Soc150

Summarize the findings of Kramer et al.173-196 concerning trust?

3 expectations of trust reciprocity - rewarding kind actions efficacy - perform in a certain manner to achieve certain goals hedonic expectations: its a performance and looks good 4 motives for trust reciprocity elcitative compensatory trust and tolerance

explain the three premises underlying symbolic interactionism

"Humans act towards things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things." "The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society." "These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters."

Discuss Weber's typology of power (authority/domination), the relationship of coercion and legitimacy, rationality, his "stahlhartes gehause", and disenchantment. What is rationality?

- Weber Typology of Power: - Rational-legal authority Depends on legitimacy on formal rules and established laws of the state. Rules that are governed by an authority. Example: Government officials This type of authority is most common in modern societies - Traditional Authority Long-established customs, habits and social structures. When power is passed from one generation to another (Royalty for example) - Charismatic Authority Individual leaders play an important role. A leader can claim that his is claims in authority is derived from a higher power that is superior than the other 2 authorities. Coercive power is usually unstable. Power is more stable when considered legitimate. Problem of succession. Rationality: The best means to achieve a particular goal. Rationality does not equal "common sense". Weber explains rationality and disenchantment as "Stahlhartes gehause" which means (iron cage or a steel hard housing)

How do network approaches help us understand phenomena such as friendship, influence, power, and success- whether it applies to individuals, powerful families (such as the de Medici), or other economic entities, etc.?

- it shows what these people have in common Padgett and Anselm's explanation: -de Medici is successful because they filled a structural hole between the three communities - specific structural holes -specific combinations of economic, marital, and patronage ties -setting the stage for everyone -- ambiguity - control the flow of information and resources -- brokerage Padgett and Anselm's method (block modeling) aggregate actors into structurally equivalent sets based on their external ties to outsiders instead of focusing on internal ties and cliques. Equivalence - structurally equivalent actors provide relevant reference points for social comparison.

Briefly outline Maslow's "Hierarchy of Needs"

1) physiological: basic needs like food, water, 2) safety: of body, employment, resources, family, health property 3) social: belonging association, acceptance 4) ego: self confidence or achievement. or a need for status or recognition 5) self-fulfilment: realizing one's own potentialties

Q7: According to Pierce, litigation is an_______ model. A)Adversarial. B)Fair. C)Corrupt. D)Functional. E)None of the above.

A)Adversarial.

Q13: In Kramer et al, what is the basis for trust behavior? A)Salience and strength of group identity. B)Familiarity with the situation. C)Prior knowledge of action. D)Social stratification. E)None of the above.

A)Salience and strength of group identity.

Explain Marx's types of alienation, why workers tolerate arrangements that foster them

Alienation of man from work Alienation of man from man - Capitalism is generally alienating - People are selling their labor power - You are disposable - The stuff we make doesn't belong to us - Nature of life is disconnected - Do not own what I produce - Social relation commodity

What about Altheide's discourse of fear argument?

Altheide's discourse of fear talks about how the media instills "fear" in peoples minds every day by publicly showing crime or violent events that happen around the world that is always being shown on tv, radio, web, and so on. Through fear the media can control the actions of people watching or constantly being informed of such issues going on around the world.

identify the five types of brokerage

Coordinator-broker within the same group consultant-broker outside group Gatekeeper- broker at boundary controlling access Representative Liaison-broker not part of either group

Q10: According to Powell, what are the three major economic trends of the 21st Century Capitalism? A)European integration, low unemployment, and the growth of service industries. B)Downsizing of corporate workforces, globalization, and growth of informational technology. C)Social unrest, rapid inflation, and financial instability. D)Growth of global finance, decline of labor regulation, and decreasing returns to trade. E)Rise of global economic governance, decline of trade unions, and growth of manufacturing.

B)Downsizing of corporate workforces, globalization, and growth of informational technology.

Q12: According to Padgett and Anslem, what is control? A)The ability to do what you want. B)Marking arrangements so one's will is served by patterned interaction. C)Using coercion to impose your will. D)Control does not exist. E)None of the above.

B)Marking arrangements so one's will is served by patterned interaction.

Q1: What is NOT one of Weber's characteristics of bureaucracy? A)Use of official documentation. B)Racial and ethnic discrimination. C)Formal regulation. D)Division of labor. E)Centralized decision-making.

B)Racial and ethnic discrimination.

Explain the QWERTY effect, and why is it important

Before QWERTY keyboards, people used typewriters. Typewriters used typebars which would swing up and mark the paper. The problem with this was that the typewriters would jam when typing was rapid. QWERTY keyboard was invented so that most commonly used letters were spread apart. It was thought to be efficient because it would decrease paper jams but, people actually typed faster with the original layout.

Q11: In Jacobs, how are economies and ecosystems similar? A)Both allocate scare resources to competing organisms. B)Both are based on the principle of fitness. C)Both share the principle of development and co-development through differentiation. D)Both start with the prefix 'eco' E)Humans live in both.

C)Both share the principle of development and co-development through differentiation.

Q3: According to Taylor, what is the purpose of scientific management? A)Increase wages for workers. B)Ensure a safe workplace. C)Maximize labor productivity. D)Oppress labor. E)Make the workplace fun.

C)Maximize labor productivity.

Q9: What are the two types of justice? A)Judicial and executive. B)Civil and criminal. C)Procedural and distributive. D)Common and civil. E)Religious and social.

C)Procedural and distributive.

Explain the gist of the Carruther's and Babbs other's readings (Ch 1)

Carruthers Chapter 1: This chapter talks about markets and how they are constructed. Also deasl with the embeddedness of markets. Markets are social constructions and they are not inevitable or natural. All societies have economies, but the structures of that economy vary dramatically. Gift giving as a way to exchange and distribute goods.

Explain the gist of the Carruther's and Babbs other's readings (Ch 3)

Carruthers Chapter 3: This chapter talks about what networks are, what roles they play in the economy, and why they matter. This chapter coincides with the lecture about how we have less friends than our friends. In an organization, networks matter because they affect the performance of the organization as a whole. Ties with different organizations improve a firm's performance.

Explain the gist of the Charles Leadbeater on alternate organizational forms we saw?

Charles Leadbeater on innovation creative collaboration. mountain bike was made by users and is now 65% of bike sales the more radical the invention the more incertainty.

Explain the gist of the Clay Shirky on alternate organizational forms we saw?

Clay Shirky on institutions vs. collaboration put coordination system in the infrastructure old way was to make institution but there are management and structure issues, inherently all inclusive if you work cooperatively you shed cost of institution power law distribution: people can contribute what the want and we get a curved line. the spot in the nth position is n related to the first answer, so the tenth person has 1/10 of the first.

what are some examples of that at different levels of analysis (macro, meso, etc.)

Constraints | Macro | (Meso networks at every level) | Micro [Institutions] (Macro) [Groups and Organizations] [Patterned interactions] [Individual encounters] (Micro)

Discuss Marx use of the term creative destruction?

Creative Destruction: refers to the linked processes of accumulation and annihilation in capitalism> That capitalism arises out of destruction of a prior economic order and that it devalues existing wealth to clear the way for more wealth "Systems for experts" dismantling the old apparatus overcoming management resistance status quo SLAVE -> FEUDAL -> CAPITALISM

Q6: What are the three major sociological perspectives? A)Idealism, materialism, and empiricism. B)Realism, liberalism, and constructivism. C)Evolutionary, conflict, and institutional. D)Conflict, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism. E)None of the above.

D)Conflict, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism.

Q14: What sociological perspective was developed by Erving Goffman? A)Symbolic interactionism. B)Structural functionalism. C)Idealism. D)Dramaturgy. E)Marxism.

D)Dramaturgy.

Q2: According to Babbs and Carruthers, markets are A)Natural B)Develop from human needs and desires. C)Efficient D)Socially constructed. E)The only way to organize economic activity.

D)Socially constructed.

What are: 1) the classic elements of organizations; 2) levels of sociological analysis and an interactional diagram that explains interactions among those levels; 3) and how are institutions, statuses, norms, and roles defined and related?

Deliberately planned to unite people formal rules specific goal durability Authority structure Constraints | Macro | | (Meso networks at every level) | Micro [Institutions] [Groups and Organizations] [Patterned interactions] [Individual encounters] Micro( individual level) Meso(economic organizations) Macro (institutions)

Explain the two types of justice, and what Cropazano presents on the role of justice in the effectiveness of work groups?

Distributive Justice (allocated justice) conceptualized as the fairness associated with decision outcomes and distribution of resources. The outcomes or resources distributed may be tangible (e.g., pay) or intangible (e.g., praise). Perceptions of distributive justice can be fostered when outcomes are perceived to be equally applied. Procedural Justice (the procedures on how to decide) the fairness of the processes that lead to outcomes. When individuals feel that they have a voice in the process or that the process involves characteristics such as consistency, accuracy, ethicality, and lack of bias then procedural justice is enhanced

Taylor: Scientific management

Division of labor is key to rationality Time and Motion studies Taylor tried to identify teh best motion in labor process Money is the most important thing to motivate workers criticized because some workers work not only for the money Ultimate goal is to optimize labor, increase speed of production. Mass produce so it's cheaper (so the workers can buy the product too as seen in Fordism).

Q4: According to Babbs and Carruthers, what is the purpose of advertising? A)Provide information about the utility of the product. B)Explain how to use the product. C)Compare the product to other products. D)Entertain consumers. E)Develop a brand image.

E)Develop a brand image.

Q15: According to Babbs and Carruthers, in the market, what is actually being exchanged? A)Meaning. B)Valuable resources. C)Social capital. D)Nothing. E)Property rights.

E)Property rights.

Q5: In 2 to 3 sentences, explain what is emotional labor.

Emotional labor is the regulation of emotion at the workplace. Employees in the service industry are required to perform certain emotions displays as part of their work.

Explain the gist of the Carruthers and Babb reading on Marketing and the Meaning of Things

Entire world of consumer goods ⇔ cultural meaning and symbolism commodities are embedded in systems of cultural meaning Marx - commodities embody social relationships in capitalist societies Current view - commodity both dependent on social relations and constitutive of social relations Association of distinctive meanings with particular commodities gives consumers opportunity to 1) embrace/acquire those meanings through purchase of the commodity, 2) express those meanings as aspects of their own selves or of the relationships between selves Consumerism emerged due to general rise in productivity, higher personal incomes, and a willingness to put those higher incomes into more consumption rather than more leisure time Advertising, brand image, and mass marketing Globalization SUMMARY: Physical objects have possessed meaning through history BUT in the modern world: meaningful things people use in their lives are bought/sold on markets those who use the things are rarely the same people who made them meanings are shaped deliberately for increased consumption (consumerism and advertising)

Use (Chaplin's) Modern Times and/or Leidner's Fast Food Nation and provide examples for each principle to support your argument about Marx's alienation.

Fast Food Nation: - The slaughterhouse employees are looked at as disposable workers and have no alliance to the workers. The example of the worker who basically worked until his body gave up and he was young and got no benefits - The workers didn't own what they were doing - They were selling their labor power to people because they weren't necessarily skilled. - You are disconnected from your co-workers and management. Since they adopt tte taylorism approach all they care about is meeting quotas.

What are Nelson's three kinds of lawyers

Finders: get clients minders: stay with clients for emotional support grinders:do stereotypical law jobs like searching for laws etc.

Outline and briefly explain Goffman's dramaturgical perspective (performances, regions/stages, dramatic realization, audience segregation, deception, etc.)?

Front stage: The straight forward mention of something Back stage: A hidden meaning of something, perhaps intended for a different audince. (in class he mentioned how the Simpsons has humor that kids understand but some that only adults understand) Dramatic Realization: Highlighting something about the performance to enhance it Audience Segregation: acting in certain ways around different audiences. An example is we will act different around our frineds as we would about professors or parents Deception Face = Performance + Impression Management

what about gamesmanship and the adversarial model of law? What are the strategies discussed employed in court, and why?

Gamesmanship and adversarial model even if you know the client is guilty you represent them intimidation strategic friendliness

List and explain the three ideal types of economic systems we discussed

Gifts ( Emotional, etc): Gift giving plays a central role in stimulating the America economy. especially around Christmas, and the circulation of good and money within families continues to occur largely outside the markets. Theft: French gold coins ended up in Denmark because Vikings may have stolen them during a raid on the French. Markets: is but on institution for governing economic activity, although it is the one most familiar to us today. in markets, goods are exchanged and voluntarily on a bilateral basis rather than yielded under the threat of unilateral coercion, given as gifts, or offered in satisfaction of traditional obligation.

describe Chase-Dunn's interaction networks and how they relate to one another

Information Political-military Prestige goods Bulk goods

Summarize Hochschild's Managed Heart (socioemotional economy, micro-stratification, sympathy margins, biography, and etiquette, emotion work, costs, etc.)

Managed heart looked at it from a micro and humanistic side emotional work, engaged ourself socio emotion and we use this in the work space. Use of emotion that it was inhibiting the emotion the public and private has been mix into one. 19century factory worker and flight attendants use of emotions emotional labor: this labor requires one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain the outword countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others ex: flight attendant, waiter and waitress characteristics of emotional labor: smile consequences of emotional labor: alienation: the worker can become estranged or alienated from an aspect of self that used to do the work

List, explain, and apply the principles of McDonaldization.

McDonaldization: breaking things down to making it as small as possible. Leads to workers not gaining any skills and no chances to increase knowledge of the job. McDonaldization dehumanizes workers Characteristics of bureaucratic organizations: 1) fixed division of labor among participants 2) hierarchy of offices 3) set of performance rules 4) seperation of personal and official property and rights 5) personnel selected on basis of technical qualifications

Ritzer: "McDonalidization"

McDonaldization: implies a search for maximum efficiency in increasingly numerous and diverse social settings efficiency means choosing the optimum means to a given end the truly optimum means to an end is rarely found. Rather, optimum in this definition implies the attempt to find and use the best possible means Comparison between home cooked meals, restaurants and fast food restaurants. 1) home cooked meals: takes time to prepare, cook, eat and clean up 2) restaurants: akes time to go to restaurants, consume a meal, then come back home 3) fast food restaurants: parking lot, quick order, obtain and paid for. highly limited menu and didnt clean up Ritzer says fast food restaurants are most efficient Ritzer basically extends concept of McDonalidization to higher education, and shopping, etc Consequence of McDonalidization: dehumanizing workers: workers can only use a small portion of their skills and abilities

What are the preconditions for the rise of market economy

Private property- has become so commonplace that we tend to take our ownership of property for granted. Markets depend on the existence of property. Buyer and sellers- this preconditions seems easily met today, during earlier historical periods, the absence of buyers and sellers limited how much economic activity could be valuable simply because we all agree that it is worth something. conducted in markets. Money: a medium of exchange. For example, A gold coin possessed a valued because gold possessed value. Today, we have come accustomed to " fiat money". Money that is Information : People wont but or sell things if they don't know enough about them, The absence of accurate information's presents an enormous obstacle to markets. The importance of information for markets is reflected in the role that government play in providing that information.

Explain Reichold's thoughts about capitalist firms

Reichold's research: lower employee loyalty leads to lower customer loyalty (profits decrease). Higher employee loyalty leads to lowering long-term costs (higher productivity and value). Customer retention: spend more, tolerate higher prices, recruitment and referral.

Conspicuous consumption

Rich people like/want sugar so the lower classes wanted sugar. People enjoy buying things so that others will know they have it. When the rich get an item it creates a fad and demand for the item by others. They relate to both biological and social preferences power and economic organization by using sugar as an example. It was during the height of Great Britain- the Queen had a taste of sugar, preference for sweet things as a biological effect, and people wanted sugar to be like the nobility as a social preference for power, as a marker of status. But when sugar was always available it no longer became an exotic item or a marker of status. The rich will always be ahead of the poor. Sugar is symbolic of status mammals like sweetness naturally

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Sapir-Whorf: the notion that language shapes our perceptions of reality. The idea that differences in the way languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think, so that speakers of different languages will tend to think and behave differently depending on the language they use.

Discuss Schumpeter's use of the term creative destruction?

Schumpeter enduring jobs with benefits and work loyalty shifts to ... loss of standard work downsizing and restructuring temporary work contract work

Q8: Explain the main idea of Vicki Smith's "Structural Unemployment" ?

Smith argues contemporary white collar workers need to "relearn" the job market because most firms demand flexible and non-standard work. Public agencies are key institutional guides that help the workforce adjust to new economic conditions.

why aren't social networks usually just random?

Social networks arent random due to homophily and clustering. Homophily is that groups with similar interests will come together. Clustering or triadic cloture is that two strangers with a mutual friend tend to become acquainted. Triads tend to close up (3 explanations): 1. two different economic class 2. social class hypothesis 3. neighborhood hypothesis

Summarize Braverman's Division of Labor

Splitting up the work, specialization create more efficient ration means was a marxist criticized "division of labor" explains the advantages of division of labor to show how it isn't good Pg 66 in Textbook 1) increase of dexterity in every particular worker 2) saving of the fire which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another 3) the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labor and enable one man to do the work of many Consequence of division of labor: workers lose their power because management monopolized the knowledge of labor processes each person has a very tiny task

List Weber's elements/factors of bureaucratic administration (or Taylor's principles of scientific management) and show how they apply to (Chaplin's) Modern Times

Standardization Uniformity Predictability ruination Calculability These all construct bureaucracy Takes away humanistic/social values

Explain the gist of the video about morals: Jonathan Haidt on the moral roots of liberals and conservatives

The 5-channel Moral Equalizer as described by Johnathan Haidt: He found that both conservatives and liberals care about harm issues but liberals care about it a little more than conservatives do. Same story for fairness issues. But when it comes to authority, ingroup and purity issues, liberals reject it as a morality (very low) while conservatives score highly for these issues. Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed, conservatives speak for traditions and institutions (want order even at cost to those at the bottom).

discuss why McGregor suggests that "cause and effect" of management may actually be reversed because of that hierarchy and competing views about what people are like (human nature, etc.)

Theory X (scientific management): assumptions: workers are naturally lazy. workers dont like work therefore, management has to supervise and control workers Theory Y (humanistic management): assumption: workers are not naturally lazy workers do not dislike work therefore, management should create good working conditions (work settings) for workers Key differences between Theory X and Theory Y: 1) Theory X treats workers as machines, while Theory Y treats workers as humans 2) Theory X assumes that money is the most important motivation, while Theory Y assumes that extrinsic rewards (human needs) are more important

Define the parts of an economy (production, etc.) and the three forms they took (markets, gifts, etc.) initially

The three types of an Economy are : Production Distribution Consumption

What are the three types of economic organizations (coercive, etc.), free riders, and how does that relate to the types of management employed?

The three types of economic organizations are: Coercive <- Utilitarian -> Voluntary A free rider is someone who doesn't help in a group project, but still gets the same grade as everyone in the group. ie. when 4 out of 5 people contribute in a group.

Summarize Vallas and Beck's Transformation of Work (flexible specialization, how automation affects alienation, etc.).

Vallas and Beck's- paper mill org, challenging the post war and that they found that is wasn't total quality management.

WI Thomas Theorem

WI Thomas Theorum: situations defined as real are real in their consequences. The interpretation of a situation causes the action...example voodoo beliefs and superstition.

Henri Fayol

advocated "General Principles of Management" 4 Principles of management: 1) planning: staff makes plans and line carries out the plans 2) organizing 3) commanding: chain of command; CEO gives order and division manager receives order, division manager then gives order to middle managers 4) coordinates activities

Weber

argues that bureaucratic forms of organization are the most efficient he focuses on organizational structure, while Taylor pays more attention to micro-level (individual workers)

Explain how Powell says that capitalist firms are operating in the 21st century? Discuss what's happening with those negative call center cultures?

call center culture is negative because they have very strict codes that create an oppressive environment. Look for plaes with weak unions, low education, and language barriers and low wages. despite having a job not requiring visible interaction with clients, there were strict dress codes Extra Credit Question: What is TAC? How much time a call center worker gets per call.

Discuss the major events found in Jacobs book- especially how class materials would apply to major points in the first half of Jacob's book?

ecosystems and economics are similar universal natural principles limit what we can do economically and how we do it economies are human and not natural nature affords foundations for human life and sets its possibilities and limits. economic life is ruled by processes and principles we didn't invent and cannot transcend differentiation emerges from generality differentiations become generalities from which further differentiations emerge development depends on co development economy consists of interdependent relationships competing and yet also knitting together co-developments sharing as the oldest economic generality economic development is a matter of using the same universal principles that the rest of nature uses development and expansion are tightly interwoven expansion depends on capturing and using transient energy. the more different means a system possesses for recapturing, using, and passing around energy before its discharge from the system, the larger are the cumulative consequences of the energy it receives.

Hochschild

emotional labor: this labor requires one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain the outword countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others ex: flight attendant, waiter and waitress characteristics of emotional labor: smile consequences of emotional labor: alienation: the worker can become estranged or alienated from an aspect of self that used to do the work

List the three major theoretical approaches in sociology

functionalism: intuitive way of looking at and examining the parts of something and what they do conflict theory: understand there will be conflicting groups with conflicting goals such as management vs. workers Symbolic interaction: emphasis is on meaning to the people involved.

How does a network analysis differ from one based on attributes

networks are based on relationships, not attributes. There are strong and weak ties. Strong ties are personal connections, weak ties are those we dont know that well, but open up the network considerably.

Braverman

was a marxist criticized "division of labor" explains the advantages of division of labor to show how it isn't good Pg 66 in Textbook 1) increase of dexterity in every particular worker 2) saving of the fire which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another 3) the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labor and enable one man to do the work of many Consequence of division of labor: workers lose their power because management monopolized the knowledge of labor processes each person has a very tiny task