SOCI 336 Exam #1

2a. What is white privilege? (Test your understanding by trying to extend to gender or US citizenship, etc.).

"White Privilege," white privilege is "an invisible package of unearned assets" that white people benefit from on a daily basis, without being conscious of it. These advantages often come at the expense of people of color. In the same way, human privilege refers to the unearned advantages and benefits that humans have in society as compared to AI's, often without being conscious of it. Humans benefit from having the capacity to make decisions, have rights and being recognized as conscious entities while AI's are not treated the same way and are often seen as tools for human use. Acknowledging these privileges is crucial for creating a more just and equitable society for all.

1a. Get the correct definition of essentialism from the overview and apply it to race.

"a belief that something has a set of characteristics that make it what it is and determines its possibilities; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence."When applied to race this is the assumption that all people of a certain group are the same. However, it's more than that, it's a limitation on a person's humanity. Essentialism applied to race=classical racism. (from 3rd paragraph of 3rd section of Overview)

6b. What is the overall rate at which black men and boys are killed by police officers? That is, how many out of each thousand will ultimately die that way? These are "over the lifetime" figures, rather than annual figures.

"approximately 1 of every 1,000 Black men/boys can be expected to be murdered by law enforcement."

2d. Bryson talks about "Cultural Warriors," people who talk to the press about the issues in this book. What makes their perspective different from the perspective of people on the ground?

"cultural warriors" attempt to separate the ideological world from the material world. Since these "cultural warriors" are constantly in deep thought and considering philosophical questions they lack the everyday experience that non-cultural warriors have. Thus, their lack of everyday experience makes their perspective different from people who are grounded in material realities.

1c. Hughey is saying something a little bit complicated about the relationship between white racial identity and racism. What is it?

"good" white people sometimes still inadvertently perpetuate racist stereotypes and hierarchical mindsets, even though there is a greater limitation on the outward expression of these sentiments, whereas the same ideas are held by "bad" white people and they are simply more outspoken about it.

2a. Is there a genetic marker for race?

"you cannot do a genetic test for race" and "Race and genetics don't map on to one another particularly well." Therefore, showing that there is no genetic marker for race. A person's race is more so focused on physical characteristics and not on the biological aspects/factors of an individual.

2e. If you find (mention of) races, or anything of the kind, how were humans divided? Tall/short? East/west? Provide a list.

"your race is a property of your convenience." On page four it says for cultural reasons we partition into races and that race is meant to "denote discrete basic subdivisions of the human species." Race is one way humans are divided or separated. There are also more specific things mentioned on page three that divide humans: tall/short people, people with straight/crooked teeth, the body builds of wiry/muscular/chunky, freckles/no freckles, and more/less body hair. Along with these physical differences, there was also a list of nonphysical differences: Republican/Democrat, Oriel/Yankee fan, rich/poor, and the idea of us/them.

1a. What are the key principles for talking about race?

- Acknowledging that race matters and that it has real-life consequences. - Recognizing that everyone has racial identity and that it shapes our experiences and perspectives. - Being willing to engage in ongoing learning and self-reflection about race and racism. - Being open to hearing different perspectives and experiences. - Using language that is inclusive, respectful, and accurate. - Being aware of and actively working to dismantle systems of oppression. - Recognizing and challenging one's own privilege. - Building relationships with people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. - Taking action to create more equitable communities and institutions.

4a. In this article, DiTomaso specifically diagnoses the the logical and cognitive processes, deficits, oversights, and mistakes that people who benefit from the help of others of their own race use to forget that help. Write down all those processes as you come across them. You should be able to identify at least 3 or 4, depending on whether you count different names separately. Even more is even better!

- Another process found was of affirmative inclusion.What this meant was the advantages that white people were getting such as extra help, extra privileges, extra advantages. - mentioned is on page 2 colorblindness, "In general, whites in the U.S. articulate a value system that says that color blindness is a good thing that noticing race, mentioning race, calling attention to race is a bad thing. - Another process is attribution of error, "Most of the people that I talked to are subject to what psychologists call "attribution error." Attribution error has to do with how you attribute the outcomes of certain things". For example, white people success can often be attributed to the people they know, however they often to fail recognize that other races will no receive those same advantages

3a. How audit studies work, and what was the experience of doing that study like for her research assistants?

- As is described in paragraphs 2 and 4 on the first page of the reading, auditors with two racial identities, white and black, made up two groups of "job applicants" who were sent into places of business, and each week, they would alternate checking off the box for previously being convicted of a crime on a job application. This study looked at how likely applicants in each of these four conditions (white applicant with no criminal record, white applicant with a criminal record, black applicant with no criminal record, and black applicant with a criminal record) were to receive a call back and/or interview for the position, plus how they were treated in their interactions when filling out the application. White auditors with no criminal record were twice as likely to receive calls back than black auditors with no criminal record. The white auditor with a criminal record was also more likely to receive that call than a black auditor without one. - What is described in the last paragraph on page one and much of page two, the students employed (who were intelligent and successful college students) as auditors all felt the discrimination in action: for the white auditors, they noticed how for the first time, they could see an obvious discrimination when they said they had a criminal record, and often felt bad about themselves and the image they were creating for employers, though not their own, to see.

2c. What kind of culture, in particular, are the people in this book fighting over? (movies, music, food...?) Is there something about this specific type of culture that makes it a good thing to fight over?

- Bryson's hope study focuses on a fight for embedded culture, artificial distinction, and grounded culture. - embedded culture = refers to the fight for foods... We as people all share different forms of eating within families or simply eating alone, but no one seems to know one another traditions/rituals because are divided by walls in which we hide behind and don't share with one another. - artificial distinction = Embedded and artificial culture hold the same thought that everyone holds different materials that they enjoy but at times are hidden, but once they are shared they can make a difference with how we interact which is something Bryson mentions, "Once those ideas are communicated, they become tangible and contribute to the structure of human interaction. Therefore, scholars often refer to cultural patterns and material conditions as "mutually constituted structures." - grounded culture = focuses on educational system in which scenarios aren't just discussed but experienced because it is easy to think of a theory, a situation and blame one person but once it comes to putting the scenario to play within your life that's when you can to some extent be left to think.

2e. Compare the phenomenon studied by Pager to the phenomenon studied by DiTomaso. What's the difference? Are the implications for those two things different? Suppose we consider them together.

- DiTomaso's study didn't directly study employment discrimination in the way that Pager's did, but both speak volumes to the discrimination that is apparent in the job market and hiring processes. Combined, they show the advantage white people are given due to their race when it comes to getting a job. Both these studies can help explain the widening wealth gap between white and black people, as not only do white people have more help from connections but are also more likely to be hired even without these connections. - Pager's study focuses on the disadvantages of both having a criminal background and being black in the success rates for finding employment, with those who have criminal backgrounds, getting less call-backs from jobs than those without offenses. Similarly with race, "the white applicant with a criminal record was more likely to receive a call-back than a black applicant without any criminal background" - DiTomaso and Pager both evaluate social inequalities and their relation to the available opportunities an individual can obtain to be successful. DiTomaso looks into the role of social networking in shaping job opportunities, finding that these networks tend to be segregated by race and class, contributing to the continued passing of advantages from one priviliged background to another.

2b. How did it come to pass that we view plants and animals as grouped up into families and whatnot? Name a major figure in that process, and also determine whether that person included racial classifications along the way.

- Early educational and religious texts hint at classification of animals into different subcategories - as Marks explains on page two of the reading. There was eventually a shift toward more scientific categories, which modern scientists try to do based on evolutionary relationships and biological similarities. - Humans do vary slightly across the globe, but cultural and political forces are what have caused us to designate them into races. Race is not a biological entity or truely scientifically determined set of groupings, it is a result of people's attempts to organize the social world.

1e. List all the ways that white nationalists and white antiracists (or their organizations) are the same. Make sure to include Huey's claims and add more if you can think of them.

- Hughey claims that both white nationalists and white antiracists hold similar views of race and whiteness, in particular, what whiteness is and what it should be. Hughey states in paragraph 14 what many whites across the radicalized political and ideological spectrum believe is an ideal white self: - Avoids the supposed "dysfunctional" pathologies of people of color - Never allows oneself to be victimized by Blacks, Latinos, and an anti-white "politically correct" culture - Understand their role in contemporary race relations as a kind of messianic savior to people of color - Objectifies and collects friendships with Blacks and Asians because they are possessive of a kind of primordial "cool" and "exotic" character

2c. Why do the people who have it keep it, hide it, deny, it, etc.?

- I particularly agree with the idea that acknowledging one's privilege can be difficult as it requires individuals to take an active part in fixing it, which some may find daunting. Additionally, the idea that denying privilege is embedded in the culture of the United States in order to uphold the idea of democracy being for all is a thought-provoking idea and is well-articulated in your essay. - People with white privilege deny having it because it would mean holding themselves accountable for how they use it and how it benefits them. People with such entitlement do not want to acknowledge that people of color start out disadvantaged because they fear that their own merit will be discredited.

4g. What are some of the reasons a business owner would pay the price of flying people from Puerto Rico to work here, when there are unemployed people in the US who want to work?

- Labor shortages: If there is a shortage of workers in a certain field or industry, a business owner may turn to hiring workers from other regions, including Puerto Rico, to fill the need. - Cost-effectiveness: In some cases, it may be more cost-effective for a business owner to hire workers from Puerto Rico, as their wages may be lower than those of workers in the mainland US. - Language: ...Spanish... can be an advantage in certain industries. - Familiarity: Some business owners may have a network of contacts in Puerto Rico... - Preference: Some business owners may prefer to hire workers from Puerto Rico because of their cultural background or work ethic.

7c. List other mechanisms that contribute to the systematic oppression of the citizens of East St. Louis. For example, if there were no internet service, that would be a significant source of disadvantage.

- Not only are the schools having to close often due to sewage issues and staff shortages, they are so poorly equipped with learning materials that students are barely able to receive any hands-on lessons. - There are collapsed pipes that cause sewage to flood basements, playgrounds, and homes throughout the city. The city is typically unable to unclog the sewers due to it being too expensive. In addition, the soil in the city contains concerning amounts of mercury, lead, arsenic, and steroids that can cause very serious health ramifications.

7a. This will give you a little background on the city that was the home to the uprisings surrounding Michael Brown's death. List all the boundaries or barriers that segregate East St. Louis and hide it from view?

- Physical boundaries: The city of East St. Louis is separated from the surrounding suburbs by highways, train tracks, and large industrial plants, which physically isolate the community from the rest of the region. - Economic boundaries: East St. Louis has a high poverty rate and a lack of economic opportunities, which limits the ability of residents to access resources and services in the surrounding areas. - Racial boundaries: The population of East St. Louis is predominantly African American, while the surrounding suburbs are predominantly white. This racial divide reinforces the sense of segregation and isolation. - Political boundaries: East St. Louis is located in a different county than the surrounding suburbs, which limits the representation and resources available to the city

2e.Sketch out a bullet-pointed view of racism in Bonillia-Silva's view

- Racial phenomena are regarded as the outcome of the racial structure in society. - Changes to the definition/qualifications of racism are explained, not just described. - Easier to identify and explain both overt and covert forms of racial behavior. - Racially motivated behavior is recognized as a reaction to different interests between races (pg12). - Racial phenomena are regarded as present phenomena, not remnants of history. - Racial/Ethnic stereotypes emerge through a) material realities/conditions endured by the group, b) genuine ignorance about the group, or c) rigid/distorted views of the group's physical, cultural, or moral nature (pg13)

1a. Herring starts this article by describing some enormous discrimination suits at highly recognizable firms. List each suit and key features of them, such as whether the discrimination was intentional.

- TexacoNovember 1996 settlement for $176 millionThe "largest amount ever awarded in a discrimination suit" -- at the timeThe company admitted that they used two promotion lists--one listing all names, and another that excluded black employee namesA recording revealed the discriminatory actions were intentional, as executives were heard using slurs and attempting to keep black employees downThis gives credibility to Black employees' claims that the company "systematically denied them promotions" - Ford Motor Company2000 settlement for $9 million "to victims of sexual and racial harassment"The company also agreed to pay $3.8 million for another suit in which they discriminated against women and minorities in their hiring practices at seven plants - Boeing1999 settlement for $82 million "to end racially based pay discrepancies at its plants" - Amtrak April 2000 settlement for $16 million The lawsuit claimed that the company had "discriminated against Black employees in hiring, promotion, discipline, and training" - Coca-ColaNovember 2000 settlement for $190 millionIt was a federal lawsuit brought by Black employees who alleged that the company "erect[ed] a corporate hierarchy in which Black employees were clustered at the bottom of the pay scale, averaging $26,000 a year less than white workers"

1f. What's the significance of the Diverse Environment Theory? Has the theory been confirmed? (This is a big deal. It leads to a real conundrum for us in the area of "what to do.")

- The Diverse Environment Theory assumes that "if you raise a child with a fair amount of exposure to people of other races and cultures, the environment becomes the message." Essentially, increased diversity (exposure in the environment) leads to increased tolerance ("diversity breeds tolerance"), and communicating about race is "a diffuse kind of racism" - However, this was not proven to be true. Instead, a study by Moody "found that the more diverse the school, the more the kids self-segregate by race and ethnicity within the school, and thus the likelihood that any two kids of different races have a friendship goes down" (page 5--box section). Overall, greater diversity = a greater amount of division among students..."Those increased opportunities to interact are also...increased opportunities to reject each other." Therefore, the theory is not confirmed to be true.

2a. What year did this story come out and what was the difference in unemployment rates by race at that time?

- The article was released in 2013. The difference in unemployment rates between races at the time was 13.1% for blacks, 12.8 % for native americans, 5.2% for asians, and 6.5% for whites - The most recent official data on the Black-white wealth gap comes from the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances (2020)Links to an external site.. They list the median net worth of black households as $24,100, while the median net worth of white households was $188,200—almost eight times more wealth.

2d. Why it's so difficult to equalize?

- The framing of racism as being perpetuated by individuals serves to mask the bigger picture. The power of racism lies in its institutional authority, not by specific individuals and their acts. This allows us to be oblivious to racism as whiteness protects us from the hostility and violence it creates. Frye's birdcage metaphor does a good job at explaining how individual conditions interlock to form institutional oppression. We are "taught to recognize racism only in individual acts of meanness by members of [our] group, never in invisible systems conferring unsought racial dominance on my group from birth." Being white in the United States opens many doors "whether or not we approve of the way dominance has been conferred on us"

2e. Get familiar with the list. Are there patterns?

- They are all things that people who have white privilege do not have to think twice to do, which makes it a privilege. - the list was mostly about the impact of the "other people" in the question. - make certain races feel outcasted, neglected, or fearful by many others.

1d. Describe what happened with Vittrup's study, including the follow-up.

- Vittrup's study was done to see if children's videos with multicultural stories benefit children's attitudes about race. One-third of the group was sent home to watch shows like Sesame Street which included African American families and Little Bill. The second group of families got to watch the videos and have a checklist of points to talk about with their kids. Finally, the last group got just the checklist. Vittrup said that five families in the last group quit because they said "we don't want to have these conversations with our child. We don't want to point out skin color." Vittrup completed this study in Austin which she describes as a "liberal city", but from the study, she found that white families hardly ever talked about race with their children. The results show that all three groups remained the same, not one group changed their opinion on race after the study ended. She said this was because "parents admitted they just didn't know what to say to their kids, and they didn't want the wrong thing coming out of the mouth of their kids." Parents are not willing to talk about race with their children because they are afraid their children will say the wrong thing. - although, racial attitudes showed a significant increase after just a week of having these discussions. It really goes to show that it's not actually so difficult to incorporate inclusive media and start having these discussions, even with young children.

1b. What does Hughey argue is the main problem in stories about white supremacists/nationalists vs. white counter-protestors?

- argues that stories about white supremacists and white counter protestors place them on opposite sides of a battle; - This dichotomy does a few things, one of which is reinforce the idea that white people can serve as saviors to Black people, and then mainstream attention is placed on these two groups of white political attitudes rather than Black or other minority groups. But it also places these anti-racist whites on an easy pedestal, without questioning how well they actually are in tune with issues of inequality and their own relationships with race.

3a. There are no study questions, I think the biggest thing is understanding what the title means

- the title = you cant use one form of oppression to dismantle another form of oppression - ex: you can't use racism to try to dismantle sexism by using racism! The oppressive tools will never dismantle the oppressive house...

2d. If races were recorded in the biological classification system, how/where would they be listed? That is, how would races be conceptualized in this hierarchical system? Where would you look? Under birds? No.

- they would be listed as "taxonomic" classification, meaning culture, location and other factors play a part in classifying and identifying races in the classification system.

1f. Is there a reason that the two groups in question #5 are similar? What is it?

- what whiteness is and what it should be. Hughey states in paragraph 14 what many whites across the radicalized political and ideological spectrum believe is an ideal white self: - Avoids the supposed "dysfunctional" pathologies of people of color - Never allows oneself to be victimized by Blacks, Latinos, and an anti-white "politically correct" culture - Understand their role in contemporary race relations as a kind of messianic savior to people of color - Objectifies and collects friendships with Blacks and Asians because they are possessive of a kind of primordial "cool" and "exotic" character

2b. How does white privilege work?

- whiteness provides and the ways in which it shields individuals from hostility and violence. - 'special provisions' which we take for granted daily. - The dangerous thing about this definition is that it is oblivious to the holder. Even those who take the time and learn about their own privilege, don't fully understand the extent of it.

3a. Studying for this one is simple. Make sure you understand each definition, so start by listing them and providing a short definition of each. - Your study guide hint is that many of these questions are applied, rather than being fill-in-the-blank or T/F.

1. Pre-reflective Gut Racism: This has emotional rather than rational origins and content. It can be observed in both individuals and groups. The emotions can be fear/anxiety in the presence of groups that we perceive as strange/unfamiliar, an aggression/superiority feeling that is fundamental to human personality or ignorance of racial minorities which allows people to accept myths and stereotypes. 2. Post-reflective Gut Racism: This type of racism is trying to provide a justification for the continuation of racial privilege, and this may involve the creation of an ideology of racial superiority and domination. It seeks to explain and justify racist attitudes in religious or scientific terms. It claims that the racial differences are not irrelevant and rationalizes the practices emanating from racial prejudice, such as social avoidance, scapegoating and overt acts of racism. This rationalization may take two forms: first, the establishment and acceptance of an unfounded system of beliefs which would, if it were true, justify racial discrimination; and secondly, the misapplication of well-founded scientific theories to provide support for racist ideology. 3. Cultural Racism: It involves prejudice against individuals because of their culture. The culture of minority groups is seen as flawed in some way, and thus as standing in the way of their progress. Cultural racism does not involve belief in the existence of any biological incapacity to change. On the contrary, change is exactly what is sought. Minorities are encouraged to turn their back on their own culture and to become absorbed by the majority culture. 4. Institutional Racism: Institutional racism generally refers to the way that the institutional arrangements and the distribution of resources in our society serve to reinforce the advantages of the white majority. It refers to the long- established organizational practices which disadvantage members of racial or ethnic minorities for no other reason than that they are members of those minorities. The main difficulties with this analysis are its oversimplified view of white individuals as the source of institutional power and its assumption that the raising of individual consciousness is sufficient to bring about institutional change. 5. Paternalistic Racism: This type of racism refers to the process whereby the freedom of black people is defined or restricted by generally well- intentioned regulations that are drawn up by whites. It involves the initiation of new practices and procedures in response to the presence of racial minorities in the country and it involves a more clear- cut wielding of power by white people. Paternalistic racism implies that white people have the right to interfere in the lives of blacks for their own good and the power to define that good. 6. Color-Blind Racism: Color-blind racism is the type which most closely corresponds to what is commonly called 'unintentional racism.' When a color- blind approach is adopted to any social policy in this country, white people are usually able to dominate because the common experiences are defined in terms which white people can more easily relate to than blacks and which tend to bolster the white self-image at the expense of the black. Color- blindness falls down because it is based on an idealistic principle that all people are equal which fails to take into account racial inequality and disadvantage in our present society.

6a. What proportion of of adult male homicide victims died at the hands of police each year?

About 52 in every 100,000 males are killed by police each year. This risk of being killed my law enforcement increases if the men are young, black, and/or native. In comparison, 3 of every 100,000 women are killed by police each year.

3b. How many victims were involved and where were they were assigned. This could have been a very strange educational experience, huh?

According to the SPLC article, more than 350 Filipino teachers were victims of teacher trafficking. It is stated that they were lured to teach within the Louisiana Public School District and then forced into exploitative contracts by labor contractors. The teachers came to the United States as part of the H-1B guest worker programs.

7b. How do the barriers you listed work to cause harm in East St. Louis?

All these barriers work to cause harm in East St. Louis by limiting the access to resources and opportunities for its residents, perpetuating poverty, and creating a sense of isolation and marginalization. These issues are compounded by inadequate funding for public schools, lack of access to healthcare, and limited economic opportunities, which lead to a cycle of poverty, crime, and poor health outcomes.

4d. Do they help her daughter?

Along with Navedo, her daughter was punished for leaving work early to take her mom to the hospital after the nurse neglected to call the hospital or provide any real assistance during her heart attack.

2c. Referring to the same classification system, what is the final criterion that distinguishes mammals from other animals, such as reptiles, and what is the *reason* that this particular feature won out over other possibilities as the singular characteristic that makes us uniquely mammalian. Finally, what does Marks say about the ubiquity of this characteristic among humans (how many humans possess the trait, and how many of those are capable of displaying it, at any given moment).

At the time, in the 1750s, there was a controversy over wet nursing, in which European women of higher economic and social status would send their babies off to be nursed by a poorer woman. Linnaeus was opposed to this practice, so he intended to popularize this definition of mammals to encourage women to stop the practice and follow their "natural biological ability."

6e. How much more likely are Black and American Indian/Alaskan Native women and girls to be killed by law enforcement than their White female counterparts?

Black and American Indian/Alaskan Native women and girls are about 1.5 times more likely to be killed by law enforcement than their White female counterparts.

6d. Now compare that overall disparity to the racial disparity in the Mid-Atlantic Region (that includes Virginia and New York). How much more or less likely where adult Black males to be killed by law enforcement than their White male counterparts.

Black- White disparities appear most exaggerated in Middle Atlantic and West North Central States where black men are 8 times more likely to be killed by law enforcement than their white male counterpartners.

2f. If you noticed that Bonillia-Silva doesn't provide a clear definition of racism that describes the appearance of racist structures, institutions, or organizations (much less people), you perhaps also noticed that he gives a reason for that. Does your bullet-pointed list on racism include something on whether it's constant? What is clear in his definition?

Boillia-Silva doesn't provide a clear definition of racism because he believes that doing so puts limitations on something that has a bigger impact and meaning on society.

2a. My overview offers a good summary of this very important article, but the article has a lot of useful headers, too. The most important/central point, though, is that racism isn't fundamentally located in individuals (although individual racism is certainly a symptom). What does Bonillia-Silva say is going on instead?

Bonilla-Silva believes that there needs to be a structural framework for understanding racism, rather than the individual basis or ideological basis that social scientists focus on.

2d. Recently, I absolved you all of structural and historical racism. Bonillia-Silva might raise an eyebrow at that. Why? Hint: I also said we can work on changing current structures, which should help.

Bonilla-Silva would raise an eyebrow at that statement because he sees racism as part of the way we organize the world. He sees it as something that exists in the system.

2d. Among white people in DiTomaso's study, what proportion of their jobs had been obtained thanks to an inside edge or outside help from other whites, rather than through a fair competition?

DiTomaso states that about 70% of the jobs that the hundreds of white people held through their job history were wired in some way or another where it was not a fair competition. She states that this is contributing to racial inequality, conscious or not, because they have an inside edge.

4b. Both DiTomaso resources may be useful for this, and it's the big picture of what she's trying to say. She's not talking about discrimination, and yet she is talking about something systematic that contributes to race-based inequality. What is it?

DiTomaso states that inequality is reproduced through advantages to white people. The systematic way in which white people are given opportunities that people of color are not given contributes to inequality as much or more than acts of discrimination. A key point that DiTomaso makes is that discrimination against minorities is illegal, but favoritism towards white people is not.

Module 5:

Discrimination

1g. Remember the main point. Children discriminate because bias is in the structure around them. Bias makes sense, and they are afraid to go against the flow of social patterns.

EXACTLY

3a. How does entrapment and enslavement work? What role did race or ethnicity play in this story?

Entrapment and enslavement are both forms of feeling or being trapped. Those who have been trafficked I'm sure do feel or have felt this way in some aspect. This article talked about the human trafficking lawsuit that had to do with 350 Filipino teachers. Race and ethnicity played a role here because it was the first time a law like this has been applied to a group of people rather than one person, which is incredibly significant.

1b. Herring did a series of audit studies. You should always pay special attention to those. But, in particular, what does Herring say about employment agencies?

Herring makes it clear in his reading that there were no laws back then that outlawed racial discrimination within employment agencies. On the first page, he writes, "In the old days, job discrimination against African Americans was clear, pervasive, and undeniable."

1c. If you were placed in the social-security/welfare office in a predominantly black neighborhood trying to get your clients connected with jobs. What would you do with their primary program for that: a job training program?

Herring states in the article (pg. 3) that "some job-training programs have had unanticipated negative effects on the incomes and employment prospects of their African-American enrollees". It was found that black inner city residents who had participated in job-training programs actually earned less per month and had higher unemployment rates than employees who had not participated in job-training programs. This sounds counter-intuitive and I am not sure the reasoning behind these findings but based on this information if I were placed in the welfare office in a predominantly black neighborhood, I would get rid of the job training program.

5b. How do the principles, above, mark the difference between a terrible job and slavery?

However, I think the difference between a terrible job and slavery, at least in this particular case, is the element of physical endangerment mentioned earlier. On the second page of the article, a complaint was filed from a former employee, who describes "how workers are subjected to dangerously fast work speeds that cause disabling injuries, prevented from getting medical treatment and even fired for reporting injuries or taking time off to see a doctor.

1d. What is Hughey's argument about white privilege?

Hughey's argument about white privilege in "The Myth of Good Whites vs. Bad Whites" (2012) is that it is often overlooked or denied by those who benefit from it, and that this denial reinforces racial inequalities. Hughey suggests that the "good white" identity is often constructed by denying the existence of white privilege, or by minimizing its effects on society. Hughey argues that white privilege is not just about individual acts of discrimination or bias, but rather a systemic advantage that benefits white people as a group, regardless of their individual beliefs or actions. This privilege is rooted in historical and ongoing structures of power and oppression, which result in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social status based on race. Hughey suggests that white privilege can be challenging for white people to acknowledge, as it requires them to confront their own role in perpetuating racial inequalities and to consider how their advantages have come at the expense of others. However, Hughey contends that acknowledging white privilege is necessary for creating a more equitable and just society, and that the myth of good whites vs. bad whites serves to perpetuate denial of this privilege and maintain the status quo of racial inequality.

1a. Instead of looking for racist or antiracist intent within people, Hughey suggests we focus on something else. What is that and what does he argue is the benefit of changing our focus?

Hughey's argument is that in order avoid the labels of good and bad intent, or "those that are 'sick' with the disease of prejudice and those that are 'healthy' anti- or non-racists," we need to focus on the patterns and shared ways of how people interact with the world and with the idea of race. Blanketed labeling allows for presumed anti-racists or non-racist white people to excuse problematic behaviors or interactions with racist systems because they don't self-identify as a racist white person. Looking at how people, and ourselves, interact within conversations of race or within social structures allows for critical thinking and reflection to take place.

4e. Buried in Ms. Navedo's narrative is sort of a bombshell in the story of Cristoffel Gonzalez. Was he trafficked? Which elements of his story fit the definition of human trafficking and which don't?

I think his situation would likely fit under the "If you are not free to leave your job when you want to, you may be a victim of human trafficking" bullet point on the "Human Trafficking" flyer on the second-to-last document, after the human trafficking comic, since, as you said, "he had nowhere else to go."

3c. Duster describes one of the most famous studies of black/white health differences in this article. Make sure you understand that because it's important, as an educated person, that you are able to be conversant on that topic.

It is often cited as a major reason for the reluctance of many African Americans to participate in medical research, and it has led to the development of guidelines for the ethical conduct of medical research. The Tuskegee study is a powerful reminder of the social and ethical implications of using race as a marker in medical research, and it illustrates the dangers of using race in ways that perpetuate existing social inequalities and reinforce harmful stereotypes.

1e. What did Katz study and why? What did she find?

Katz studied "exactly when children develop bias."(page 3) She wanted to see when children develop bias because she knew that they do see racial differences and that having these conversations are important. "The point that Katz emphasizes is that this period of our children's lives, when we imagine it's most important to not talk about race, is the very developmental period when children's minds are forming their first conclusions about race." (page 4).

4b. Legally speaking, is this a slavery story? Use Items from the SPLC flier above to decide.

Legally speaking, it sounds like it could be classified as a story of slavery with the harsh working conditions that are described by Navedo. The company would quite literally make the workers pay for equipment that protects them from harmful conditions given off by the plant. The article explains that the workers would be forced to work at fast speeds which ultimately caused disabling injuries. The company even restricted access to the bathroom when a worker asked to use it - Based on the information provided in the summary, it does not appear to be a story of slavery. The SPLC (Southern Poverty Law Center) files a federal safety complaint against an Alabama poultry plant for dangerous conditions, which suggests a violation of workplace safety regulations. Slavery involves the ownership or control of one person by another, often including forced labor, and is illegal in the United States. While there may be instances of exploitation or mistreatment in the workplace, without additional information indicating forced labor or other forms of slavery, it would be inappropriate to categorize this situation as such.

2c. Describe Nancy DiTomaso's research. Who did she study? What did she ask about? What is DiTomaso's main finding--the primary mechanism through which racial discrimination gets perpetuated.

Nancy DiTomaso studied many hundred white people and looked into their employment history. She found "that about 70 percent of the jobs they had held over their lives were obtained thanks to some kind of inside edge or outside help, like a friend tipping them off to an open position or putting in a good word for them" (DiTomaso). She continues to explain that most of them believe the achievements have come from hard work alone, rather than WHO the connections are that helped them get their placement. This perpetuates racial discrimination by creating networks of primarily white people, and then passing jobs on to only white people. Therefore, the lack of acknowledgment of this system by the recipients creates a cycle: "deep-seated and unconscious favoritism plays a strong role" (DiTomaso).

5a. The teachers' story is only one page long, but after that, in the same document, are two pages of publicity fliers on human trafficking. What are the basic principles on each flier?

On one of the pages, there is a short comic depicting what trafficking would look like in a real-world situation. Two people are getting off a bus and it is assumed that these two people are here for work. Another man with a clipboard is asking for their passports and says that they will be keeping them until the middle of the season. People are talking about how it is illegal for the people in charge to keep their passports, however, they are scared to be fired if they report any misconduct. The second flier informs more about what the comic is trying to say. The second flier informs what human trafficking looks like.

Module 1

Orientation Overview

4f. In this story and the one above, what are the reasons that the people described migrate to the United States?

People migrate to the United States for a dream of a better place but are at times deceived such as Navedo says in the article, ""We were promised a dream, but what we really got was a nightmare".

Module 2

Race Classification and the Origin of Race

Module 3

Racism

2c. Bonilla-SIlva says that racism lies in _________________. Fill in the blank and then tell us what that means, exactly.

Racism lies in the social system. It is the structures of society that perpetuate racism and not necessarily individuals themselves.

1b. List the various groups Smedley addresses (some defined by place of origin, others also defined by economic status)? How is each viewed by the colonists in power in the early years (the early 1600's) and (if applicable) how does that perception change.

Smedley argues that the perception of these groups changed over time, the early years of colonization, the use of racial distinctions, and the concept of race were not fully developed, and that the treatment of these groups was based on economic and political considerations. However, as the colonies developed, the concept of race became more entrenched, and it was used to justify the exploitation and oppression of enslaved people, and to reinforce the social and economic power of white elites. -Native Americans: The colonists viewed the native peoples as inferior and heathen, they were seen as a barrier to the expansion of the colonies and were often the target of violence and displacement. - African Slaves: The enslaved Africans were considered property and were viewed as inferior and racially distinct from the colonists. They were forced into labor and were subject to violence and abuse. - European Indentured Servants: European immigrants, mostly from England and Ireland, who could not afford passage to the colonies, agreed to work for a period of four to seven years in exchange for passage, food, and shelter. They were viewed as a temporary labor force and not considered fully equal to the colonists. - Free white colonists: The free white colonists were considered the most privileged group, they were seen as the most civilized and superior to the other groups. - African-European: They were people of mixed African and European heritage, they were subject to discrimination and were not fully accepted by either the white or African communities.

Module 4:

Social Structure Reproduction and Change

1. Hughey 2012 The Myth of Good Whites vs. Bad Whites

Summary: - In "The Myth of Good Whites vs. Bad Whites," Hughey (2012) argues that the concept of "good whites" and "bad whites" is a false dichotomy that perpetuates racism in American society. Hughey asserts that this dichotomy presents white people as either innocent and blameless or guilty and responsible for racism, and that this oversimplified narrative fails to address the complexities of racism and racial inequality. Hughey suggests that the "good white" identity is often constructed by distancing oneself from "bad whites" who are overtly racist, while ignoring more subtle forms of racism and privilege that contribute to systemic inequality. Hughey contends that this perpetuates the idea of a "colorblind" society where race is not acknowledged, which ultimately reinforces racial hierarchies and discrimination. Hughey also critiques the use of individualism as a way to absolve oneself of responsibility for racism, arguing that this ignores the structural and institutional aspects of racism that affect marginalized groups. Hughey concludes that the myth of good whites vs. bad whites serves to uphold the status quo of racial inequality, and that a more nuanced and intersectional understanding of racism is needed to address these issues effectively.

3. Lorde

Summary: - There's no hierarchy of oppression - it all matters and must be addressed holistically Sexism, heterosexism, and racism, all come from the same "source" - these oppressed groups cannot work separately or against each other

2. BonillaSilva 1997 ASR StructuralRacism.pdf

Summary: According to Bonilla the study of race and ethnicity has historically been hampered by inadequate and simplistic theories. So in their paper, they advance with an alternative framework to properly study and address a structural theory of racism based on the notion of racialized social systems

6. The Demography of Police-Involved Homicides

Summary: African americans experience a greater level of police involved homicides when compared to white people

4. DiTomaso 2003 Opportunity.pdf

Summary: DiTomaso's research found that many people talk about the importance of being "colorblind," and actually know very little about the life situation for black people. "Most whites enjoy the privilege or benefit of not having to think much about racial issues except, in the abstract - when they see the news media..."

2. Bryson-Hope

Summary: The entirety of this passage summaries and explains how just a purely theoretical debate on multiculturalism is no good. In order to make change happen we must find a middle ground between the ideological and material world. People must be able to see and experience the effects of change first handedly in order to actually make change happen.

4. SPLC - Poultry Plant

Summary: This article highlights the idea of how factories or other institutional facilities often fail to implement human rights policies. They are so deep in the capitalistic mindset that they don't treat their workers humanely. They are willing to do whatever it takes to make a profit. This can be seen in the example of Ms. Navedo who experienced a heart attack on the job, yet the factory completely dismissed her physical well-being and wanted her to go back to work.

3. Halstead 1988 Racisms.pdf

Summary: This article just summarizes and defines the six type of racism listed above.

3. Duster 2003 Race and Drugs.pdf

Summary: - Demonstrates the first "ethnic drug" when the FDA in March 2001 proceeded with a full-scale clinical trial which consisted of exclusively black men and women suffering from heart failure - This article also proves a scientific misconception that African Americans have a 2 to 1 risk of developing and dying from heart failure when compared to white people Jonathan Kahn disproved this misconception by tracing back to its origins two decades back and showing that it is actually a 1.2 to 1 ratio. - The biggest takeaway I got from this article was how drugs became something racialized, which is unbelievable and insane to think ever happened

1. Annie E. Casey Foundation - Talking About Race

Summary: - Disparities, contradictory to the dominant model, are widespread and produced by policies and practices rather than individual effort - People are more willing to discuss difficult topics when values that unite rather than divide are focused on, a practical rather than critical tone is used, and relatable dialogue is used. It's important to talk about results rather than who's to blame for inequalities - the process of reconciliation begins with recognizing shared goals and values to lower racial inequalities.

5. SPLC - Trafficking Fliers

Summary: - If you are not free to leave your job when you want to, you may be a victim of human trafficking. - It is illegal to force you to work because you are in debt. - It is illegal to force you to work with words that you understand as a threat of violence or a threat to report you to the police or to ICE. - It is illegal to force you to stay in one place without the option to leave. - It is illegal to force you to engage in a sexual act. - It is illegal to take away your personal documents including your visa, and your passport.

2. McIntosh - White Privilege

Summary: - White privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets that people can count on cashing in each day, but about which was 'meant' to remain oblivious. White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools, and blank checks." - The other side of oppression is privilege. - For every expression of oppression, there is a corresponding privilege that is granted to the dominating group. - A huge part of the privilege is that we don't have to think about oppression.

2. NPR - Job Searching While Black, Feat. Nancy DiTomaso

Summary: DiTomaso explains that while many people believe that the job market is a meritocracy where the most qualified candidates are hired, in reality, social networks and personal connections often play a larger role in who gets hired. This can put Black job seekers at a disadvantage, as they may not have the same social networks as their white counterparts due to historical and ongoing racial segregation.... or the systematic barriers in place

3. Pager 2003 Need Not Apply.pdf

Summary: Pager's study focuses on the disadvantages of both having a criminal background and being black in the success rates for finding employment, with those who have criminal backgrounds, getting less call-backs from jobs than those without offenses. - One of the key findings of her research is that employers are significantly less likely to hire job applicants who are Black or have criminal records.

1. Smedley 1997 Origin Idea Race.pdf

Summary: Race is a social invention: - It is a product of social activity - Not natural or inevitable - Could be otherwise

1. Herring 2002 Discrim.pdf

Summary: The MAIN point of this article highlights that while we think racial discrimination has decreased over time, the reality is that current-day racial discrimination has just become more sophisticated

3. SPLC - Teacher Trafficking

Summary: The story involved more than 350 Filipino teachers, they had a clear cut out of who they were human trafficking and where they worked. Filipino teachers came to the US to teach in public schools but later were forced into exploitative contracts by labor contractors. They were lied to about where the career they would have if they came to America because they were then changed to work a different job completely than what was advertised. They were also under false salaries as well, they were offered what would be several times the household income in their home country, only to find out there would be fees to get the US and they would sign away some money to work for the company. For them, this looked like a great job opportunity in a country with lots of great benefits.

1. Bronson and Merryman

Summary: The study examines families separated into three groups: one group was sent home with multicultural-themed videos, another was sent home with the videos and a list of discussions about race, and the last was sent home with just the list of discussion topics. All families were responsible for engaging their children with those forms of exposure to racial conversations for a week. The children would be assessed before and after that week of a Racial Attitudes Inventory.This research shows that explicitness works much better than silence, and conversations about race are essential to preventing the development of in-group bias, which can turn into very dangerous racial discrimination

7. Kozol - East St. Louis

Summary: This article highlights the political, racial, economic, and physical boundaries experienced by people of color versus white people in approximate location to one another

2. Marks 2003 Heredity.pdf

Summary: We make sense of our world by classifying. These classifications are not necessarily natural, and more often encode cultural information. Paradoxically, the classifications which are most arbitrary and least natural, seem the most important to us - such as political affiliation, your class, or your race. race is not a biological entity - it's a social category.

2a. Read the first paragraph very slowly, write the last sentence. Whose "thinking" does that sentence represent?

The idea that "all social problems would dissolve in the face of a perfect culture" represents the ideas of essentialists. Essentialists believe that innate characteristics, or something's essence, precede its existence. This doctrine does not account for the fact that ideas and material structures cannot exist without each other, and ideas alone are not solely responsible for justice and equity. Changing a culture does not immediately fix the structural problems; that part takes more work and an understanding of structural/institutional inner workings.

2e. Bryson also located the original source of multiculturalism, based on historical research in the field of education. Where did it come from (inside/outside/etc)?

The original source of multiculturalism was located inside the field of education. The advantage to this was an institution defining this word so it the field of education can remain powerful and their definition allows them to not address how the education system is impacted by multiculturalism. This also strengthens the idea of categorization among different positions and people.

3c. What is the connection between ethnic group membership and occupation?

The story involved more than 350 Filipino teachers, they had a clear cut out of who they were human trafficking and where they worked. Filipino teachers came to the US to teach in public schools but later were forced into exploitative contracts by labor contractors. They were lied to about where the career they would have if they came to America because they were then changed to work a different job completely than what was advertised.

2b. Has that gap changed since?

The unemployment rate changed for Black Americans from 13.2% in 2013 to 5.4% in 2023. For white Americans, the unemployment rate changed from about 6-7% to 3.1% (US Bureau of Labor StatisticsLinks to an external site.). In a decade, the unemployment gap between Black and white Americans slimmed from over ten percent to just over two percent. Black Americans presently have the highest unemployment rate of the racial categories listed, followed by the Hispanic/Latino group (4.5%).

1a. What is indentured servitude and what social problems did it create that convinced the landed class the model should be abandoned in favor of slavery.

These individuals were forced to work indefinitely as indentured servants to try to get free labor out of them. The article mentions problems arising with these servants not meeting increased labor demands of the 17th century along with, "the real threats to social order--the poor freed whites who demanded lands and privileges that the upper class colonial governments refused" (page 2). Ultimately turning to African labor was used as a "buffer" against the masses of people who were pressuring the government. They found Africans to be better laborers and became dependent on their work to run the country, which trapped these individuals into slavery for decades.

2b. This chapter is about social change. Does it advocate for cultural engineering (alone) as a good strategy to ensure cultural change or stability? If not, what

This passage advocates that cultural engineering alone is not the solution to ensure cultural stability. Material conditions need to be changed because those conditions are the ones that are determining human culture. - for change to happen = changing cultural engineering + changing material conditions

3b. What's wrong with that research design?

This study has been widely criticized for its unethical nature and the harm it caused to the men involved. The Tuskegee study was not only an example of the exploitation of black people for scientific research, but it also reinforced the stereotype that black people were not only diseased but also irresponsible and therefore undeserving of medical treatment.

3a. What is the name of the drug Duster is describing and on whom did the drug makers test this drug (exclusively, for the first time, ever)

Troy Duster describes one of the most famous studies of black/white health differences as the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. This study, which was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service, began in 1932 and lasted for 40 years. The study recruited 600 poor, rural African American men with syphilis, and 399 without the disease, and followed them without providing treatment, even after penicillin became available as a cure for syphilis in the 1940s.

2b. . What does Bonnia-Silva mean by "racialized?"If you miss that, you won't understand his argument.

When this article talks about the term "racialized" it is talking about the society in which we live in. I think the main point from this is that racism is something that is learned and not something humans are born with. The society we live in racializes people economically, socially, and politically. We are all human and we cannot control the color of our skin, but we can control how we treat others and it should not be based on how a person's skin looks. Instead of racializing people the author wants us to judge people on their character and not on the way they look.

4a. Did Ms. Navaro risk death?

Yes. Ms. Navedo was at risk of death since she experienced a heart attack on the job

1b. Describe a "preparation-for-bias" talk.

a preparation-for-bias talk is explained as a method that minority parents utilize to prepare their children for racial discrimination. They explain to the kids that racism exists, and that they may encounter it, but it shouldn't serve as a barrier to them being able to do what they want to do. - For instance, what to do if you get pulled over and you are a minority

2f. DiTomaso has a term for gaining access to opportunities and jobs because of family or (white) network ties. What is it?

favoritism

1c. List all the effects of color-blind parenting as you read the paper.

parents who refuse to talk to their children about race leave their children to improvise their own conclusions about the topic, many of whom mirror their parents beliefs. In the study, it was found that the six parents who did actually have an open conversation about race left their children with drastically new answers the questions listed, - I think that it is important to note that color-blind parenting is a result of parents not knowing how to talk to their parents about race.

4c. What does the SPLC do to help Ms. Navaro?

the SPLC took action to help Ms. Navaro by filing a federal safety complaint with the Occupational Health and Safety Administration against the plant that mistreated/abused her and her coworkers. The complaint stated that the workers at the plant in Alabama either had to endure unsafe and abusive conditions or lose their jobs

6c. How does the overall rate at which black men and boys are killed by police compare to the rate for White men and boys? Do a little math and translate that comparison into "times as likely" terms.

the lifetime risk of being killed by law enforcement is 1 per 1,000 in Black men/boys versus 1 per 2,500 in White men/boys. When calculated in terms of percentages, Black men/boys have a 0.1% lifetime chance of being killed by law enforcement. In contrast, White men/boys have a 0.04% lifetime chance of being killed by law enforcement-- leaving Black men/boys 2.5 times more likely than White men/boys to be killed by law enforcement.

2g. What is the term from psychology that DiTomaso uses to describe when people claim that their own individual effort was the reason they achieved something like access to jobs, but they actually had help from friends and/or family.

unconscious favoritism