4. People construct in everyday situations

Gender & Performance: What is an Aggregate?

A collection of people at the same place and time, no common social denominator ex. people waiting for the bus

What is an Enacted Role?

A person's personality inputs and changes the prescribed one

In- Group & Out- Groups: What is are Networks?

A powerful social community, weak ties they are form of social capitalization lead to high paid jobs. It is not what you know but who you know. Ex. Women- emotional network, Men- instrumental network

In- Group & Out- Groups: What is an Triad?

A social group with 3- more stable than a dyad

Cultural Change: What is Dissfusion? Examples?

A spread of objects or ideas from one society to another. Ex. yoga, football (exporting NFL), Mcdonald's

What is Positivism?

A way of understanding based on science

Gender & Performance: What can become a social group over time?

An Aggregate or Category

What are the beliefs of Karl Marx?

He believed the only way for the capitalist class to earn a profit is to pay the workers less than they're worth then sell product at a higher price- this started conflict. First workers didn't realize the situation, overtime they would rise up and overturn capitalist.

Who is Ford- Robertson #3 dog in anarchy?

Ball and Chain, 22yrs together- her husband

What is Scientific Sociology based on, what kind of system does it use, and what is it relatively free of?

Based on empirical evidence (you can see it, touch it, etc) Uses checks and balances Relatively free of personal bias

Why are we Ethnocentric? What does it advocate for?

Because it enforces group loyalty, patriotism, morale, and nationalism. Advocates for preservation of you culture.

What is Socialization?

Becoming human, social experience, lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture

What are Roles?

Behavior expected of someone who hols a particular status. Dynamic expression of status- Linton

Structural Functionalists Beliefs: What is culture?

Beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a person's way of life. Believe these values direct our life-giving people mean and bind people together. Human's survival mechanism Believe values are the core of our culture- Idealism

Socialization: What is Nature?

Biological or instincts develop who you become ex. women are naturally more caring than men

Who is Ford- Robertson #1 dog in anarchy?

Black Jack

Teacher (Ford-Robertson) Dogs

Black Jack & Krazy Kali

Gender & Performance: What is a Category?

Collection of people that share a status but don't interact with each other

What are Role Expectation?

How a person in a particular role is expected to act

What was Karl Marx associated with?

Communism

Symbolic-Interaction Paradigm (Key Elements): Society is a _______ , ________-___________ mosaic of ___________ meanings. (creating a reality ex. rituals)

Complex, ever-changing, subjective

Structural-Functional Paradigm (Key Elements): What does Social Functions refer to?

Consequences for the operations of society as a whole

Cultural Change: What is Invention? Examples?

Creation of new cultural elements- Innovation. Ex. Automobile, telephone, cellphone, and computers

Non-Materialistic Cultural Transmission: What are values? Examples?

Culturally defined standards of desirability, what ought to be, broad guidelines for social living. ex. freedom, pride, success, justice, liberty, honesty

Gender & Performance: What is Demeanor, Use of Space, examples?

Demeanor- way we act/ carry ourselves Use of space- privacy Staring, smiling, and touched Ex. women have been socialized to take up less space, men have been socialized to take up more space

Gerhard Lenski's Sociocultural Evolution of Society: What is a Hunting & Gathering Society?

Did not have a lot of surplus

Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination- Where does the power of sociological perspective not lie?

Does not lie just in changing individual lives

Structural-Functional Paradigm (Key Elements): What do Dominant vs. Minority groups relations have? (what are they)

Dominant- has the power Subordinate- less power, less access to opportunity Incompatible interest, major differences

Problems of Bureaucratic Organizations: What is Waster & Imcompetence?

Duplication of services, Incompetent people are promoted up (they are hard to fire) Peter Principle- people are promoted to their level of incompetence.

What is a Group Leader?

Every group has one, based on the needs of the group

Socialization: What does Nurture vs. Nature explain?

Explanation of human behavior

Gerhard Lenski's Sociocultural Evolution of Society: What is a Technological Society?

Generating ideas, philosophy, and innovation

Who created the social self? What theory did he make?

George Herbert Mead, Theory of Social Behaviorism

What are the negative aspects of Symbolic- Interaction?

Ignores larger social structures. effects of culture, factors such as class, gender, and race

Groups & Organizations: What is a Traditional Power?

In people, unstable

What is a Role Conflict? Example?

Incompatibility among roles between two or more statuses, tow statues where roles are competing against each other ex. stundent & worker

What is a Role Strain? Example?

Incompatibility among roles within one status. Imbalance, single statues but roles are stressed against each other. Ex. Students to go to frat party but they have to study

What is a Dramaturgical Analysis?

Individuals construct reality much like actors on a stage- Goffman

Norms: What are Folkways? Example?

Informal norms. ex. not walking on the right.

Cultural Change: Material or nonmaterial?

It can be material or nonmaterial. ex. medical area

What does Ethnocentrism inhibit?

It inhibits innovation or change, can also erect barriers to exchange or prevent cultural exchange

Who is Ford- Robertson #2 dog in anarchy?

Krazy Kali (came bout 3yrs ago, ran away from home, dogest dog

What are Formal Organizations?

Large secondary group organized to achieve goals

Durkheim's Study of Suicide- According to Emile Durkheim's research, who is less likely and more likely to commit suicide? Why?

Less Likely: Male Jews and Catholics, poor and married More Likely: Male protestant, wealthy and unmarried Wealthy people have more freedom to make their own decisions, while poor people depend on others (community-based)

What is Scientific Sociology?

Logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation and implies rationality and observation

Norms: What are mores? Example?

Norms that are widely observed and have moral significance. ex. marrying step sibling- morally wrong but no law against it/

Cognitive Development Jean Piaget's Theory: Does everyone follow the same stages across cultures?

Not everyone follows the same stages across cultures, stages overlap, people stay in stages longer

What is a Role Set?

Number of roles attached to a single status

Socialization: Nurture vs. Nature which one matter more in shaping human behavior?

Nurture matter more than Nature in shaping human behavior

What is Reality?

Our Perspective

Who was Sociology born?

People started thinking differently

Cause and Correlation: What is an Objecctivity?

Personal Neutrality

What is Capitalism?

Reinvesting your money to grow your business, the government cannot make laws or regulations on it. Our system is a culture of capitalism.

Cause and Correlation: What is an independent variable?

Presumed cause

Cause and Correlation: What is a dependent variable?

Presumed effect

What is Social Construction of Reality?

Process by which individuals creativity build reality through social interaction

Groups & Organizations: What is the Wever Process?

Process of changing from traditional (unstable) power to rational power (in a position- authority)

Max Weber- Examples of the Rationzation of Soceity

Rationalism, Calvinism, and influential capitalism Predestination and God's favor Religious ethic transformed to work ethic.

Cultural Change: What is Discovery? Examples?

Recognize something that is already in existence. Ex. silicone, new elements on periodic table

Key Social Research Terms: What is Reliability & Validity?

Reliability- Accuracy, does an instrument provide constant results? -if the instrument is valid it is also reliable. Validity- Precision, does an instrument actually measure what it sets out to measure/ intended?

Key Characteristics: What is Impersonality?

Secondary type of group relation, employees are dealt by the organization, lack of face to face

What is Thomas Theorm?

Situations defined as real because of it being real in consequences

One of the youngest academic disciplines, sociology has its origins in powerful social forces:

Social Change (ex. industrialization, urbanization, political revolution, and a new awareness of society)

How are norms enforced?

Social Control- various means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms

Durkheim's Study of Suicide- According to Emile Durkheim's research, what did the difference between the groups of poor married males Jews and Catholics vs. wealthy unmarried male protestants?

Social Integration- Those with strong ties had less of a chance of committing suicide.

Durkheim's Study of Suicide -What did Emile Durkheim's research show?

Society affects even our most personal choice. It is a personal decision, he studied a common characteristic of suicide cases.

Society and Culture- how are they linked and what do they shape?

Society and culture are inextricably linked Shapes what we feel and how we think Culture shock

Symbolic-Interaction Paradigm (Key Elements): What do they believe society is?

Society is the shared reality that people construct as they interact with one another.

What are Laws?

Something you can actually observe

Norms: What are laws? Example?

Standardized norms, all laws are some type of norm. ex. 1st & 2nd degree murder, manslaughter

What are the 2 Social Interactions in Everyday Life? Explain?

Status- Building blocks of social organization, recognized social position, an individual occupies it, it dictates the rights and privileges to which the person is entitled, defines our relationship to others Status Set- all the statuses a person holds at a particular time, a person can gain or loss statues at any time. The point of statues is power, hierarchy

Taking the role of the other: What is the Generalized Other?

Widespread cultural norms and values used as a reference to help others see us in the terms these traits, we know of but don't have intermediate knowledge of it.

Structural-Functional Paradigm (Key Elements): What is an institution?

a social unit that provides and organizes rules, and relations to meet human needs and direct and organize behavior.

Understanding Socialization: What is the difference between Ego and Super Ego? What is Supermation?

Super Ego- the operation of culture within the individual, conscious, culture that has been downloaded on you Ego- a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with demands of society Supermation- Compromise

Components of Culture: What are symbols and language?

Symbols- nonverbal communication Language- a system of symbols that allows communication

What is the Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination?

Taking yourself out of your social position to put yourself in another to better understand a different social positions, like what factors are impacting this group?

What is Gerhard Lenski's Sociocultural Evolution of Society?

The belief that the level of technology your culture has the more complex a society.

Socialization: What is Nurture?

Without social experience you will not become who you are. The social experience (exposure) makes you who you are.

Can changes in one institution impact each other?

Yes, all these institutions are integrated

Explain the sociological perspective by Peter Burger (Perger)

You can see general patterns from individual groups, society influences our general decisions, and you have to look at how society shapes your decisions.

Taking the role of the other: What is the Significant Other?

You care about their opinion

Key Characteristics: What is Hiearchy of Offices?

a chain of command people must follow, cannot go around your supervisor to their manager.

Types of Culture: What is Counterculture ?

a culture strongly opposed to the dominant culture. Strongly reject or challenge some aspect of it. They are able to cause social change. ex. civil rights movement, suffrage movement

Groups & Organizations: What is a Bureaucracy?

a formal organization (any 3) established to achieve its goals efficiently, it rationalizes power (the ability to make people do something they wouldn't usually do- inherently unstable)

What are the basics of a Structural-Functional Paradigm? What kind of orientation, pattern, views?

a macro-level orientation, concerned with broad patterns that shape society as a whole, ex. stability, equilibrium, balance, harmony (NO CONFLICT) Views society as a complex system of parts

What is Cultural Lag? Example?

a material change that values and beliefs associated with it is lagging behind. Our beliefs cannot keep up with advances in technology and science. Ex. cloning, stem call research (there is an element of technology introduced and people don't accept it cause of their values and beliefs- laws are not put up for it no being up to par)

What are the basics of a Symbolic-Interaction Paradigm? What kind of orientation, focus, views?

a micro level orientation, a close focus on social interaction in specific situations, views society as the product of everyday life interactions of individuals.

Socialization: What is Personality?

a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling

Problems of Bureaucratic Organizations: What is Interia?

an organization propeterates themselves even after goals have been recognized. Bureaucratic organizations never go away even after goals have been met. Ex. War on drugs- even if the war was solved tomorrow, these organizations will still go one and find something else to fight.

Gerhard Lenski's Sociocultural Evolution of Society: What is an Agricultural Society?

animals taking over for men, large surplus growing society, currency introduced, urban growth

Structural-Functional Paradigm (Key Elements): What does Social Structure refer to?

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior found in social institutions.

Key Social Research Terms: What is a variable? What are the variables for Romantic Love?

anything that varies, made up of attributes (categories) ex. education, income, occupation. Romantic Love- attractive, trust, personality, similar interest, quality of time (variables to get at that concept)

Gerhard Lenski's Sociocultural Evolution of Society: What is a Horticultural Society?

art, large number of surplus

What is the Looking Glass Self by Charles Horton Cooley?

beliefs that our self image is based on how others see us. We tweak ourselves (ex clothes) ourself for whatever image we want to portray.

What do sociologist question?

common sense ex. welfare, marrying for love, traditional cultures.

What is Planned Adolescents? Example?

companies make their products last a certain life- span in order for you to buy a new one. Ex. Apple iPhones

Types of Culture: What is Popular Culture?

cultural patterns associated with the masses, widespread. ex. movie theatre

Types of Culture: What is Subculture?

cultural patterns that disguise some segment of society apart from the norm, everyone is apart of this

Dramaturgical Analysis: What is Front Stage?

is where the performance happens

What is Social Capital?

it's not what you know but who you know, networking

Problems of Bureaucratic Organizations: What is a Ritualism?

know as goal displacement, following the rules is more important than accomplishing the goal or finding the solution, prevents innovation

Group Conformity: What did Asch's Research say?

lines, are we willing to compromise our own judgement in order to not feel disconnected

Gerhard Lenski's Sociocultural Evolution of Society: What is an Industrial Society?

machines do the work, people see other cultures

What is society?

people interacting within a limited territory guided by their culture.

Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination- What does it transform?

personal problems into public issues. Personal problems are influenced by society

What did the sociological perspective by Peter Burger (Perger) say?

seeing the general in the particular, seeing the strange in the familiar.

Gender & Performance: What did Milgram's Research say?

shock experiment, people will do terrible things if a person of authority or power tells them to do so, explains the Holocaust.

Types of Culture: What is High Culture?

sophisticated, elite of a society. ex operas

Non-Materialistic Cultural Transmission: What are beliefs? Examples?

specific statements that people hold to be true, more specific than values. ex. getting an education, follow the rules, working hard, and fighting for freedom

What is Materialism?

system of production that has an effect on the rest of the culture, believe material production is the core of culture

What is Cultural Integration? Example?

the close relationship among various elements of a cultural system, a change in one cultural element results in a change in other cultural elements. Ex. women entering the workforce resulted in Daycare, women's rights, maternity leave (FMLA), age of marriage increased, the divorce rate increased (because when can support themselves financially)

Max Weber: What is the rationzation of society?

the historical change from traditional segments and beliefs passed from one generation to another to rationality- deliberately, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a task as the dominant mode of human thought.

Groups & Organizations: What is Rationalization?

the means and process has to be official and logic, the goals and outcome does not

Problems of Bureaucratic Organizations: What is Alienation?

the organization dehumanizes the people they serve, you are just another number ex. UTSA- banner ID, IRS, jail/ prison

Gender & Performance: What does gender impact?

the performance what is going to happen

Problems of Bureaucratic Organizations: What is a Bureaucratic Personality?

workers that been in a position for a long time are unable to adapt to inconvenient situations. No cross- training, very inflexible, can't deal with different not textbook issues

What is Ethnocentrism?

you evaluate another culture by the standards of your own cultures

Dramaturgical Analysis: What is Back Stage?

you get ready for the performance